Cython (#77)

N.B. This merge has so many commits, many of which experimental, that squashing will be sensible. The Cython branch will be left to preserve the full commit history. 

* Bare-bones base LMDB store.

* Add _open_env method.

* Link header files.

* Remove pure Python base LMDB store.

* Module path adjustments and further base LMDB store enhancements.

* Start work on LmdbTriplestore.

* WIP init dbi method.

* WIP: pxd file.

* LmdbTriplestore compiles, links and imports correctly.

* Add LMDB libraries. [ci skip]

* Separate DBI labels and config; LmdbTriplestore imports and inits.
[ci skip]

* Simplify error messages; rearrange declarations. [skip ci]

* WIP: get methods.
[ci skip]

* Simplify return code check further; run get_value.
[ci skip]

* Add put method; properly raise exceptions; pass unsigned char in cpdef.
[ci skip]

* Basic put & get method working; minimal one-off test script.

* Use transaction ctx.

* Rearrange and expand txn and cursor management methods.

* Add stats.

* Start moving functions to PYX file; remove LexicalSequence.

* Add _from_key().

* Add low-level lookup methods.
[ci skip]

* Change _check() format.

* Move _triple_keys method.
[ci skip]

* Inline _to_key(); add _to_triple_key().
[ci skip]

* Add logic for all unbound lookup.
[ci skip]

* _triple_keys() returns tuples.
[ci skip]

* Add _remove() method; separate Cython and Python triple_keys() methods.

* Add key_exists() method.
[ci skip]

* Make message in _check() optional.

* Add _all_terms().

* Add _index_triple().
[ci skip]

* Remove methods moved to Cython module from Python module.
[ci skip]

* Adapt bind() to new framework.
[ci skip]

* Adapt bind(), namespace(), prefix(), namespaces(), contexts().
[ci skip]

* Implement destroy(); minor adjustments.
[ci skip]

* Remove redundant methods and comment out non-core ones in Python module.
[ci skip]

* Add destroy definition in pxd file.
[ci skip]

* Replace all instances of TxnManager with txn_ctx in tests.
[ci skip]

* Remove redundant Txnmanager class and encode/decode functions.
[ci skip]

* Adjust store management functions; retype some cpdefs.
[ci skip]

* Remove TxnManager everywhere.
[ci skip]

* Add Cython to dev requirements; rename requirements_rtd to _dev.
[ci skip]

* Some pre-test fixes.
[ci skip]

* Properly open and close store; avoid double free segfault.
[ci skip]

* Complete testing environment and transaction lifecycle.
[ci skip]

* Fix some tests; use default transaction in _cur_open().
[ci skip]

* Protect from deadlock in txn context; pass rollback test.
[ci skip]

* Insert meaningful data.
[ci skip]

* Replace string assignments with memcpy.
[ci skip]

* Fix typos.
[ci skip]

* Rework exception handling.
[ci skip]

* Use memcmp for array slice comparison.
[skip ci]

* Add specific exception for overwriting existing key.
[ci skip]

* Fix lookup_2bound; make memcpy syntax consistent.
[ci skip]

* Fix segfaults and a number of other issues.
[ci skip]

* Correct duplicate check.
[ci skip]

* Align lookup_1bound and lookup_2bound process.
[ci skip]

* Re-engineer ResultSet.
[ci skip]

* Fix _get_dup_data.
[ci skip]

* Fix ResultSet.to_tuple().
[ci skip]

* First attempt to fix all-unbound lookup.
[ci skip]

* Fix all-unbound lookup and broader issues.

* Ensure all cursors are closed.
* get_dbi() returns a handle.

[ci skip]

* Fix all-unbound lookup.
[ci skip]

* Refactor array notation.
[ci skip]

* _from_key() returns tuple.
[ci skip]

* Do not truncate terms in _add.
[ci skip]

* Put index cursor generation in right order.
[ci skip]

* Catch all KeyNotFoundErrors in lookups.
[ci skip]

* Fix simple delete test.
[ci skip]

* Fix namespace methods.
[ci skip]

* Change a bunch of function signatures to make more sense.
[ci skip]

* Move add_graph to Cython module.

* Pass add_context() and contexts() tests.

* Fix several issues with context handling; add a lot of logging.
[ci skip]

* Add tests:

* Adding graph with a RO transaction
* Deleting triples for not found graph

* Fix adding and deleting context, and ???c lookup.
[ci skip]

* Fix delete triples without a context.
[ci skip]

* Fix stats.
[ci skip]

* Correct txn reference in _append(). All LMDB tests pass locally.

* Adapt MetadataStore to BaseLmdbStore; fix test setup.

* Various integration fixes.
[ci skip]

* Fix s p o c lookup.
[ci skip]

* Fix RDF store setup and teardown.
[ci skip]

* Fix segfault on remove((s, p, o), c).
[ci skip]

* Expose txn_id() to Python; add a lot more debugging statements.

* Add cleanup tests for LMDB Store; remove `as` in txn_ctx calls.

* Fix triples not being completely deleted. All store tests pass.
[ci skip]

* Enable MetadataStore.

* Clear stale readers.
[ci skip]

* Fix transaction closing that got out of whack somehow.
[ci skip]

* Fix graph identifiers for contexts in triples().
[ci skip]

* Avoid a memcpy() in _from_key().
[ci skip]

* Return all contexts for triples() even when filtering by context.
[ci skip]

* Fix lookup for s p o ?.
[ci skip]

* Properly clean up context.
[ci skip]

* More tests.
[ci skip]

* Recurse into descendants when forgetting resource.
[ci skip]

* Temp fix for version test; fix get_raw; fix all_terms.
[ci skip]

* Fix get_inbound_rel()... really. All tests pass locally.
[ci skip]

* Comment out all debug statements.

* Reset metadata store at bootstrap.

* Replace RDFlib dataset methods with straight store methods.

* Logging adjustments.

* Move destroy() method to Cython module.

* Start using local transactions.

* Test script for concurrent transactions.

* Resolve some multiprocessing issues:

* Start GUnicorn via shell script
* Start one dbenv per process
* Move WSGI config to a module
* Resolve EAGAIN error with multi-worker server

* Add C files.

* Travis adjustments:

* Bump up Python version (min. 3.6, up to 3.7)
* Add Cython dependency
* Install LMDB libraries system-wide in Travis
* Remove py-lmdb from dev dependencies

* Open the metadata store in tests; don't segfault if txn started in a
closed store.

* Temporary fix for leaked readers on GUnicorn worker restarts.

* Remove Cython-generated C sources from VCS.

* Align console script naming; some cleanup.

* Conftest fixes.

* Add three indices but don't use memcpy. 10% write performance penalty.

* Save memcpy's.

* Move triples() inside Cython module.

* Lookup performance improvements:

* Use secondary indices
* Reduce complexity on lookup_2bound
* Parallelize lookup result triple assembly

* Avoid duplicate function calls in check_ref_int(); adjust logging.

* Replace IMR Graph class with lightweight SimpleGraph and Imr.

* Merge performance branch into simple_graph.

* Correct errors with SimpleGraph.

* Raise error if triple inserted is invalid.

* Parallelize data assembly in lookup_2bound.

* Fix offsets in lookup_1bound().

* Rename test folder to control execution order (ugly but effective).

* Move sandbox.

* Fix tests.

* Implement custom pickler; re-add C source bundles.

* Add term module.

* Add TPL header file.

* Add TPL header file.

* More performance optimizations

* Use OpenSSL C SHA1 function
* Separate from_key and from_trp_key

* Setuptools adjustments; support Python 3.7 in Travis.

* Setuptools adjustments; support Python 3.7 in Travis.

* Move metadata store out of ldp_rs store.

* Setuptools adjustments; support Python 3.7 in Travis.

* Fix memory leak in term module.

* Fix memory leak in term module.

* Comment out or delete code related to RDF hashing.

* Some code cleanup.

* Remove dependency from Cython for non-developers.

* Update documentation.

* Subtle rebranding.

* Minor cleanup.

.gitignore

@@ -103,5 +103,11 @@ venv.bak/
 # mypy
 .mypy_cache/
 
+# Pytest
+.pytest_cache/
+
 # Default LAKEsuperior data directories
 /data
+#/lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.c
+#/lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.c
+!ext/lib

.travis.yml

@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
+sudo: false
 language: python
-python:
-  - "3.5"
-  - "3.6"
+matrix:
+    include:
+    - python: 3.6
+    - python: 3.7
+      dist: xenial
+      sudo: true
+
 install:
   - pip install -e .
 script:
@@ -15,6 +20,6 @@ deploy:
     on:
         tags: true
         branch: master
-        python: "3.5"
+        python: "3.6"
     distributions: "bdist_wheel"
 

MANIFEST.in

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 include README.rst
 include LICENSE
+include fcrepo
 graft lakesuperior/data/bootstrap
 graft lakesuperior/endpoints/templates
 graft lakesuperior/etc.defaults

README.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-LAKEsuperior
+Lakesuperior
 ============
 
 |build status| |docs| |pypi| |codecov|
 
-LAKEsuperior is an alternative `Fedora
+Lakesuperior is an alternative `Fedora
 Repository <http://fedorarepository.org>`__ implementation.
 
 Fedora is a mature repository software system historically adopted by
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ any type of binary files and their metadata in Linked Data format.
 Guiding Principles
 ------------------
 
-LAKEsuperior aims at being an uncomplicated, efficient Fedora 4
+Lakesuperior aims at being an uncomplicated, efficient Fedora 4
 implementation.
 
 Its main goals are:
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ Key features
 -  Very stable persistence layer based on
    `LMDB <https://symas.com/lmdb/>`__ and filesystem. Fully
    ACID-compliant writes guarantee consistency of data.
--  Term-based search (*planned*) and SPARQL Query API + UI
+-  Term-based search and SPARQL Query API + UI
 -  No performance penalty for storing many resources under the same
-   container
+   container, or having one resource link to many URIs
 -  Extensible provenance metadata tracking
 -  Multi-modal access: HTTP (REST), command line interface and native Python
    API.

conftest.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import logging
 import pytest
 
 from os import makedirs, path
@@ -35,17 +36,19 @@ def db(app):
     '''
     Set up and tear down test triplestore.
     '''
-    makedirs(data_dir, exist_ok=True)
     env.app_globals.rdfly.bootstrap()
     env.app_globals.nonrdfly.bootstrap()
     print('Initialized data store.')
+    env.app_globals.rdf_store.open_env(
+            env.app_globals.rdf_store.env_path)
 
     yield env.app_globals.rdfly
 
     # TODO improve this by using tempfile.TemporaryDirectory as a context
     # manager.
     print('Removing fixture data directory.')
-    rmtree(data_dir)
+    env.app_globals.rdf_store.close_env()
+    env.app_globals.rdf_store.destroy()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
@@ -56,3 +59,7 @@ def rnd_img():
     return random_image(8, 256)
 
 
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def disable_logging():
+    """Disable logging in all tests."""
+    logging.disable(logging.INFO)

docs/about.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-About LAKEsuperior
+About Lakesuperior
 ==================
 
-LAKEsuperior is an alternative `Fedora
+Lakesuperior is an alternative `Fedora
 Repository <http://fedorarepository.org>`__ implementation.
 
 Fedora is a mature repository software system historically adopted by
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ any type of binary files and their metadata in Linked Data format.
 Guiding Principles
 ------------------
 
-LAKEsuperior aims at being an uncomplicated, efficient Fedora 4
+Lakesuperior aims at being an uncomplicated, efficient Fedora 4
 implementation.
 
 Its main goals are:
@@ -33,50 +33,49 @@ Key features
 -  Very stable persistence layer based on
    `LMDB <https://symas.com/lmdb/>`__ and filesystem. Fully
    ACID-compliant writes guarantee consistency of data.
--  Term-based search (*planned*) and SPARQL Query API + UI
+-  Term-based search and SPARQL Query API + UI
 -  No performance penalty for storing many resources under the same
-   container; no
-   `kudzu <https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/land-conservation/forests/kudzu.xml>`__
+   container; no `kudzu
+   <https://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/urgentissues/land-conservation/forests/kudzu.xml>`__
    pairtree segmentation [#]_ 
 -  Extensible :doc:`provenance metadata <model>` tracking
 -  :doc:`Multi-modal access <architecture>`: HTTP
    (REST), command line interface and native Python API.
--  Fits in a pocket: you can carry 50M triples in an 8Gb memory stick.
+-  Fits in a pocket: you can carry 50M triples in an 8Gb memory stick [#]_.
 
 Implementation of the official `Fedora API
 specs <https://fedora.info/spec/>`__ (Fedora 5.x and beyond) is not
 foreseen in the short term, however it would be a natural evolution of
 this project if it gains support.
 
-Please make sure you read the :doc:`Delta
-document <fcrepo4_deltas>` for divergences with the
-official Fedora4 implementation.
+Please make sure you read the :doc:`Delta document <fcrepo4_deltas>` for
+divergences with the official Fedora4 implementation.
 
 Target Audience
 ---------------
 
-LAKEsuperior is for anybody who cares about preserving data in the long
+Lakesuperior is for anybody who cares about preserving data in the long
 term.
 
-Less vaguely, LAKEsuperior is targeted at who needs to store large
+Less vaguely, Lakesuperior is targeted at who needs to store large
 quantities of highly linked metadata and documents.
 
 Its Python/C environment and API make it particularly well suited for
 academic and scientific environments who would be able to embed it in a
 Python application as a library or extend it via plug-ins.
 
-LAKEsuperior is able to be exposed to the Web as a `Linked Data
+Lakesuperior is able to be exposed to the Web as a `Linked Data
 Platform <https://www.w3.org/TR/ldp-primer/>`__ server. It also acts as
 a SPARQL query (read-only) endpoint, however it is not meant to be used
 as a full-fledged triplestore at the moment.
 
-In its current status, LAKEsuperior is aimed at developers and hands-on
+In its current status, Lakesuperior is aimed at developers and hands-on
 managers who are interested in evaluating this project.
 
 Status and development
 ----------------------
 
-LAKEsuperior is in **alpha** status. Please see the `project
+Lakesuperior is in **alpha** status. Please see the `project
 issues <https://github.com/scossu/lakesuperior/issues>`__ list for a
 rudimentary road map.
 
@@ -84,3 +83,5 @@ rudimentary road map.
 
 .. [#] However if your client splits pairtrees upstream, such as Hyrax does,
    that obviously needs to change to get rid of the path segments.
+
+.. [#] Your mileage may vary depending on the variety of your triples.

docs/api.rst

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ API Documentation
 Main Interface
 --------------
 
-The LAKEsuperior API modules of most interest for a client are:
+The Lakesuperior API modules of most interest for a client are:
 
 - :mod:`lakesuperior.api.resource`
 - :mod:`lakesupeiror.api.query`

docs/architecture.rst

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-LAKEsuperior Architecture
+Lakesuperior Architecture
 =========================
 
-LAKEsuperior is written in Python. It is not excluded that parts of the
+Lakesuperior is written in Python. It is not excluded that parts of the
 code may be rewritten in `Cython <http://cython.readthedocs.io/>`__ for
 performance.
 
 Multi-Modal Access
 ------------------
 
-LAKEsuperior services and data are accessible in multiple ways:
+Lakesuperior services and data are accessible in multiple ways:
 
 -  Via HTTP. This is the canonical way to interact with LDP resources
    and conforms quite closely to the Fedora specs (currently v4).
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ LAKEsuperior services and data are accessible in multiple ways:
 -  Via a Python API. This method allows to use Python scripts to access
    the same methods available to the two methods above in a programmatic
    way. It is possible to write Python plugins or even to embed
-   LAKEsuperior in a Python application, even without running a web
+   Lakesuperior in a Python application, even without running a web
    server.
 
 Architecture Overview
 ---------------------
 
 .. figure:: assets/lakesuperior_arch.png
-   :alt: LAKEsuperior Architecture
+   :alt: Lakesuperior Architecture
 
-   LAKEsuperior Architecture
+   Lakesuperior Architecture
 
-The LAKEsuperior REST API provides access to the underlying Python API.
+The Lakesuperior REST API provides access to the underlying Python API.
 All REST and CLI operations can be replicated by a Python program
 accessing this API.
 

docs/cli.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 Command Line Reference
 ======================
 
-LAKEsuperior comes with some command-line tools aimed at several purposes.
+Lakesuperior comes with some command-line tools aimed at several purposes.
 
-If LAKEsuperior is installed via ``pip``, all tools can be invoked as normal
+If Lakesuperior is installed via ``pip``, all tools can be invoked as normal
 commands (i.e. they are in the virtualenv ``PATH``). 
 
 The tools are currently not directly available on Docker instances (*TODO add
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This is the main server command. It has no parameters. The command spawns
 Gunicorn workers (as many as set up in the configuration) and can be sent in
 the background, or started via init script.
 
-The tool must be run in the same virtual environment LAKEsuperior
+The tool must be run in the same virtual environment Lakesuperior
 was installed in (if it was)—i.e.::
 
     source <virtualenv root>/bin/activate
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ self-documented, so this is just a redundant overview::
       check_fixity  [STUB] Check fixity of a resource.
       check_refint  Check referential integrity.
       cleanup       [STUB] Clean up orphan database items.
-      migrate       Migrate an LDP repository to LAKEsuperior.
+      migrate       Migrate an LDP repository to Lakesuperior.
       stats         Print repository statistics.
 
 All entries marked ``[STUB]`` are not yet implemented, however the
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ The command has no options but prompts the user for a few settings
 interactively (N.B. this may change in favor of parameters).
 
 The benchmark tool is able to create RDF sources, or non-RDF, or an equal mix
-of them, via POST or PUT, in the currently running LAKEsuperior server. It
+of them, via POST or PUT, in the currently running Lakesuperior server. It
 runs single-threaded.
 
 The RDF sources are randomly generated graphs of consistent size and

docs/contributing.rst

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-Contributing to LAKEsuperior
+Contributing to Lakesuperior
 ============================
 
-LAKEsuperior has been so far a single person’s off-hours project (with much
+Lakesuperior has been so far a single person’s off-hours project (with much
 very valuable input from several sides). In order to turn into anything close
 to a Beta release and eventually to a production-ready implementation, it
 needs some community love.
 
 Contributions are welcome in all forms, including ideas, issue reports,
 or even just spinning up the software and providing some feedback.
-LAKEsuperior is meant to live as a community project.
+Lakesuperior is meant to live as a community project.
 
 .. _dev_setup:
 

docs/discovery.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Resource Discovery & Query
 ==========================
 
-LAKEsuperior offers several way to programmatically discover resources and
+Lakesuperior offers several way to programmatically discover resources and
 data.
 
 LDP Traversal
@@ -20,12 +20,12 @@ SPARQL Query
 ------------
 
 A `SPARQL <https://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/>`__ endpoint is available in
-LAKEsuperior both as an API and a Web UI.
+Lakesuperior both as an API and a Web UI.
 
 .. figure:: assets/lsup_sparql_query_ui.png
-   :alt: LAKEsuperior SPARQL Query Window
+   :alt: Lakesuperior SPARQL Query Window
 
-   LAKEsuperior SPARQL Query Window
+   Lakesuperior SPARQL Query Window
 
 The UI is based on `YASGUI <http://about.yasgui.org/>`__.
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ query in a graph with more than a few thousands resources::
 
 What the RDFLib implementation does is going over every single graph in the
 repository and perform the ``?s ?p ?o`` query on each of them. Since
-LAKEsuperior creates several graphs per resource, this can run for a very long
+Lakesuperior creates several graphs per resource, this can run for a very long
 time in any decently sized data set.
 
 The solution to this is either to omit the graph query, or use a term search,
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ Term Search
 -----------
 
 .. figure:: assets/lsup_term_search.png
-   :alt: LAKEsuperior Term Search Window
+   :alt: Lakesuperior Term Search Window
 
-   LAKEsuperior Term Search Window
+   Lakesuperior Term Search Window
 
 This feature provides a discovery tool focused on resource subjects and based
 on individual term match and comparison. It tends to be more manageable than

docs/fcrepo4_deltas.rst

@@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ Divergencies between lakesuperior and FCREPO4
 =============================================
 
 This is a (vastly incomplete) list of discrepancies between the current
-FCREPO4 implementation and LAKEsuperior. More will be added as more
+FCREPO4 implementation and Lakesuperior. More will be added as more
 clients will use it.
 
 Not yet implemented (but in the plans)
 --------------------------------------
 
--  Various headers handling
--  Versioning (incomplete)
+-  Various headers handling (partial)
 -  AuthN/Z
 -  Fixity check
 -  Blank nodes
@@ -20,6 +19,25 @@ Potentially breaking changes
 The following divergences may lead into incompatibilities with some
 clients.
 
+ETags
+~~~~~
+
+"Weak" ETags for LDP-RSs (i.e. RDF graphs) are not implemented. Given the
+possible many interpretations of how any kind of checksum for an LDP resource
+should be calculated (see `discussion
+<https://groups.google.com/d/topic/fedora-tech/8pemDHNvbvc/discussion>`__), and
+also given the relatively high computation cost necessary to determine whether
+to send a ``304 Not Modified`` vs. a ``200 OK`` for an LDP-RS request, this
+feature has been considered impractical to implement with the limited resources
+available at the moment.
+
+As a consequence, LDP-RS requests will never return a ``304`` and will never
+include an ``ETag`` header. Clients should not rely on that header for
+non-binary resources.
+
+That said, calculating RDF chacksums is still an academically interesting topic
+and may be valuable for practical purposes such as metadata preservation.
+
 Atomicity
 ~~~~~~~~~
 
@@ -41,7 +59,7 @@ If a client requests a tombstone resource in FCREPO4 with a method other
 than DELETE, the server will return ``405 Method Not Allowed``
 regardless of whether the tombstone exists or not.
 
-LAKEsuperior will return ``405`` only if the tombstone actually exists,
+Lakesuperior will return ``405`` only if the tombstone actually exists,
 ``404`` otherwise.
 
 Web UI
@@ -49,7 +67,7 @@ Web UI
 
 FCREPO4 includes a web UI for simple CRUD operations.
 
-Such a UI is not in the immediate LAKEsuperior development plans.
+Such a UI is not in the immediate Lakesuperior development plans.
 However, a basic UI is available for read-only interaction: LDP resource
 browsing, SPARQL query and other search facilities, and administrative
 tools. Some of the latter *may* involve write operations, such as
@@ -69,7 +87,7 @@ minted identifier. E.g.
 results in ``/rest/8c/9a/07/4e/8c9a074e-dda3-5256-ea30-eec2dd4fcf61``
 being created.
 
-The same request in LAKEsuperior would create
+The same request in Lakesuperior would create
 ``/rest/8c9a074e-dda3-5256-ea30-eec2dd4fcf61`` (obviously the
 identifiers will be different).
 
@@ -82,7 +100,7 @@ Allow PUT requests with empty body on existing resources
 FCREPO4 returns a ``409 Conflict`` if a PUT request with no payload is sent
 to an existing resource.
 
-LAKEsuperior allows to perform this operation, which would result in deleting
+Lakesuperior allows to perform this operation, which would result in deleting
 all the user-provided properties in that resource.
 
 If the original resource is an LDP-NR, however, the operation will raise a
@@ -106,8 +124,8 @@ containment triple is established between the closest LDPC and the
 created resource, e.g. if ``a`` exists, a
 ``</a> ldp:contains </a/b/c/d>`` triple is created.
 
-LAKEsuperior does not employ Pairtrees. In the example above
-LAKEsuperior would create a fully qualified LDPC for each missing
+Lakesuperior does not employ Pairtrees. In the example above
+Lakesuperior would create a fully qualified LDPC for each missing
 segment, which can be POSTed and PUT to. Containment triples are created
 between each link in the path, i.e. ``</a> ldp:contains </a/b>``,
 ``</a/b> ldp:contains </a/b/c>`` etc. This may potentially break clients
@@ -115,11 +133,11 @@ relying on the direct containment model.
 
 The rationale behind this change is that Pairtrees are the byproduct of
 a limitation imposed by Modeshape and introduce complexity in the
-software stack and confusion for the client. LAKEsuperior aligns with
+software stack and confusion for the client. Lakesuperior aligns with
 the more intuitive UNIX filesystem model, where each segment of a path
 is a “folder” or container (except for the leaf nodes that can be either
 folders or files). In any case, clients are discouraged from generating
-deep paths in LAKEsuperior without a specific purpose because these
+deep paths in Lakesuperior without a specific purpose because these
 resources create unnecessary data.
 
 Non-mandatory, non-authoritative slug in version POST
@@ -128,7 +146,7 @@ Non-mandatory, non-authoritative slug in version POST
 FCREPO4 requires a ``Slug`` header to POST to ``fcr:versions`` to create
 a new version.
 
-LAKEsuperior adheres to the more general FCREPO POST rule and if no slug
+Lakesuperior adheres to the more general FCREPO POST rule and if no slug
 is provided, an automatic ID is generated instead. The ID is a UUID4.
 
 Note that internally this ID is not called “label” but “uid” since it is
@@ -137,20 +155,20 @@ predicate, however ambiguous in this context, will be kept until the
 adoption of Memento, which will change the retrieval mechanisms.
 
 Another notable difference is that if a POST is issued on the same resource
-``fcr:versions`` location using a version ID that already exists, LAKEsuperior
+``fcr:versions`` location using a version ID that already exists, Lakesuperior
 will just mint a random identifier rather than returning an error.
 
 Deprecation track
 -----------------
 
-LAKEsuperior offers some “legacy” options to replicate the FCREPO4
+Lakesuperior offers some “legacy” options to replicate the FCREPO4
 behavior, however encourages new development to use a different approach
 for some types of interaction.
 
 Endpoints
 ~~~~~~~~~
 
-The FCREPO root endpoint is ``/rest``. The LAKEsuperior root endpoint is
+The FCREPO root endpoint is ``/rest``. The Lakesuperior root endpoint is
 ``/ldp``.
 
 This should not pose a problem if a client does not have ``rest``
@@ -165,7 +183,7 @@ Fedora version 5.x, etc.
 Automatic LDP class assignment
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Since LAKEsuperior rejects client-provided server-managed triples, and
+Since Lakesuperior rejects client-provided server-managed triples, and
 since the LDP types are among them, the LDP container type is inferred
 from the provided properties: if the ``ldp:hasMemberRelation`` and
 ``ldp:membershipResource`` properties are provided, the resource is a
@@ -185,7 +203,7 @@ PUT request, unless the ``Prefer`` header is set to
 ``handling=lenient; received="minimal"``, in which case the RDF payload
 must not have any server-managed triples.
 
-LAKEsuperior works under the assumption that client should never provide
+Lakesuperior works under the assumption that client should never provide
 server-managed triples. It automatically handles PUT requests sent to
 existing resources by returning a 412 if any server managed triples are
 included in the payload. This is the same as setting ``Prefer`` to
@@ -207,7 +225,7 @@ LDP-NR content and metadata
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 FCREPO4 relies on the ``/fcr:metadata`` identifier to retrieve RDF
-metadata about an LDP-NR. LAKEsuperior supports this as a legacy option,
+metadata about an LDP-NR. Lakesuperior supports this as a legacy option,
 but encourages the use of content negotiation to do the same while
 offering explicit endpoints for RDF and non-RDF content retrieval.
 
@@ -224,7 +242,7 @@ The two optionsabove return an HTTP error if requested for a LDP-RS.
 “Include” and “Omit” options for children
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-LAKEsuperior offers an additional ``Prefer`` header option to exclude
+Lakesuperior offers an additional ``Prefer`` header option to exclude
 all references to child resources (i.e. by removing all the
 ``ldp:contains`` triples) while leaving the other server-managed triples
 when retrieving a resource:
@@ -243,7 +261,7 @@ Soft-delete and purge
 In FCREPO4 a deleted resource leaves a tombstone deleting all traces of
 the previous resource.
 
-In LAKEsuperior, a normal DELETE creates a new version snapshot of the
+In Lakesuperior, a normal DELETE creates a new version snapshot of the
 resource and puts a tombstone in its place. The resource versions are
 still available in the ``fcr:versions`` location. The resource can be
 “resurrected” by issuing a POST to its tombstone. This will result in a

docs/index.rst

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-LAKEsuperior
+Lakesuperior
 ============
 
 |build status|
 
-LAKEsuperior is an alternative `Fedora
+Lakesuperior is an alternative `Fedora
 Repository <http://fedorarepository.org>`__ implementation.
 
 Fedora is a mature repository software system historically adopted by
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ Indices and tables
    :maxdepth: 2
    :caption: Getting Started
 
-    About LAKEsuperior <about>
+    About Lakesuperior <about>
     Installation and Configuration <setup>
     Sample Usage <usage>
     Getting Help <help>

docs/indexing_strategy.rst

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-LMDB Store design for RDFLib
-============================
+RDF Store & Index Design
+========================
 
 This is a log of subsequent strategies employed to store triples in
 LMDB.
 
-Strategy #5a is the one currently used. The rest is kept for historic
-reasons and academic curiosity (and also because it was too much work to
+Strategy #4a is the one currently used. The rest is kept for historic
+reasons and academic curiosity (and also because this took too much work to
 just wipe out of memory).
 
 Storage approach
@@ -57,7 +57,22 @@ Example lookup
 Keys and Triples (should actually be quads but this is a simplified
 version):
 
-A: s1 p1 o1 B: s1 p2 o2 C: s2 p3 o1 D: s2 p3 o3
+- A:
+  - s1
+  - p1
+  - o1
+- B:
+  - s1
+  - p2
+  - o2
+- C:
+  - s2
+  - p3
+  - o1
+- D:
+  - s2
+  - p3
+  - o3
 
 Indices:
 
@@ -277,8 +292,7 @@ Advantages
 Disadvantages
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
--  Possibly slower retrieval for queries with 2 bound terms (run
-   metrics)
+-  Slower retrieval for queries with 2 bound terms
 
 Further optimization
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -298,9 +312,7 @@ Strategy #5a
 ------------
 
 This is a slightly different implementation of #5 that somewhat
-simplifies and perhaps speeds up things a bit. It is the currently
-employed solution.
-
+simplifies and perhaps speeds up things a bit.
 The indexing and lookup strtegy is the same; but instead of using a
 separator byte for splitting compound keys, the logic relies on the fact
 that keys have a fixed length and are sliced instead. This *should*
@@ -309,3 +321,17 @@ result in faster key manipulation, also because in most cases
 memory.
 
 Index storage is 90 bytes per triple.
+
+Strategy #4a
+------------
+
+This is a variation of Strategy 4 using fixed-size keys. It is the currently
+employed solution starting with alpha18.
+
+After using #5a up to alpha17, it was apparent that 2-bound queries were quite
+penalized in queries which return few results. All the keys for a 1-bound
+lookup had to be retrieved and iterated over to verify that they contained the
+second ("filter") term. This approach, instead, only looks up the relevant
+keys and composes the results. It is slower on writes and nearly doubles the
+size of the indices, but it makes reads faster and more memory-efficient.
+

docs/messaging.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-LAKEsuperior Messaging
+Lakesuperior Messaging
 ======================
 
-LAKEsuperior implements a messaging system based on ActivityStreams, as
+Lakesuperior implements a messaging system based on ActivityStreams, as
 indicated by the `Fedora API
 specs <https://fedora.info/2017/06/30/spec/#notifications>`__. The
 metadata set provided is currently quite minimal but can be easily
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ enriched by extending the
 STOMP is the only supported protocol at the moment. More protocols may
 be made available at a later time.
 
-LAKEsuperior can send messages to any number of destinations: see
+Lakesuperior can send messages to any number of destinations: see
 :doc:`setup`.
 
 By default, `CoilMQ <https://github.com/hozn/coilmq>`__ is provided for testing
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ for details.
 Disabing messaging
 ------------------
 
-Messaging is enabled by default in LAKEsuperior. If you are not interested in
+Messaging is enabled by default in Lakesuperior. If you are not interested in
 interacting with an integration framework, you can save yourself some I/O and
 complexity and turn messaging off completely. In order to do that, set all
 entries in the ``routes`` section of ``application.yml`` to not active, e.g.::
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ entries in the ``routes`` section of ``application.yml`` to not active, e.g.::
               destination: '/topic/fcrepo'
               formatter: ASResourceFormatter
 
-A message queue does not need to be running in order for LAKEsuperior to
+A message queue does not need to be running in order for Lakesuperior to
 operate, even if one or more routes are active. In that case, the application
 will throw a few ugly mssages and move on. *TODO: This should be handled more
 gracefully.*

docs/migration.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Migration, Backup & Restore
 ===========================
 
-All LAKEsuperior data is by default fully contained in a folder. This
+All Lakesuperior data is by default fully contained in a folder. This
 means that only the data, configurations and code folders are needed for
 it to run. No Postgres, Redis, or such. Data and configuration folders
 can be moved around as needed.
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Migration Tool
 --------------
 
 Migration is the process of importing and converting data from a
-different Fedora or LDP implementation into a new LAKEsuperior instance.
+different Fedora or LDP implementation into a new Lakesuperior instance.
 This process uses the HTTP/LDP API of the original repository. A
 command-line utility is available as part of the ``lsup-admin`` suite to
 assist in such operation.
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ triples, i.e. no consistency checks are made.
 
 This script will create a full dataset in the specified destination
 folder, complete with a default configuration that allows to start the
-LAKEsuperior server immediately after the migration is complete.
+Lakesuperior server immediately after the migration is complete.
 
 Two approaches to migration are possible:
 

docs/model.rst

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-LAKEsuperior Content Model Rationale
+Lakesuperior Content Model Rationale
 ====================================
 
 Internal and Public URIs; Identifiers
 -------------------------------------
 
-Resource URIs are stored internally in LAKEsuperior as domain-agnostic
+Resource URIs are stored internally in Lakesuperior as domain-agnostic
 URIs with the scheme ``info:fcres<resource UID>``. This allows resources
 to be portable across systems. E.g. a resource with an internal URI of
 ``info:fcres/a/b/c``, when accessed via the
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@ accessed via the ``uid`` and ``uri`` properties respectively:
 Store Layout
 ------------
 
-One of the key concepts in LAKEsuperior is the store layout. This is a
+One of the key concepts in Lakesuperior is the store layout. This is a
 module built with a specific purpose in mind, i.e. allowing fine-grained
 recording of provenance metadata while providing reasonable performance.
 
 Store layout modules could be replaceable (work needs to be done to
 develop an interface to allow that). The default (and only at the
-moment) layout shipped with LAKEsuperior is the :mod:`resource-centric
+moment) layout shipped with Lakesuperior is the :mod:`resource-centric
 layout <lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.rsrc_centric_layout>`. This
 layout implements a so-called `graph-per-aspect
 pattern <http://patterns.dataincubator.org/book/graph-per-aspect.html>`__

docs/performance.rst

@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 Performance Benchmark Report
 ============================
 
+The purpose of this document is to provide very broad performance measurements
+and comparison between Lakesuperior and Fedora/Modeshape implementations.
+
+Lakesuperior v1.0a17 and v1.0a18 were taken into consideration. This is because
+of the extensive reworking of the whole architecture and complete rewrite
+of the storage layer, that led to significant performance gains.
+
 Environment
 -----------
 
@@ -10,10 +17,17 @@ Hardware
 ‘Rather Snappy’ Laptop
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
--  Dell Precison M3800 Laptop
--  4x Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-4712HQ CPU @ 2.30GHz
--  12Gb RAM
+-  Dell Latitude 7490 Laptop
+-  8x Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-8650U CPU @ 1.90GHz
+-  16Gb RAM
 -  SSD
+-  Arch Linux OS
+-  glibc 2.26-11
+-  python 3.7.0
+-  lmdb 0.9.22
+
+The laptop was left alone during the process, but some major applications
+(browser, email client, etc.) were left open.
 
 ‘Ole Workhorse’ server
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
@@ -22,21 +36,16 @@ Hardware
 -  16Gb RAM
 -  Magnetic drive, XXX RPM
 
-Software
-~~~~~~~~
-
--  Arch Linux OS
--  glibc 2.26-11
--  python 3.5.4
--  lmdb 0.9.21-1
-
 Benchmark script
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 `Generator script <../../util/benchmark.py>`__
 
-The script was run with default values: 10,000 children under the same
-parent, PUT requests.
+The script was run with default values: resprectively 10,000 and 100,000
+children under the same parent. PUT and POST requests were tested separately.
+
+The script calculates only the timings used for the PUT or POST requests, not
+counting the time used to generate the graphs.
 
 Data Set
 ~~~~~~~~
@@ -52,81 +61,132 @@ with a consistent size and variation:
 -  100 triples have an object that is a 64-character random Unicode
    string (50 unique predicates; 100 unique objects).
 
-Results
--------
+LDP Data Retrieval
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-.. _rather-snappy-laptop-1:
+REST API request::
 
-‘Rather Snappy’ Laptop
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-FCREPO/Modeshape 4.7.5
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+   time curl http://localhost:8000/ldp/pomegranate > /dev/null
 
-15’45" running time
+SPARQL Query
+~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-0.094" per resource (100%—reference point)
+*Note:* The query may take a long time and therefore is made on the
+single-threaded server (``lsup-server``) that does not impose a timeout (of
+course, gunicorn could also be used by changing the configuration to allow a
+long timeout).
 
-3.4M triples total in repo at the end of the process
+Sample query::
 
-Retrieval of parent resource (~10000 triples), pipe to /dev/null: 3.64"
-(100%)
+   PREFIX ldp: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#>
+   SELECT (COUNT(?s) AS ?c) WHERE {
+     ?s a ldp:Resource .
+     ?s a ldp:Container .
+   }
 
-Peak memory usage: 2.47Gb
+Raw request::
 
-Database size: 3.3 Gb
+   time curl -iXPOST -H'Accept:application/sparql-results+json' \
+   -H'Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8' \
+   -d 'query=PREFIX+ldp:+<http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#> SELECT+(COUNT(?s)+AS+?c)'\
+   '+WHERE+{ ++?s+a+ldp:Resource+. ++?s+a+ldp:Container+. }+' \
+   http://localhost:5000/query/sparql
 
-LAKEsuperior Alpha 6, LMDB Back End
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+Python API Retrieval
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-25’ running time
+In order to illustrate the advantages of the Python API, a sample retrieval of
+the container resource after the load has been timed. This was done in an
+IPython console::
 
-0.152" per resource (161%)
+   In [1]: from lakesuperior import env_setup
+   In [2]: from lakesuperior.api import resource as rsrc_api
+   In [3]: %timeit x = rsrc_api.get('/pomegranate').imr
 
-*Some gaps every ~40-50 requests, probably disk flush*
+Results
+-------
 
-Retrieval of parent resource (10K triples), pipe to /dev/null: 2.13"
-(58%)
+.. _rather-snappy-laptop-1:
 
-Peak memory usage: ~650 Mb (3 idle workers, 1 active)
+‘Rather Snappy’ Laptop
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Database size: 523 Mb (16%)
+10K Resources
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+=========================  ============  ============  ============  ============  ================
+System                     PUT           Store         GET           SPARQL Query  Py-API retrieval
+=========================  ============  ============  ============  ============  ================
+FCREPO / Modeshape 4.7.5   49ms (100%)   3.7Gb (100%)  6.2s (100%)   N/A           N/A
+Lakesuperior 1.0a17        78ms (159%)   298Mb (8%)    2.8s          0m1.194s      Not measured
+Lakesuperior 1.0a18        62ms (126%)   789Mb (21%)   2.2s          0m2.214s      66ms
+=========================  ============  ============  ============  ============  ================
+
+**Notes:**
+
+- The Python API time for the GET request in alpha18 is 8.5% of the request.
+  This means that over 91% of the time is spent serializing the results.
+  This time could be dramatically reduced by using faster serialization
+  libraries, or can be outright zeroed out by an application that uses the
+  Python API directly and manipulates the native RDFLib objects (of course, if
+  a serialized output is eventually needed, that cost is unavoidable).
+- Similarly, the ``triples`` retrieval method of the SPARQL query only takes
+  13.6% of the request time. The rest is spent evaluating SPARQL and results.
+  An application can use ``triples`` directly for relatively simple lookups
+  without that overhead.
+
+100K Resources
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+=========================  ===============  =============  =============  ===============  ============  ================
+System                     PUT              POST           Store          GET              Query         Py-API retrieval
+=========================  ===============  =============  =============  ===============  ============  ================
+FCREPO / Modeshape 4.7.5   500ms* (100%)    38ms (100%)    13Gb (100%)    2m6.7s (100%)    N/A           N/A
+Lakesuperior 1.0a17        104ms (21%)      104ms (273%)   5.3Gb (40%)    0m17.0s (13%)    0m12.481s     3810ms
+Lakesuperior 1.0a18        79ms (15%)       79ms  (207%)   7.5Gb (58%)    0m14.2s (11%)    0m4.214s**    905ms
+=========================  ===============  =============  =============  ===============  ============  ================
+
+\* POST was stopped at 50K resources. From looking at ingest timings over time
+we can easily infer that ingest time would further increase. This is the
+manifestation of the "many members" issue. The "Store" value is for the PUT
+operation which ran regularly with 100K resources.
+
+\*\* Timing based on a warm cache. The first query timed at 0m22.2s.
 
 .. _ole-workhorse-server-1:
 
 ‘Ole Workhorse’ server
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-FCREPO
-^^^^^^
+10K Resources
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-0:47:38 running time
-
-0.285" per resource (100%)
-
-Retrieval of parent resource: 9.6" (100%)
-
-LAKEsuperior
-^^^^^^^^^^^^
-
-1:14:19 running time
-
-0.446" per resource (156%)
-
-Retrieval of parent resource: 5.58" (58%)
+=========================  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==================
+System                     PUT             Store           GET             SPARQL Query    Py-API retrieval
+=========================  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==================
+FCREPO / Modeshape 4.7.5   285ms (100%)    3.7Gb (100%)    9.6s (100%)     N/A             N/A
+Lakesuperior 1.0a17        446ms           298Mb           5.6s (58%)      0m1.194s        Not measured
+Lakesuperior 1.0a18        Not measured    Not measured    Not measured    Not measured    Not measured
+=========================  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==============  ==================
 
 Conclusions
 -----------
 
-LAKEsuperior appears to be markedly slower on writes and markedly faster
+Lakesuperior appears to be markedly slower on writes and markedly faster
 on reads. Both these factors are very likely related to the underlying
 LMDB store which is optimized for read performance.
 
+In a real-world application scenario, in which a client may perform multiple
+reads before and after storing resources, the write performance gap may
+decrease. A Python application using the Python API for querying and writing
+would experience a dramatic improvement in reading timings, and somewhat in
+write timings.
+
 Comparison of results between the laptop and the server demonstrates
-that both read and write performance gaps are identical in the two
-environments. Disk speed severely affects the numbers.
+that both read and write performance ratios between repository systems are
+identical in the two environments.
 
-**Note:** As you can guess, these are only very partial and specific
+As it may be obvious, these are only very partial and specific
 results. They should not be taken as a thorough performance assessment.
 Such an assessment may be impossible and pointless to make given the
 very different nature of the storage models, which may behave radically

docs/setup.rst

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Installation & Configuration
 Quick Install: Running in Docker
 --------------------------------
 
-You can run LAKEsuperior in Docker for a hands-off quickstart.
+You can run Lakesuperior in Docker for a hands-off quickstart.
 
 `Docker <http://docker.com/>`__ is a containerization platform that
 allows you to run services in lightweight virtual machine environments
@@ -14,12 +14,12 @@ your host machine.
 1. Install the correct `Docker Community
    Edition <https://www.docker.com/community-edition>`__ for your
    operating system.
-2. Clone the LAKEsuperior git repository:
+2. Clone the Lakesuperior git repository:
    ``git clone https://github.com/scossu/lakesuperior.git``
 3. ``cd`` into repo folder
 4. Run ``docker-compose up``
 
-LAKEsuperior should now be available at ``http://localhost:8000/``.
+Lakesuperior should now be available at ``http://localhost:8000/``.
 
 The provided Docker configuration includes persistent storage as a
 self-container Docker volume, meaning your data will persist between

docs/storage.rst

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 Storage Implementation
 ======================
 
-LAKEsuperior stores non-RDF (“binary”) data in the filesystem and RDF
+Lakesuperior stores non-RDF (“binary”) data in the filesystem and RDF
 data in an embedded key-value store, `LMDB <https://symas.com/lmdb/>`__.
 
 RDF Storage design
@@ -11,14 +11,14 @@ LMDB is a very fast, very lightweight C library. It is inspired by
 BerkeleyDB but introduces significant improvements in terms of
 efficiency and stability.
 
-The LAKEsuperior RDF store consists of two files: the main data store
+The Lakesuperior RDF store consists of two files: the main data store
 and the indices (plus two lock files that are generated at runtime). A
 good amount of effort has been put to develop an indexing strategy that
 is balanced between write performance, read performance, and data size,
 with no compromise made on consistency.
 
 The main data store is the one containing the preservation-worthy data.
-While the indices are necessary for LAKEsuperior to function, they can
+While the indices are necessary for Lakesuperior to function, they can
 be entirely rebuilt from the main data store in case of file corruption
 (recovery tools are on the TODO list).
 
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ Detailed notes about the various strategies researched can be found
 Scalability
 -----------
 
-Since LAKEsuperior is focused on design simplicity, efficiency and
+Since Lakesuperior is focused on design simplicity, efficiency and
 reliability, its RDF store is embedded and not horizontally scalable.
-However, LAKEsuperior is quite frugal with disk space. About 55 million
+However, Lakesuperior is quite frugal with disk space. About 55 million
 triples can be stored in 8Gb of space (mileage can vary depending on how
 heterogeneous the triples are). This makes it easier to use expensive
 SSD drives for the RDF store, in order to improve performance. A single
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ LMDB has a very simple configuration, and all options are hardcoded in
 LAKESuperior in order to exploit its features. A database automatically
 recovers from a crash.
 
-The LAKEsuperior RDF store abstraction maintains a registry of unique
+The Lakesuperior RDF store abstraction maintains a registry of unique
 terms. These terms are not deleted if a triple is deleted, even if no
 triple is using them, because it would be too expesive to look up for
 orphaned terms during a delete request. While these terms are relatively
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ task.
 Consistency
 -----------
 
-LAKEsuperior wraps each LDP operation in a transaction. The indices are
+Lakesuperior wraps each LDP operation in a transaction. The indices are
 updated synchronously within the same transaction in order to guarantee
 consistency. If a system loses power or crashes, only the last
 transaction is lost, and the last successful write will include primary

ext/include/lmdb.h

@@ -0,0 +1,1604 @@
+/** @file lmdb.h
+ *	@brief Lightning memory-mapped database library
+ *
+ *	@mainpage	Lightning Memory-Mapped Database Manager (LMDB)
+ *
+ *	@section intro_sec Introduction
+ *	LMDB is a Btree-based database management library modeled loosely on the
+ *	BerkeleyDB API, but much simplified. The entire database is exposed
+ *	in a memory map, and all data fetches return data directly
+ *	from the mapped memory, so no malloc's or memcpy's occur during
+ *	data fetches. As such, the library is extremely simple because it
+ *	requires no page caching layer of its own, and it is extremely high
+ *	performance and memory-efficient. It is also fully transactional with
+ *	full ACID semantics, and when the memory map is read-only, the
+ *	database integrity cannot be corrupted by stray pointer writes from
+ *	application code.
+ *
+ *	The library is fully thread-aware and supports concurrent read/write
+ *	access from multiple processes and threads. Data pages use a copy-on-
+ *	write strategy so no active data pages are ever overwritten, which
+ *	also provides resistance to corruption and eliminates the need of any
+ *	special recovery procedures after a system crash. Writes are fully
+ *	serialized; only one write transaction may be active at a time, which
+ *	guarantees that writers can never deadlock. The database structure is
+ *	multi-versioned so readers run with no locks; writers cannot block
+ *	readers, and readers don't block writers.
+ *
+ *	Unlike other well-known database mechanisms which use either write-ahead
+ *	transaction logs or append-only data writes, LMDB requires no maintenance
+ *	during operation. Both write-ahead loggers and append-only databases
+ *	require periodic checkpointing and/or compaction of their log or database
+ *	files otherwise they grow without bound. LMDB tracks free pages within
+ *	the database and re-uses them for new write operations, so the database
+ *	size does not grow without bound in normal use.
+ *
+ *	The memory map can be used as a read-only or read-write map. It is
+ *	read-only by default as this provides total immunity to corruption.
+ *	Using read-write mode offers much higher write performance, but adds
+ *	the possibility for stray application writes thru pointers to silently
+ *	corrupt the database. Of course if your application code is known to
+ *	be bug-free (...) then this is not an issue.
+ *
+ *	If this is your first time using a transactional embedded key/value
+ *	store, you may find the \ref starting page to be helpful.
+ *
+ *	@section caveats_sec Caveats
+ *	Troubleshooting the lock file, plus semaphores on BSD systems:
+ *
+ *	- A broken lockfile can cause sync issues.
+ *	  Stale reader transactions left behind by an aborted program
+ *	  cause further writes to grow the database quickly, and
+ *	  stale locks can block further operation.
+ *
+ *	  Fix: Check for stale readers periodically, using the
+ *	  #mdb_reader_check function or the \ref mdb_stat_1 "mdb_stat" tool.
+ *	  Stale writers will be cleared automatically on some systems:
+ *	  - Windows - automatic
+ *	  - Linux, systems using POSIX mutexes with Robust option - automatic
+ *	  - not on BSD, systems using POSIX semaphores.
+ *	  Otherwise just make all programs using the database close it;
+ *	  the lockfile is always reset on first open of the environment.
+ *
+ *	- On BSD systems or others configured with MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM,
+ *	  startup can fail due to semaphores owned by another userid.
+ *
+ *	  Fix: Open and close the database as the user which owns the
+ *	  semaphores (likely last user) or as root, while no other
+ *	  process is using the database.
+ *
+ *	Restrictions/caveats (in addition to those listed for some functions):
+ *
+ *	- Only the database owner should normally use the database on
+ *	  BSD systems or when otherwise configured with MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM.
+ *	  Multiple users can cause startup to fail later, as noted above.
+ *
+ *	- There is normally no pure read-only mode, since readers need write
+ *	  access to locks and lock file. Exceptions: On read-only filesystems
+ *	  or with the #MDB_NOLOCK flag described under #mdb_env_open().
+ *
+ *	- An LMDB configuration will often reserve considerable \b unused
+ *	  memory address space and maybe file size for future growth.
+ *	  This does not use actual memory or disk space, but users may need
+ *	  to understand the difference so they won't be scared off.
+ *
+ *	- By default, in versions before 0.9.10, unused portions of the data
+ *	  file might receive garbage data from memory freed by other code.
+ *	  (This does not happen when using the #MDB_WRITEMAP flag.) As of
+ *	  0.9.10 the default behavior is to initialize such memory before
+ *	  writing to the data file. Since there may be a slight performance
+ *	  cost due to this initialization, applications may disable it using
+ *	  the #MDB_NOMEMINIT flag. Applications handling sensitive data
+ *	  which must not be written should not use this flag. This flag is
+ *	  irrelevant when using #MDB_WRITEMAP.
+ *
+ *	- A thread can only use one transaction at a time, plus any child
+ *	  transactions.  Each transaction belongs to one thread.  See below.
+ *	  The #MDB_NOTLS flag changes this for read-only transactions.
+ *
+ *	- Use an MDB_env* in the process which opened it, not after fork().
+ *
+ *	- Do not have open an LMDB database twice in the same process at
+ *	  the same time.  Not even from a plain open() call - close()ing it
+ *	  breaks fcntl() advisory locking.  (It is OK to reopen it after
+ *	  fork() - exec*(), since the lockfile has FD_CLOEXEC set.)
+ *
+ *	- Avoid long-lived transactions.  Read transactions prevent
+ *	  reuse of pages freed by newer write transactions, thus the
+ *	  database can grow quickly.  Write transactions prevent
+ *	  other write transactions, since writes are serialized.
+ *
+ *	- Avoid suspending a process with active transactions.  These
+ *	  would then be "long-lived" as above.  Also read transactions
+ *	  suspended when writers commit could sometimes see wrong data.
+ *
+ *	...when several processes can use a database concurrently:
+ *
+ *	- Avoid aborting a process with an active transaction.
+ *	  The transaction becomes "long-lived" as above until a check
+ *	  for stale readers is performed or the lockfile is reset,
+ *	  since the process may not remove it from the lockfile.
+ *
+ *	  This does not apply to write transactions if the system clears
+ *	  stale writers, see above.
+ *
+ *	- If you do that anyway, do a periodic check for stale readers. Or
+ *	  close the environment once in a while, so the lockfile can get reset.
+ *
+ *	- Do not use LMDB databases on remote filesystems, even between
+ *	  processes on the same host.  This breaks flock() on some OSes,
+ *	  possibly memory map sync, and certainly sync between programs
+ *	  on different hosts.
+ *
+ *	- Opening a database can fail if another process is opening or
+ *	  closing it at exactly the same time.
+ *
+ *	@author	Howard Chu, Symas Corporation.
+ *
+ *	@copyright Copyright 2011-2018 Howard Chu, Symas Corp. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
+ * Public License.
+ *
+ * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
+ * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
+ * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
+ *
+ *	@par Derived From:
+ * This code is derived from btree.c written by Martin Hedenfalk.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Martin Hedenfalk <martin@bzero.se>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _LMDB_H_
+#define _LMDB_H_
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/** Unix permissions for creating files, or dummy definition for Windows */
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+typedef	int	mdb_mode_t;
+#else
+typedef	mode_t	mdb_mode_t;
+#endif
+
+/** An abstraction for a file handle.
+ *	On POSIX systems file handles are small integers. On Windows
+ *	they're opaque pointers.
+ */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+typedef	void *mdb_filehandle_t;
+#else
+typedef int mdb_filehandle_t;
+#endif
+
+/** @defgroup mdb LMDB API
+ *	@{
+ *	@brief OpenLDAP Lightning Memory-Mapped Database Manager
+ */
+/** @defgroup Version Version Macros
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** Library major version */
+#define MDB_VERSION_MAJOR	0
+/** Library minor version */
+#define MDB_VERSION_MINOR	9
+/** Library patch version */
+#define MDB_VERSION_PATCH	22
+
+/** Combine args a,b,c into a single integer for easy version comparisons */
+#define MDB_VERINT(a,b,c)	(((a) << 24) | ((b) << 16) | (c))
+
+/** The full library version as a single integer */
+#define MDB_VERSION_FULL	\
+	MDB_VERINT(MDB_VERSION_MAJOR,MDB_VERSION_MINOR,MDB_VERSION_PATCH)
+
+/** The release date of this library version */
+#define MDB_VERSION_DATE	"March 21, 2018"
+
+/** A stringifier for the version info */
+#define MDB_VERSTR(a,b,c,d)	"LMDB " #a "." #b "." #c ": (" d ")"
+
+/** A helper for the stringifier macro */
+#define MDB_VERFOO(a,b,c,d)	MDB_VERSTR(a,b,c,d)
+
+/** The full library version as a C string */
+#define	MDB_VERSION_STRING	\
+	MDB_VERFOO(MDB_VERSION_MAJOR,MDB_VERSION_MINOR,MDB_VERSION_PATCH,MDB_VERSION_DATE)
+/**	@} */
+
+/** @brief Opaque structure for a database environment.
+ *
+ * A DB environment supports multiple databases, all residing in the same
+ * shared-memory map.
+ */
+typedef struct MDB_env MDB_env;
+
+/** @brief Opaque structure for a transaction handle.
+ *
+ * All database operations require a transaction handle. Transactions may be
+ * read-only or read-write.
+ */
+typedef struct MDB_txn MDB_txn;
+
+/** @brief A handle for an individual database in the DB environment. */
+typedef unsigned int	MDB_dbi;
+
+/** @brief Opaque structure for navigating through a database */
+typedef struct MDB_cursor MDB_cursor;
+
+/** @brief Generic structure used for passing keys and data in and out
+ * of the database.
+ *
+ * Values returned from the database are valid only until a subsequent
+ * update operation, or the end of the transaction. Do not modify or
+ * free them, they commonly point into the database itself.
+ *
+ * Key sizes must be between 1 and #mdb_env_get_maxkeysize() inclusive.
+ * The same applies to data sizes in databases with the #MDB_DUPSORT flag.
+ * Other data items can in theory be from 0 to 0xffffffff bytes long.
+ */
+typedef struct MDB_val {
+	size_t		 mv_size;	/**< size of the data item */
+	void		*mv_data;	/**< address of the data item */
+} MDB_val;
+
+/** @brief A callback function used to compare two keys in a database */
+typedef int  (MDB_cmp_func)(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);
+
+/** @brief A callback function used to relocate a position-dependent data item
+ * in a fixed-address database.
+ *
+ * The \b newptr gives the item's desired address in
+ * the memory map, and \b oldptr gives its previous address. The item's actual
+ * data resides at the address in \b item.  This callback is expected to walk
+ * through the fields of the record in \b item and modify any
+ * values based at the \b oldptr address to be relative to the \b newptr address.
+ * @param[in,out] item The item that is to be relocated.
+ * @param[in] oldptr The previous address.
+ * @param[in] newptr The new address to relocate to.
+ * @param[in] relctx An application-provided context, set by #mdb_set_relctx().
+ * @todo This feature is currently unimplemented.
+ */
+typedef void (MDB_rel_func)(MDB_val *item, void *oldptr, void *newptr, void *relctx);
+
+/** @defgroup	mdb_env	Environment Flags
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/** mmap at a fixed address (experimental) */
+#define MDB_FIXEDMAP	0x01
+	/** no environment directory */
+#define MDB_NOSUBDIR	0x4000
+	/** don't fsync after commit */
+#define MDB_NOSYNC		0x10000
+	/** read only */
+#define MDB_RDONLY		0x20000
+	/** don't fsync metapage after commit */
+#define MDB_NOMETASYNC		0x40000
+	/** use writable mmap */
+#define MDB_WRITEMAP		0x80000
+	/** use asynchronous msync when #MDB_WRITEMAP is used */
+#define MDB_MAPASYNC		0x100000
+	/** tie reader locktable slots to #MDB_txn objects instead of to threads */
+#define MDB_NOTLS		0x200000
+	/** don't do any locking, caller must manage their own locks */
+#define MDB_NOLOCK		0x400000
+	/** don't do readahead (no effect on Windows) */
+#define MDB_NORDAHEAD	0x800000
+	/** don't initialize malloc'd memory before writing to datafile */
+#define MDB_NOMEMINIT	0x1000000
+/** @} */
+
+/**	@defgroup	mdb_dbi_open	Database Flags
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/** use reverse string keys */
+#define MDB_REVERSEKEY	0x02
+	/** use sorted duplicates */
+#define MDB_DUPSORT		0x04
+	/** numeric keys in native byte order: either unsigned int or size_t.
+	 *  The keys must all be of the same size. */
+#define MDB_INTEGERKEY	0x08
+	/** with #MDB_DUPSORT, sorted dup items have fixed size */
+#define MDB_DUPFIXED	0x10
+	/** with #MDB_DUPSORT, dups are #MDB_INTEGERKEY-style integers */
+#define MDB_INTEGERDUP	0x20
+	/** with #MDB_DUPSORT, use reverse string dups */
+#define MDB_REVERSEDUP	0x40
+	/** create DB if not already existing */
+#define MDB_CREATE		0x40000
+/** @} */
+
+/**	@defgroup mdb_put	Write Flags
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** For put: Don't write if the key already exists. */
+#define MDB_NOOVERWRITE	0x10
+/** Only for #MDB_DUPSORT<br>
+ * For put: don't write if the key and data pair already exist.<br>
+ * For mdb_cursor_del: remove all duplicate data items.
+ */
+#define MDB_NODUPDATA	0x20
+/** For mdb_cursor_put: overwrite the current key/data pair */
+#define MDB_CURRENT	0x40
+/** For put: Just reserve space for data, don't copy it. Return a
+ * pointer to the reserved space.
+ */
+#define MDB_RESERVE	0x10000
+/** Data is being appended, don't split full pages. */
+#define MDB_APPEND	0x20000
+/** Duplicate data is being appended, don't split full pages. */
+#define MDB_APPENDDUP	0x40000
+/** Store multiple data items in one call. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED. */
+#define MDB_MULTIPLE	0x80000
+/*	@} */
+
+/**	@defgroup mdb_copy	Copy Flags
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** Compacting copy: Omit free space from copy, and renumber all
+ * pages sequentially.
+ */
+#define MDB_CP_COMPACT	0x01
+/*	@} */
+
+/** @brief Cursor Get operations.
+ *
+ *	This is the set of all operations for retrieving data
+ *	using a cursor.
+ */
+typedef enum MDB_cursor_op {
+	MDB_FIRST,				/**< Position at first key/data item */
+	MDB_FIRST_DUP,			/**< Position at first data item of current key.
+								Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_GET_BOTH,			/**< Position at key/data pair. Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE,		/**< position at key, nearest data. Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_GET_CURRENT,		/**< Return key/data at current cursor position */
+	MDB_GET_MULTIPLE,		/**< Return key and up to a page of duplicate data items
+								from current cursor position. Move cursor to prepare
+								for #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED */
+	MDB_LAST,				/**< Position at last key/data item */
+	MDB_LAST_DUP,			/**< Position at last data item of current key.
+								Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_NEXT,				/**< Position at next data item */
+	MDB_NEXT_DUP,			/**< Position at next data item of current key.
+								Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE,		/**< Return key and up to a page of duplicate data items
+								from next cursor position. Move cursor to prepare
+								for #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED */
+	MDB_NEXT_NODUP,			/**< Position at first data item of next key */
+	MDB_PREV,				/**< Position at previous data item */
+	MDB_PREV_DUP,			/**< Position at previous data item of current key.
+								Only for #MDB_DUPSORT */
+	MDB_PREV_NODUP,			/**< Position at last data item of previous key */
+	MDB_SET,				/**< Position at specified key */
+	MDB_SET_KEY,			/**< Position at specified key, return key + data */
+	MDB_SET_RANGE,			/**< Position at first key greater than or equal to specified key. */
+	MDB_PREV_MULTIPLE		/**< Position at previous page and return key and up to
+								a page of duplicate data items. Only for #MDB_DUPFIXED */
+} MDB_cursor_op;
+
+/** @defgroup  errors	Return Codes
+ *
+ *	BerkeleyDB uses -30800 to -30999, we'll go under them
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/**	Successful result */
+#define MDB_SUCCESS	 0
+	/** key/data pair already exists */
+#define MDB_KEYEXIST	(-30799)
+	/** key/data pair not found (EOF) */
+#define MDB_NOTFOUND	(-30798)
+	/** Requested page not found - this usually indicates corruption */
+#define MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND	(-30797)
+	/** Located page was wrong type */
+#define MDB_CORRUPTED	(-30796)
+	/** Update of meta page failed or environment had fatal error */
+#define MDB_PANIC		(-30795)
+	/** Environment version mismatch */
+#define MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH	(-30794)
+	/** File is not a valid LMDB file */
+#define MDB_INVALID	(-30793)
+	/** Environment mapsize reached */
+#define MDB_MAP_FULL	(-30792)
+	/** Environment maxdbs reached */
+#define MDB_DBS_FULL	(-30791)
+	/** Environment maxreaders reached */
+#define MDB_READERS_FULL	(-30790)
+	/** Too many TLS keys in use - Windows only */
+#define MDB_TLS_FULL	(-30789)
+	/** Txn has too many dirty pages */
+#define MDB_TXN_FULL	(-30788)
+	/** Cursor stack too deep - internal error */
+#define MDB_CURSOR_FULL	(-30787)
+	/** Page has not enough space - internal error */
+#define MDB_PAGE_FULL	(-30786)
+	/** Database contents grew beyond environment mapsize */
+#define MDB_MAP_RESIZED	(-30785)
+	/** Operation and DB incompatible, or DB type changed. This can mean:
+	 *	<ul>
+	 *	<li>The operation expects an #MDB_DUPSORT / #MDB_DUPFIXED database.
+	 *	<li>Opening a named DB when the unnamed DB has #MDB_DUPSORT / #MDB_INTEGERKEY.
+	 *	<li>Accessing a data record as a database, or vice versa.
+	 *	<li>The database was dropped and recreated with different flags.
+	 *	</ul>
+	 */
+#define MDB_INCOMPATIBLE	(-30784)
+	/** Invalid reuse of reader locktable slot */
+#define MDB_BAD_RSLOT		(-30783)
+	/** Transaction must abort, has a child, or is invalid */
+#define MDB_BAD_TXN			(-30782)
+	/** Unsupported size of key/DB name/data, or wrong DUPFIXED size */
+#define MDB_BAD_VALSIZE		(-30781)
+	/** The specified DBI was changed unexpectedly */
+#define MDB_BAD_DBI		(-30780)
+	/** The last defined error code */
+#define MDB_LAST_ERRCODE	MDB_BAD_DBI
+/** @} */
+
+/** @brief Statistics for a database in the environment */
+typedef struct MDB_stat {
+	unsigned int	ms_psize;			/**< Size of a database page.
+											This is currently the same for all databases. */
+	unsigned int	ms_depth;			/**< Depth (height) of the B-tree */
+	size_t		ms_branch_pages;	/**< Number of internal (non-leaf) pages */
+	size_t		ms_leaf_pages;		/**< Number of leaf pages */
+	size_t		ms_overflow_pages;	/**< Number of overflow pages */
+	size_t		ms_entries;			/**< Number of data items */
+} MDB_stat;
+
+/** @brief Information about the environment */
+typedef struct MDB_envinfo {
+	void	*me_mapaddr;			/**< Address of map, if fixed */
+	size_t	me_mapsize;				/**< Size of the data memory map */
+	size_t	me_last_pgno;			/**< ID of the last used page */
+	size_t	me_last_txnid;			/**< ID of the last committed transaction */
+	unsigned int me_maxreaders;		/**< max reader slots in the environment */
+	unsigned int me_numreaders;		/**< max reader slots used in the environment */
+} MDB_envinfo;
+
+	/** @brief Return the LMDB library version information.
+	 *
+	 * @param[out] major if non-NULL, the library major version number is copied here
+	 * @param[out] minor if non-NULL, the library minor version number is copied here
+	 * @param[out] patch if non-NULL, the library patch version number is copied here
+	 * @retval "version string" The library version as a string
+	 */
+char *mdb_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch);
+
+	/** @brief Return a string describing a given error code.
+	 *
+	 * This function is a superset of the ANSI C X3.159-1989 (ANSI C) strerror(3)
+	 * function. If the error code is greater than or equal to 0, then the string
+	 * returned by the system function strerror(3) is returned. If the error code
+	 * is less than 0, an error string corresponding to the LMDB library error is
+	 * returned. See @ref errors for a list of LMDB-specific error codes.
+	 * @param[in] err The error code
+	 * @retval "error message" The description of the error
+	 */
+char *mdb_strerror(int err);
+
+	/** @brief Create an LMDB environment handle.
+	 *
+	 * This function allocates memory for a #MDB_env structure. To release
+	 * the allocated memory and discard the handle, call #mdb_env_close().
+	 * Before the handle may be used, it must be opened using #mdb_env_open().
+	 * Various other options may also need to be set before opening the handle,
+	 * e.g. #mdb_env_set_mapsize(), #mdb_env_set_maxreaders(), #mdb_env_set_maxdbs(),
+	 * depending on usage requirements.
+	 * @param[out] env The address where the new handle will be stored
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_create(MDB_env **env);
+
+	/** @brief Open an environment handle.
+	 *
+	 * If this function fails, #mdb_env_close() must be called to discard the #MDB_env handle.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] path The directory in which the database files reside. This
+	 * directory must already exist and be writable.
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this environment. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
+	 * values described here.
+	 * Flags set by mdb_env_set_flags() are also used.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_FIXEDMAP
+	 *      use a fixed address for the mmap region. This flag must be specified
+	 *      when creating the environment, and is stored persistently in the environment.
+	 *		If successful, the memory map will always reside at the same virtual address
+	 *		and pointers used to reference data items in the database will be constant
+	 *		across multiple invocations. This option may not always work, depending on
+	 *		how the operating system has allocated memory to shared libraries and other uses.
+	 *		The feature is highly experimental.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOSUBDIR
+	 *		By default, LMDB creates its environment in a directory whose
+	 *		pathname is given in \b path, and creates its data and lock files
+	 *		under that directory. With this option, \b path is used as-is for
+	 *		the database main data file. The database lock file is the \b path
+	 *		with "-lock" appended.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_RDONLY
+	 *		Open the environment in read-only mode. No write operations will be
+	 *		allowed. LMDB will still modify the lock file - except on read-only
+	 *		filesystems, where LMDB does not use locks.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_WRITEMAP
+	 *		Use a writeable memory map unless MDB_RDONLY is set. This uses
+	 *		fewer mallocs but loses protection from application bugs
+	 *		like wild pointer writes and other bad updates into the database.
+	 *		This may be slightly faster for DBs that fit entirely in RAM, but
+	 *		is slower for DBs larger than RAM.
+	 *		Incompatible with nested transactions.
+	 *		Do not mix processes with and without MDB_WRITEMAP on the same
+	 *		environment.  This can defeat durability (#mdb_env_sync etc).
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOMETASYNC
+	 *		Flush system buffers to disk only once per transaction, omit the
+	 *		metadata flush. Defer that until the system flushes files to disk,
+	 *		or next non-MDB_RDONLY commit or #mdb_env_sync(). This optimization
+	 *		maintains database integrity, but a system crash may undo the last
+	 *		committed transaction. I.e. it preserves the ACI (atomicity,
+	 *		consistency, isolation) but not D (durability) database property.
+	 *		This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOSYNC
+	 *		Don't flush system buffers to disk when committing a transaction.
+	 *		This optimization means a system crash can corrupt the database or
+	 *		lose the last transactions if buffers are not yet flushed to disk.
+	 *		The risk is governed by how often the system flushes dirty buffers
+	 *		to disk and how often #mdb_env_sync() is called.  However, if the
+	 *		filesystem preserves write order and the #MDB_WRITEMAP flag is not
+	 *		used, transactions exhibit ACI (atomicity, consistency, isolation)
+	 *		properties and only lose D (durability).  I.e. database integrity
+	 *		is maintained, but a system crash may undo the final transactions.
+	 *		Note that (#MDB_NOSYNC | #MDB_WRITEMAP) leaves the system with no
+	 *		hint for when to write transactions to disk, unless #mdb_env_sync()
+	 *		is called. (#MDB_MAPASYNC | #MDB_WRITEMAP) may be preferable.
+	 *		This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_MAPASYNC
+	 *		When using #MDB_WRITEMAP, use asynchronous flushes to disk.
+	 *		As with #MDB_NOSYNC, a system crash can then corrupt the
+	 *		database or lose the last transactions. Calling #mdb_env_sync()
+	 *		ensures on-disk database integrity until next commit.
+	 *		This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOTLS
+	 *		Don't use Thread-Local Storage. Tie reader locktable slots to
+	 *		#MDB_txn objects instead of to threads. I.e. #mdb_txn_reset() keeps
+	 *		the slot reseved for the #MDB_txn object. A thread may use parallel
+	 *		read-only transactions. A read-only transaction may span threads if
+	 *		the user synchronizes its use. Applications that multiplex many
+	 *		user threads over individual OS threads need this option. Such an
+	 *		application must also serialize the write transactions in an OS
+	 *		thread, since LMDB's write locking is unaware of the user threads.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOLOCK
+	 *		Don't do any locking. If concurrent access is anticipated, the
+	 *		caller must manage all concurrency itself. For proper operation
+	 *		the caller must enforce single-writer semantics, and must ensure
+	 *		that no readers are using old transactions while a writer is
+	 *		active. The simplest approach is to use an exclusive lock so that
+	 *		no readers may be active at all when a writer begins.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NORDAHEAD
+	 *		Turn off readahead. Most operating systems perform readahead on
+	 *		read requests by default. This option turns it off if the OS
+	 *		supports it. Turning it off may help random read performance
+	 *		when the DB is larger than RAM and system RAM is full.
+	 *		The option is not implemented on Windows.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOMEMINIT
+	 *		Don't initialize malloc'd memory before writing to unused spaces
+	 *		in the data file. By default, memory for pages written to the data
+	 *		file is obtained using malloc. While these pages may be reused in
+	 *		subsequent transactions, freshly malloc'd pages will be initialized
+	 *		to zeroes before use. This avoids persisting leftover data from other
+	 *		code (that used the heap and subsequently freed the memory) into the
+	 *		data file. Note that many other system libraries may allocate
+	 *		and free memory from the heap for arbitrary uses. E.g., stdio may
+	 *		use the heap for file I/O buffers. This initialization step has a
+	 *		modest performance cost so some applications may want to disable
+	 *		it using this flag. This option can be a problem for applications
+	 *		which handle sensitive data like passwords, and it makes memory
+	 *		checkers like Valgrind noisy. This flag is not needed with #MDB_WRITEMAP,
+	 *		which writes directly to the mmap instead of using malloc for pages. The
+	 *		initialization is also skipped if #MDB_RESERVE is used; the
+	 *		caller is expected to overwrite all of the memory that was
+	 *		reserved in that case.
+	 *		This flag may be changed at any time using #mdb_env_set_flags().
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @param[in] mode The UNIX permissions to set on created files and semaphores.
+	 * This parameter is ignored on Windows.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH - the version of the LMDB library doesn't match the
+	 *	version that created the database environment.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_INVALID - the environment file headers are corrupted.
+	 *	<li>ENOENT - the directory specified by the path parameter doesn't exist.
+	 *	<li>EACCES - the user didn't have permission to access the environment files.
+	 *	<li>EAGAIN - the environment was locked by another process.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_open(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags, mdb_mode_t mode);
+
+	/** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified path.
+	 *
+	 * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
+	 * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
+	 * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
+	 * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
+	 * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
+	 * must have already been opened successfully.
+	 * @param[in] path The directory in which the copy will reside. This
+	 * directory must already exist and be writable but must otherwise be
+	 * empty.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_copy(MDB_env *env, const char *path);
+
+	/** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified file descriptor.
+	 *
+	 * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
+	 * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
+	 * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
+	 * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
+	 * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
+	 * must have already been opened successfully.
+	 * @param[in] fd The filedescriptor to write the copy to. It must
+	 * have already been opened for Write access.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_copyfd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd);
+
+	/** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified path, with options.
+	 *
+	 * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
+	 * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need.
+	 * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
+	 * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
+	 * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
+	 * must have already been opened successfully.
+	 * @param[in] path The directory in which the copy will reside. This
+	 * directory must already exist and be writable but must otherwise be
+	 * empty.
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
+	 * values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_CP_COMPACT - Perform compaction while copying: omit free
+	 *		pages and sequentially renumber all pages in output. This option
+	 *		consumes more CPU and runs more slowly than the default.
+	 *		Currently it fails if the environment has suffered a page leak.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_copy2(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags);
+
+	/** @brief Copy an LMDB environment to the specified file descriptor,
+	 *	with options.
+	 *
+	 * This function may be used to make a backup of an existing environment.
+	 * No lockfile is created, since it gets recreated at need. See
+	 * #mdb_env_copy2() for further details.
+	 * @note This call can trigger significant file size growth if run in
+	 * parallel with write transactions, because it employs a read-only
+	 * transaction. See long-lived transactions under @ref caveats_sec.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create(). It
+	 * must have already been opened successfully.
+	 * @param[in] fd The filedescriptor to write the copy to. It must
+	 * have already been opened for Write access.
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation.
+	 * See #mdb_env_copy2() for options.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_copyfd2(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd, unsigned int flags);
+
+	/** @brief Return statistics about the LMDB environment.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_stat structure
+	 * 	where the statistics will be copied
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_stat(MDB_env *env, MDB_stat *stat);
+
+	/** @brief Return information about the LMDB environment.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_envinfo structure
+	 * 	where the information will be copied
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_info(MDB_env *env, MDB_envinfo *stat);
+
+	/** @brief Flush the data buffers to disk.
+	 *
+	 * Data is always written to disk when #mdb_txn_commit() is called,
+	 * but the operating system may keep it buffered. LMDB always flushes
+	 * the OS buffers upon commit as well, unless the environment was
+	 * opened with #MDB_NOSYNC or in part #MDB_NOMETASYNC. This call is
+	 * not valid if the environment was opened with #MDB_RDONLY.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] force If non-zero, force a synchronous flush.  Otherwise
+	 *  if the environment has the #MDB_NOSYNC flag set the flushes
+	 *	will be omitted, and with #MDB_MAPASYNC they will be asynchronous.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EACCES - the environment is read-only.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 *	<li>EIO - an error occurred during synchronization.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_sync(MDB_env *env, int force);
+
+	/** @brief Close the environment and release the memory map.
+	 *
+	 * Only a single thread may call this function. All transactions, databases,
+	 * and cursors must already be closed before calling this function. Attempts to
+	 * use any such handles after calling this function will cause a SIGSEGV.
+	 * The environment handle will be freed and must not be used again after this call.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 */
+void mdb_env_close(MDB_env *env);
+
+	/** @brief Set environment flags.
+	 *
+	 * This may be used to set some flags in addition to those from
+	 * #mdb_env_open(), or to unset these flags.  If several threads
+	 * change the flags at the same time, the result is undefined.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] flags The flags to change, bitwise OR'ed together
+	 * @param[in] onoff A non-zero value sets the flags, zero clears them.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flags, int onoff);
+
+	/** @brief Get environment flags.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] flags The address of an integer to store the flags
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_get_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *flags);
+
+	/** @brief Return the path that was used in #mdb_env_open().
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] path Address of a string pointer to contain the path. This
+	 * is the actual string in the environment, not a copy. It should not be
+	 * altered in any way.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_get_path(MDB_env *env, const char **path);
+
+	/** @brief Return the filedescriptor for the given environment.
+	 *
+	 * This function may be called after fork(), so the descriptor can be
+	 * closed before exec*().  Other LMDB file descriptors have FD_CLOEXEC.
+	 * (Until LMDB 0.9.18, only the lockfile had that.)
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] fd Address of a mdb_filehandle_t to contain the descriptor.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_get_fd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t *fd);
+
+	/** @brief Set the size of the memory map to use for this environment.
+	 *
+	 * The size should be a multiple of the OS page size. The default is
+	 * 10485760 bytes. The size of the memory map is also the maximum size
+	 * of the database. The value should be chosen as large as possible,
+	 * to accommodate future growth of the database.
+	 * This function should be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
+	 * It may be called at later times if no transactions are active in
+	 * this process. Note that the library does not check for this condition,
+	 * the caller must ensure it explicitly.
+	 *
+	 * The new size takes effect immediately for the current process but
+	 * will not be persisted to any others until a write transaction has been
+	 * committed by the current process. Also, only mapsize increases are
+	 * persisted into the environment.
+	 *
+	 * If the mapsize is increased by another process, and data has grown
+	 * beyond the range of the current mapsize, #mdb_txn_begin() will
+	 * return #MDB_MAP_RESIZED. This function may be called with a size
+	 * of zero to adopt the new size.
+	 *
+	 * Any attempt to set a size smaller than the space already consumed
+	 * by the environment will be silently changed to the current size of the used space.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] size The size in bytes
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment has
+	 *   	an active write transaction.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_mapsize(MDB_env *env, size_t size);
+
+	/** @brief Set the maximum number of threads/reader slots for the environment.
+	 *
+	 * This defines the number of slots in the lock table that is used to track readers in the
+	 * the environment. The default is 126.
+	 * Starting a read-only transaction normally ties a lock table slot to the
+	 * current thread until the environment closes or the thread exits. If
+	 * MDB_NOTLS is in use, #mdb_txn_begin() instead ties the slot to the
+	 * MDB_txn object until it or the #MDB_env object is destroyed.
+	 * This function may only be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] readers The maximum number of reader lock table slots
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment is already open.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int readers);
+
+	/** @brief Get the maximum number of threads/reader slots for the environment.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] readers Address of an integer to store the number of readers
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_get_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *readers);
+
+	/** @brief Set the maximum number of named databases for the environment.
+	 *
+	 * This function is only needed if multiple databases will be used in the
+	 * environment. Simpler applications that use the environment as a single
+	 * unnamed database can ignore this option.
+	 * This function may only be called after #mdb_env_create() and before #mdb_env_open().
+	 *
+	 * Currently a moderate number of slots are cheap but a huge number gets
+	 * expensive: 7-120 words per transaction, and every #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * does a linear search of the opened slots.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] dbs The maximum number of databases
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified, or the environment is already open.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_maxdbs(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbs);
+
+	/** @brief Get the maximum size of keys and #MDB_DUPSORT data we can write.
+	 *
+	 * Depends on the compile-time constant #MDB_MAXKEYSIZE. Default 511.
+	 * See @ref MDB_val.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @return The maximum size of a key we can write
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_get_maxkeysize(MDB_env *env);
+
+	/** @brief Set application information associated with the #MDB_env.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary pointer for whatever the application needs.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_userctx(MDB_env *env, void *ctx);
+
+	/** @brief Get the application information associated with the #MDB_env.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @return The pointer set by #mdb_env_set_userctx().
+	 */
+void *mdb_env_get_userctx(MDB_env *env);
+
+	/** @brief A callback function for most LMDB assert() failures,
+	 * called before printing the message and aborting.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create().
+	 * @param[in] msg The assertion message, not including newline.
+	 */
+typedef void MDB_assert_func(MDB_env *env, const char *msg);
+
+	/** Set or reset the assert() callback of the environment.
+	 * Disabled if liblmdb is buillt with NDEBUG.
+	 * @note This hack should become obsolete as lmdb's error handling matures.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create().
+	 * @param[in] func An #MDB_assert_func function, or 0.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_env_set_assert(MDB_env *env, MDB_assert_func *func);
+
+	/** @brief Create a transaction for use with the environment.
+	 *
+	 * The transaction handle may be discarded using #mdb_txn_abort() or #mdb_txn_commit().
+	 * @note A transaction and its cursors must only be used by a single
+	 * thread, and a thread may only have a single transaction at a time.
+	 * If #MDB_NOTLS is in use, this does not apply to read-only transactions.
+	 * @note Cursors may not span transactions.
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] parent If this parameter is non-NULL, the new transaction
+	 * will be a nested transaction, with the transaction indicated by \b parent
+	 * as its parent. Transactions may be nested to any level. A parent
+	 * transaction and its cursors may not issue any other operations than
+	 * mdb_txn_commit and mdb_txn_abort while it has active child transactions.
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this transaction. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
+	 * values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_RDONLY
+	 *		This transaction will not perform any write operations.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @param[out] txn Address where the new #MDB_txn handle will be stored
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_PANIC - a fatal error occurred earlier and the environment
+	 *		must be shut down.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_MAP_RESIZED - another process wrote data beyond this MDB_env's
+	 *		mapsize and this environment's map must be resized as well.
+	 *		See #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_READERS_FULL - a read-only transaction was requested and
+	 *		the reader lock table is full. See #mdb_env_set_maxreaders().
+	 *	<li>ENOMEM - out of memory.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_txn_begin(MDB_env *env, MDB_txn *parent, unsigned int flags, MDB_txn **txn);
+
+	/** @brief Returns the transaction's #MDB_env
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 */
+MDB_env *mdb_txn_env(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+	/** @brief Return the transaction's ID.
+	 *
+	 * This returns the identifier associated with this transaction. For a
+	 * read-only transaction, this corresponds to the snapshot being read;
+	 * concurrent readers will frequently have the same transaction ID.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @return A transaction ID, valid if input is an active transaction.
+	 */
+size_t mdb_txn_id(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+	/** @brief Commit all the operations of a transaction into the database.
+	 *
+	 * The transaction handle is freed. It and its cursors must not be used
+	 * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
+	 * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said all cursors would be freed.
+	 * Only write-transactions free cursors.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 *	<li>ENOSPC - no more disk space.
+	 *	<li>EIO - a low-level I/O error occurred while writing.
+	 *	<li>ENOMEM - out of memory.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_txn_commit(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+	/** @brief Abandon all the operations of the transaction instead of saving them.
+	 *
+	 * The transaction handle is freed. It and its cursors must not be used
+	 * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
+	 * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said all cursors would be freed.
+	 * Only write-transactions free cursors.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 */
+void mdb_txn_abort(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+	/** @brief Reset a read-only transaction.
+	 *
+	 * Abort the transaction like #mdb_txn_abort(), but keep the transaction
+	 * handle. #mdb_txn_renew() may reuse the handle. This saves allocation
+	 * overhead if the process will start a new read-only transaction soon,
+	 * and also locking overhead if #MDB_NOTLS is in use. The reader table
+	 * lock is released, but the table slot stays tied to its thread or
+	 * #MDB_txn. Use mdb_txn_abort() to discard a reset handle, and to free
+	 * its lock table slot if MDB_NOTLS is in use.
+	 * Cursors opened within the transaction must not be used
+	 * again after this call, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
+	 * Reader locks generally don't interfere with writers, but they keep old
+	 * versions of database pages allocated. Thus they prevent the old pages
+	 * from being reused when writers commit new data, and so under heavy load
+	 * the database size may grow much more rapidly than otherwise.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 */
+void mdb_txn_reset(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+	/** @brief Renew a read-only transaction.
+	 *
+	 * This acquires a new reader lock for a transaction handle that had been
+	 * released by #mdb_txn_reset(). It must be called before a reset transaction
+	 * may be used again.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_PANIC - a fatal error occurred earlier and the environment
+	 *		must be shut down.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_txn_renew(MDB_txn *txn);
+
+/** Compat with version <= 0.9.4, avoid clash with libmdb from MDB Tools project */
+#define mdb_open(txn,name,flags,dbi)	mdb_dbi_open(txn,name,flags,dbi)
+/** Compat with version <= 0.9.4, avoid clash with libmdb from MDB Tools project */
+#define mdb_close(env,dbi)				mdb_dbi_close(env,dbi)
+
+	/** @brief Open a database in the environment.
+	 *
+	 * A database handle denotes the name and parameters of a database,
+	 * independently of whether such a database exists.
+	 * The database handle may be discarded by calling #mdb_dbi_close().
+	 * The old database handle is returned if the database was already open.
+	 * The handle may only be closed once.
+	 *
+	 * The database handle will be private to the current transaction until
+	 * the transaction is successfully committed. If the transaction is
+	 * aborted the handle will be closed automatically.
+	 * After a successful commit the handle will reside in the shared
+	 * environment, and may be used by other transactions.
+	 *
+	 * This function must not be called from multiple concurrent
+	 * transactions in the same process. A transaction that uses
+	 * this function must finish (either commit or abort) before
+	 * any other transaction in the process may use this function.
+	 *
+	 * To use named databases (with name != NULL), #mdb_env_set_maxdbs()
+	 * must be called before opening the environment.  Database names are
+	 * keys in the unnamed database, and may be read but not written.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] name The name of the database to open. If only a single
+	 * 	database is needed in the environment, this value may be NULL.
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this database. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
+	 * values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_REVERSEKEY
+	 *		Keys are strings to be compared in reverse order, from the end
+	 *		of the strings to the beginning. By default, Keys are treated as strings and
+	 *		compared from beginning to end.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_DUPSORT
+	 *		Duplicate keys may be used in the database. (Or, from another perspective,
+	 *		keys may have multiple data items, stored in sorted order.) By default
+	 *		keys must be unique and may have only a single data item.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_INTEGERKEY
+	 *		Keys are binary integers in native byte order, either unsigned int
+	 *		or size_t, and will be sorted as such.
+	 *		The keys must all be of the same size.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_DUPFIXED
+	 *		This flag may only be used in combination with #MDB_DUPSORT. This option
+	 *		tells the library that the data items for this database are all the same
+	 *		size, which allows further optimizations in storage and retrieval. When
+	 *		all data items are the same size, the #MDB_GET_MULTIPLE, #MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE
+	 *		and #MDB_PREV_MULTIPLE cursor operations may be used to retrieve multiple
+	 *		items at once.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_INTEGERDUP
+	 *		This option specifies that duplicate data items are binary integers,
+	 *		similar to #MDB_INTEGERKEY keys.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_REVERSEDUP
+	 *		This option specifies that duplicate data items should be compared as
+	 *		strings in reverse order.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_CREATE
+	 *		Create the named database if it doesn't exist. This option is not
+	 *		allowed in a read-only transaction or a read-only environment.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @param[out] dbi Address where the new #MDB_dbi handle will be stored
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - the specified database doesn't exist in the environment
+	 *		and #MDB_CREATE was not specified.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_DBS_FULL - too many databases have been opened. See #mdb_env_set_maxdbs().
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_dbi_open(MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi);
+
+	/** @brief Retrieve statistics for a database.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[out] stat The address of an #MDB_stat structure
+	 * 	where the statistics will be copied
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_stat(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_stat *stat);
+
+	/** @brief Retrieve the DB flags for a database handle.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[out] flags Address where the flags will be returned.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int mdb_dbi_flags(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, unsigned int *flags);
+
+	/** @brief Close a database handle. Normally unnecessary. Use with care:
+	 *
+	 * This call is not mutex protected. Handles should only be closed by
+	 * a single thread, and only if no other threads are going to reference
+	 * the database handle or one of its cursors any further. Do not close
+	 * a handle if an existing transaction has modified its database.
+	 * Doing so can cause misbehavior from database corruption to errors
+	 * like MDB_BAD_VALSIZE (since the DB name is gone).
+	 *
+	 * Closing a database handle is not necessary, but lets #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * reuse the handle value.  Usually it's better to set a bigger
+	 * #mdb_env_set_maxdbs(), unless that value would be large.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 */
+void mdb_dbi_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi);
+
+	/** @brief Empty or delete+close a database.
+	 *
+	 * See #mdb_dbi_close() for restrictions about closing the DB handle.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] del 0 to empty the DB, 1 to delete it from the
+	 * environment and close the DB handle.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success.
+	 */
+int  mdb_drop(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, int del);
+
+	/** @brief Set a custom key comparison function for a database.
+	 *
+	 * The comparison function is called whenever it is necessary to compare a
+	 * key specified by the application with a key currently stored in the database.
+	 * If no comparison function is specified, and no special key flags were specified
+	 * with #mdb_dbi_open(), the keys are compared lexically, with shorter keys collating
+	 * before longer keys.
+	 * @warning This function must be called before any data access functions are used,
+	 * otherwise data corruption may occur. The same comparison function must be used by every
+	 * program accessing the database, every time the database is used.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] cmp A #MDB_cmp_func function
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_set_compare(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp);
+
+	/** @brief Set a custom data comparison function for a #MDB_DUPSORT database.
+	 *
+	 * This comparison function is called whenever it is necessary to compare a data
+	 * item specified by the application with a data item currently stored in the database.
+	 * This function only takes effect if the database was opened with the #MDB_DUPSORT
+	 * flag.
+	 * If no comparison function is specified, and no special key flags were specified
+	 * with #mdb_dbi_open(), the data items are compared lexically, with shorter items collating
+	 * before longer items.
+	 * @warning This function must be called before any data access functions are used,
+	 * otherwise data corruption may occur. The same comparison function must be used by every
+	 * program accessing the database, every time the database is used.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] cmp A #MDB_cmp_func function
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_set_dupsort(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp);
+
+	/** @brief Set a relocation function for a #MDB_FIXEDMAP database.
+	 *
+	 * @todo The relocation function is called whenever it is necessary to move the data
+	 * of an item to a different position in the database (e.g. through tree
+	 * balancing operations, shifts as a result of adds or deletes, etc.). It is
+	 * intended to allow address/position-dependent data items to be stored in
+	 * a database in an environment opened with the #MDB_FIXEDMAP option.
+	 * Currently the relocation feature is unimplemented and setting
+	 * this function has no effect.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] rel A #MDB_rel_func function
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_set_relfunc(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_rel_func *rel);
+
+	/** @brief Set a context pointer for a #MDB_FIXEDMAP database's relocation function.
+	 *
+	 * See #mdb_set_relfunc and #MDB_rel_func for more details.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary pointer for whatever the application needs.
+	 * It will be passed to the callback function set by #mdb_set_relfunc
+	 * as its \b relctx parameter whenever the callback is invoked.
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_set_relctx(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, void *ctx);
+
+	/** @brief Get items from a database.
+	 *
+	 * This function retrieves key/data pairs from the database. The address
+	 * and length of the data associated with the specified \b key are returned
+	 * in the structure to which \b data refers.
+	 * If the database supports duplicate keys (#MDB_DUPSORT) then the
+	 * first data item for the key will be returned. Retrieval of other
+	 * items requires the use of #mdb_cursor_get().
+	 *
+	 * @note The memory pointed to by the returned values is owned by the
+	 * database. The caller need not dispose of the memory, and may not
+	 * modify it in any way. For values returned in a read-only transaction
+	 * any modification attempts will cause a SIGSEGV.
+	 * @note Values returned from the database are valid only until a
+	 * subsequent update operation, or the end of the transaction.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] key The key to search for in the database
+	 * @param[out] data The data corresponding to the key
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - the key was not in the database.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_get(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+	/** @brief Store items into a database.
+	 *
+	 * This function stores key/data pairs in the database. The default behavior
+	 * is to enter the new key/data pair, replacing any previously existing key
+	 * if duplicates are disallowed, or adding a duplicate data item if
+	 * duplicates are allowed (#MDB_DUPSORT).
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] key The key to store in the database
+	 * @param[in,out] data The data to store
+	 * @param[in] flags Special options for this operation. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or by bitwise OR'ing together one or more of the
+	 * values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - enter the new key/data pair only if it does not
+	 *		already appear in the database. This flag may only be specified
+	 *		if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT. The function will
+	 *		return #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key/data pair already appears in the
+	 *		database.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOOVERWRITE - enter the new key/data pair only if the key
+	 *		does not already appear in the database. The function will return
+	 *		#MDB_KEYEXIST if the key already appears in the database, even if
+	 *		the database supports duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT). The \b data
+	 *		parameter will be set to point to the existing item.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_RESERVE - reserve space for data of the given size, but
+	 *		don't copy the given data. Instead, return a pointer to the
+	 *		reserved space, which the caller can fill in later - before
+	 *		the next update operation or the transaction ends. This saves
+	 *		an extra memcpy if the data is being generated later.
+	 *		LMDB does nothing else with this memory, the caller is expected
+	 *		to modify all of the space requested. This flag must not be
+	 *		specified if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_APPEND - append the given key/data pair to the end of the
+	 *		database. This option allows fast bulk loading when keys are
+	 *		already known to be in the correct order. Loading unsorted keys
+	 *		with this flag will cause a #MDB_KEYEXIST error.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_APPENDDUP - as above, but for sorted dup data.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_MAP_FULL - the database is full, see #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_TXN_FULL - the transaction has too many dirty pages.
+	 *	<li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_put(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+			    unsigned int flags);
+
+	/** @brief Delete items from a database.
+	 *
+	 * This function removes key/data pairs from the database.
+	 * If the database does not support sorted duplicate data items
+	 * (#MDB_DUPSORT) the data parameter is ignored.
+	 * If the database supports sorted duplicates and the data parameter
+	 * is NULL, all of the duplicate data items for the key will be
+	 * deleted. Otherwise, if the data parameter is non-NULL
+	 * only the matching data item will be deleted.
+	 * This function will return #MDB_NOTFOUND if the specified key/data
+	 * pair is not in the database.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] key The key to delete from the database
+	 * @param[in] data The data to delete
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_del(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+	/** @brief Create a cursor handle.
+	 *
+	 * A cursor is associated with a specific transaction and database.
+	 * A cursor cannot be used when its database handle is closed.  Nor
+	 * when its transaction has ended, except with #mdb_cursor_renew().
+	 * It can be discarded with #mdb_cursor_close().
+	 * A cursor in a write-transaction can be closed before its transaction
+	 * ends, and will otherwise be closed when its transaction ends.
+	 * A cursor in a read-only transaction must be closed explicitly, before
+	 * or after its transaction ends. It can be reused with
+	 * #mdb_cursor_renew() before finally closing it.
+	 * @note Earlier documentation said that cursors in every transaction
+	 * were closed when the transaction committed or aborted.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[out] cursor Address where the new #MDB_cursor handle will be stored
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_open(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cursor **cursor);
+
+	/** @brief Close a cursor handle.
+	 *
+	 * The cursor handle will be freed and must not be used again after this call.
+	 * Its transaction must still be live if it is a write-transaction.
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 */
+void mdb_cursor_close(MDB_cursor *cursor);
+
+	/** @brief Renew a cursor handle.
+	 *
+	 * A cursor is associated with a specific transaction and database.
+	 * Cursors that are only used in read-only
+	 * transactions may be re-used, to avoid unnecessary malloc/free overhead.
+	 * The cursor may be associated with a new read-only transaction, and
+	 * referencing the same database handle as it was created with.
+	 * This may be done whether the previous transaction is live or dead.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_renew(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_cursor *cursor);
+
+	/** @brief Return the cursor's transaction handle.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 */
+MDB_txn *mdb_cursor_txn(MDB_cursor *cursor);
+
+	/** @brief Return the cursor's database handle.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 */
+MDB_dbi mdb_cursor_dbi(MDB_cursor *cursor);
+
+	/** @brief Retrieve by cursor.
+	 *
+	 * This function retrieves key/data pairs from the database. The address and length
+	 * of the key are returned in the object to which \b key refers (except for the
+	 * case of the #MDB_SET option, in which the \b key object is unchanged), and
+	 * the address and length of the data are returned in the object to which \b data
+	 * refers.
+	 * See #mdb_get() for restrictions on using the output values.
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 * @param[in,out] key The key for a retrieved item
+	 * @param[in,out] data The data of a retrieved item
+	 * @param[in] op A cursor operation #MDB_cursor_op
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOTFOUND - no matching key found.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_get(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+			    MDB_cursor_op op);
+
+	/** @brief Store by cursor.
+	 *
+	 * This function stores key/data pairs into the database.
+	 * The cursor is positioned at the new item, or on failure usually near it.
+	 * @note Earlier documentation incorrectly said errors would leave the
+	 * state of the cursor unchanged.
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 * @param[in] key The key operated on.
+	 * @param[in] data The data operated on.
+	 * @param[in] flags Options for this operation. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or one of the values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_CURRENT - replace the item at the current cursor position.
+	 *		The \b key parameter must still be provided, and must match it.
+	 *		If using sorted duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT) the data item must still
+	 *		sort into the same place. This is intended to be used when the
+	 *		new data is the same size as the old. Otherwise it will simply
+	 *		perform a delete of the old record followed by an insert.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - enter the new key/data pair only if it does not
+	 *		already appear in the database. This flag may only be specified
+	 *		if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT. The function will
+	 *		return #MDB_KEYEXIST if the key/data pair already appears in the
+	 *		database.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NOOVERWRITE - enter the new key/data pair only if the key
+	 *		does not already appear in the database. The function will return
+	 *		#MDB_KEYEXIST if the key already appears in the database, even if
+	 *		the database supports duplicates (#MDB_DUPSORT).
+	 *	<li>#MDB_RESERVE - reserve space for data of the given size, but
+	 *		don't copy the given data. Instead, return a pointer to the
+	 *		reserved space, which the caller can fill in later - before
+	 *		the next update operation or the transaction ends. This saves
+	 *		an extra memcpy if the data is being generated later. This flag
+	 *		must not be specified if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_APPEND - append the given key/data pair to the end of the
+	 *		database. No key comparisons are performed. This option allows
+	 *		fast bulk loading when keys are already known to be in the
+	 *		correct order. Loading unsorted keys with this flag will cause
+	 *		a #MDB_KEYEXIST error.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_APPENDDUP - as above, but for sorted dup data.
+	 *	<li>#MDB_MULTIPLE - store multiple contiguous data elements in a
+	 *		single request. This flag may only be specified if the database
+	 *		was opened with #MDB_DUPFIXED. The \b data argument must be an
+	 *		array of two MDB_vals. The mv_size of the first MDB_val must be
+	 *		the size of a single data element. The mv_data of the first MDB_val
+	 *		must point to the beginning of the array of contiguous data elements.
+	 *		The mv_size of the second MDB_val must be the count of the number
+	 *		of data elements to store. On return this field will be set to
+	 *		the count of the number of elements actually written. The mv_data
+	 *		of the second MDB_val is unused.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_MAP_FULL - the database is full, see #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
+	 *	<li>#MDB_TXN_FULL - the transaction has too many dirty pages.
+	 *	<li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_put(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+				unsigned int flags);
+
+	/** @brief Delete current key/data pair
+	 *
+	 * This function deletes the key/data pair to which the cursor refers.
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 * @param[in] flags Options for this operation. This parameter
+	 * must be set to 0 or one of the values described here.
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>#MDB_NODUPDATA - delete all of the data items for the current key.
+	 *		This flag may only be specified if the database was opened with #MDB_DUPSORT.
+	 * </ul>
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EACCES - an attempt was made to write in a read-only transaction.
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_del(MDB_cursor *cursor, unsigned int flags);
+
+	/** @brief Return count of duplicates for current key.
+	 *
+	 * This call is only valid on databases that support sorted duplicate
+	 * data items #MDB_DUPSORT.
+	 * @param[in] cursor A cursor handle returned by #mdb_cursor_open()
+	 * @param[out] countp Address where the count will be stored
+	 * @return A non-zero error value on failure and 0 on success. Some possible
+	 * errors are:
+	 * <ul>
+	 *	<li>EINVAL - cursor is not initialized, or an invalid parameter was specified.
+	 * </ul>
+	 */
+int  mdb_cursor_count(MDB_cursor *cursor, size_t *countp);
+
+	/** @brief Compare two data items according to a particular database.
+	 *
+	 * This returns a comparison as if the two data items were keys in the
+	 * specified database.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] a The first item to compare
+	 * @param[in] b The second item to compare
+	 * @return < 0 if a < b, 0 if a == b, > 0 if a > b
+	 */
+int  mdb_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);
+
+	/** @brief Compare two data items according to a particular database.
+	 *
+	 * This returns a comparison as if the two items were data items of
+	 * the specified database. The database must have the #MDB_DUPSORT flag.
+	 * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+	 * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+	 * @param[in] a The first item to compare
+	 * @param[in] b The second item to compare
+	 * @return < 0 if a < b, 0 if a == b, > 0 if a > b
+	 */
+int  mdb_dcmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b);
+
+	/** @brief A callback function used to print a message from the library.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] msg The string to be printed.
+	 * @param[in] ctx An arbitrary context pointer for the callback.
+	 * @return < 0 on failure, >= 0 on success.
+	 */
+typedef int (MDB_msg_func)(const char *msg, void *ctx);
+
+	/** @brief Dump the entries in the reader lock table.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[in] func A #MDB_msg_func function
+	 * @param[in] ctx Anything the message function needs
+	 * @return < 0 on failure, >= 0 on success.
+	 */
+int	mdb_reader_list(MDB_env *env, MDB_msg_func *func, void *ctx);
+
+	/** @brief Check for stale entries in the reader lock table.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] env An environment handle returned by #mdb_env_create()
+	 * @param[out] dead Number of stale slots that were cleared
+	 * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+	 */
+int	mdb_reader_check(MDB_env *env, int *dead);
+/**	@} */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+/** @page tools LMDB Command Line Tools
+	The following describes the command line tools that are available for LMDB.
+	\li \ref mdb_copy_1
+	\li \ref mdb_dump_1
+	\li \ref mdb_load_1
+	\li \ref mdb_stat_1
+*/
+
+#endif /* _LMDB_H_ */

ext/include/midl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/**	@file midl.h
+ *	@brief LMDB ID List header file.
+ *
+ *	This file was originally part of back-bdb but has been
+ *	modified for use in libmdb. Most of the macros defined
+ *	in this file are unused, just left over from the original.
+ *
+ *	This file is only used internally in libmdb and its definitions
+ *	are not exposed publicly.
+ */
+/* $OpenLDAP$ */
+/* This work is part of OpenLDAP Software <http://www.openldap.org/>.
+ *
+ * Copyright 2000-2018 The OpenLDAP Foundation.
+ * Portions Copyright 2001-2018 Howard Chu, Symas Corp.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
+ * Public License.
+ *
+ * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
+ * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
+ * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _MDB_MIDL_H_
+#define _MDB_MIDL_H_
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/** @defgroup internal	LMDB Internals
+ *	@{
+ */
+
+/** @defgroup idls	ID List Management
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/** A generic unsigned ID number. These were entryIDs in back-bdb.
+	 *	Preferably it should have the same size as a pointer.
+	 */
+typedef size_t MDB_ID;
+
+	/** An IDL is an ID List, a sorted array of IDs. The first
+	 * element of the array is a counter for how many actual
+	 * IDs are in the list. In the original back-bdb code, IDLs are
+	 * sorted in ascending order. For libmdb IDLs are sorted in
+	 * descending order.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID *MDB_IDL;
+
+/* IDL sizes - likely should be even bigger
+ *   limiting factors: sizeof(ID), thread stack size
+ */
+#define	MDB_IDL_LOGN	16	/* DB_SIZE is 2^16, UM_SIZE is 2^17 */
+#define MDB_IDL_DB_SIZE		(1<<MDB_IDL_LOGN)
+#define MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE		(1<<(MDB_IDL_LOGN+1))
+
+#define MDB_IDL_DB_MAX		(MDB_IDL_DB_SIZE-1)
+#define MDB_IDL_UM_MAX		(MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE-1)
+
+#define MDB_IDL_SIZEOF(ids)		(((ids)[0]+1) * sizeof(MDB_ID))
+#define MDB_IDL_IS_ZERO(ids) ( (ids)[0] == 0 )
+#define MDB_IDL_CPY( dst, src ) (memcpy( dst, src, MDB_IDL_SIZEOF( src ) ))
+#define MDB_IDL_FIRST( ids )	( (ids)[1] )
+#define MDB_IDL_LAST( ids )		( (ids)[(ids)[0]] )
+
+	/** Current max length of an #mdb_midl_alloc()ed IDL */
+#define MDB_IDL_ALLOCLEN( ids )	( (ids)[-1] )
+
+	/** Append ID to IDL. The IDL must be big enough. */
+#define mdb_midl_xappend(idl, id) do { \
+		MDB_ID *xidl = (idl), xlen = ++(xidl[0]); \
+		xidl[xlen] = (id); \
+	} while (0)
+
+	/** Search for an ID in an IDL.
+	 * @param[in] ids	The IDL to search.
+	 * @param[in] id	The ID to search for.
+	 * @return	The index of the first ID greater than or equal to \b id.
+	 */
+unsigned mdb_midl_search( MDB_IDL ids, MDB_ID id );
+
+	/** Allocate an IDL.
+	 * Allocates memory for an IDL of the given size.
+	 * @return	IDL on success, NULL on failure.
+	 */
+MDB_IDL mdb_midl_alloc(int num);
+
+	/** Free an IDL.
+	 * @param[in] ids	The IDL to free.
+	 */
+void mdb_midl_free(MDB_IDL ids);
+
+	/** Shrink an IDL.
+	 * Return the IDL to the default size if it has grown larger.
+	 * @param[in,out] idp	Address of the IDL to shrink.
+	 */
+void mdb_midl_shrink(MDB_IDL *idp);
+
+	/** Make room for num additional elements in an IDL.
+	 * @param[in,out] idp	Address of the IDL.
+	 * @param[in] num	Number of elements to make room for.
+	 * @return	0 on success, ENOMEM on failure.
+	 */
+int mdb_midl_need(MDB_IDL *idp, unsigned num);
+
+	/** Append an ID onto an IDL.
+	 * @param[in,out] idp	Address of the IDL to append to.
+	 * @param[in] id	The ID to append.
+	 * @return	0 on success, ENOMEM if the IDL is too large.
+	 */
+int mdb_midl_append( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_ID id );
+
+	/** Append an IDL onto an IDL.
+	 * @param[in,out] idp	Address of the IDL to append to.
+	 * @param[in] app	The IDL to append.
+	 * @return	0 on success, ENOMEM if the IDL is too large.
+	 */
+int mdb_midl_append_list( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_IDL app );
+
+	/** Append an ID range onto an IDL.
+	 * @param[in,out] idp	Address of the IDL to append to.
+	 * @param[in] id	The lowest ID to append.
+	 * @param[in] n		Number of IDs to append.
+	 * @return	0 on success, ENOMEM if the IDL is too large.
+	 */
+int mdb_midl_append_range( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_ID id, unsigned n );
+
+	/** Merge an IDL onto an IDL. The destination IDL must be big enough.
+	 * @param[in] idl	The IDL to merge into.
+	 * @param[in] merge	The IDL to merge.
+	 */
+void mdb_midl_xmerge( MDB_IDL idl, MDB_IDL merge );
+
+	/** Sort an IDL.
+	 * @param[in,out] ids	The IDL to sort.
+	 */
+void mdb_midl_sort( MDB_IDL ids );
+
+	/** An ID2 is an ID/pointer pair.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_ID2 {
+	MDB_ID mid;		/**< The ID */
+	void *mptr;		/**< The pointer */
+} MDB_ID2;
+
+	/** An ID2L is an ID2 List, a sorted array of ID2s.
+	 * The first element's \b mid member is a count of how many actual
+	 * elements are in the array. The \b mptr member of the first element is unused.
+	 * The array is sorted in ascending order by \b mid.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID2 *MDB_ID2L;
+
+	/** Search for an ID in an ID2L.
+	 * @param[in] ids	The ID2L to search.
+	 * @param[in] id	The ID to search for.
+	 * @return	The index of the first ID2 whose \b mid member is greater than or equal to \b id.
+	 */
+unsigned mdb_mid2l_search( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID id );
+
+
+	/** Insert an ID2 into a ID2L.
+	 * @param[in,out] ids	The ID2L to insert into.
+	 * @param[in] id	The ID2 to insert.
+	 * @return	0 on success, -1 if the ID was already present in the ID2L.
+	 */
+int mdb_mid2l_insert( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID2 *id );
+
+	/** Append an ID2 into a ID2L.
+	 * @param[in,out] ids	The ID2L to append into.
+	 * @param[in] id	The ID2 to append.
+	 * @return	0 on success, -2 if the ID2L is too big.
+	 */
+int mdb_mid2l_append( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID2 *id );
+
+/** @} */
+/** @} */
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+#endif	/* _MDB_MIDL_H_ */

ext/include/tpl.h

@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Troy D. Hanson     http://troydhanson.github.com/tpl/
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
+IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
+OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef TPL_H
+#define TPL_H 
+
+#include <stddef.h>     /* size_t */
+
+#include <stdarg.h>  /* va_list */
+
+#ifdef __INTEL_COMPILER
+#include <tbb/tbbmalloc_proxy.h>
+#endif /* Intel Compiler efficient memcpy etc */
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+#else
+#include <inttypes.h>   /* uint32_t */
+#endif
+
+#if defined __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#ifdef TPL_EXPORTS
+#define TPL_API __declspec(dllexport)
+#else							/*  */
+#ifdef TPL_NOLIB
+#define TPL_API
+#else
+#define TPL_API __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif /* TPL_NOLIB */
+#endif	/* TPL_EXPORTS*/
+#else
+#define TPL_API
+#endif
+
+/* bit flags (external) */
+#define TPL_FILE      (1 << 0)
+#define TPL_MEM       (1 << 1)
+#define TPL_PREALLOCD (1 << 2)
+#define TPL_EXCESS_OK (1 << 3)
+#define TPL_FD        (1 << 4)
+#define TPL_UFREE     (1 << 5)  
+#define TPL_DATAPEEK  (1 << 6)  
+#define TPL_FXLENS    (1 << 7)  
+#define TPL_GETSIZE   (1 << 8)
+/* do not add flags here without renumbering the internal flags! */
+
+/* flags for tpl_gather mode */
+#define TPL_GATHER_BLOCKING    1
+#define TPL_GATHER_NONBLOCKING 2
+#define TPL_GATHER_MEM         3
+
+/* Hooks for error logging, memory allocation functions and fatal */
+typedef int (tpl_print_fcn)(const char *fmt, ...);
+typedef void *(tpl_malloc_fcn)(size_t sz);
+typedef void *(tpl_realloc_fcn)(void *ptr, size_t sz);
+typedef void (tpl_free_fcn)(void *ptr);
+typedef void (tpl_fatal_fcn)(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+typedef struct tpl_hook_t {
+    tpl_print_fcn *oops;
+    tpl_malloc_fcn *malloc;
+    tpl_realloc_fcn *realloc;
+    tpl_free_fcn *free;
+    tpl_fatal_fcn *fatal;
+    size_t gather_max;
+} tpl_hook_t;
+
+typedef struct tpl_node {
+    int type;
+    void *addr;
+    void *data;                  /* r:tpl_root_data*. A:tpl_atyp*. ow:szof type */
+    int num;                     /* length of type if its a C array */
+    size_t ser_osz;              /* serialization output size for subtree */
+    struct tpl_node *children;   /* my children; linked-list */
+    struct tpl_node *next,*prev; /* my siblings (next child of my parent) */
+    struct tpl_node *parent;     /* my parent */
+} tpl_node;
+
+/* used when un/packing 'B' type (binary buffers) */
+typedef struct tpl_bin {
+    void *addr;
+    uint32_t sz;
+} tpl_bin;
+
+/* for async/piecemeal reading of tpl images */
+typedef struct tpl_gather_t {
+    char *img;
+    int len;
+} tpl_gather_t;
+
+/* Callback used when tpl_gather has read a full tpl image */
+typedef int (tpl_gather_cb)(void *img, size_t sz, void *data);
+
+/* Prototypes */
+TPL_API tpl_node *tpl_map(char *fmt,...);       /* define tpl using format */
+TPL_API void tpl_free(tpl_node *r);             /* free a tpl map */
+TPL_API int tpl_pack(tpl_node *r, int i);       /* pack the n'th packable */
+TPL_API int tpl_unpack(tpl_node *r, int i);     /* unpack the n'th packable */
+TPL_API int tpl_dump(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...); /* serialize to mem/file */
+TPL_API int tpl_load(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...); /* set mem/file to unpack */
+TPL_API int tpl_Alen(tpl_node *r, int i);      /* array len of packable i */
+TPL_API char* tpl_peek(int mode, ...);         /* sneak peek at format string */
+TPL_API int tpl_gather( int mode, ...);        /* non-blocking image gather */
+TPL_API int tpl_jot(int mode, ...);            /* quick write a simple tpl */
+
+TPL_API tpl_node *tpl_map_va(char *fmt, va_list ap);
+
+#if defined __cplusplus
+    }
+#endif
+
+#endif /* TPL_H */
+

ext/lib/mdb.c

@@ -0,0 +1,10266 @@
+/** @file mdb.c
+ *	@brief Lightning memory-mapped database library
+ *
+ *	A Btree-based database management library modeled loosely on the
+ *	BerkeleyDB API, but much simplified.
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011-2018 Howard Chu, Symas Corp.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
+ * Public License.
+ *
+ * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
+ * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
+ * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from btree.c written by Martin Hedenfalk.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Martin Hedenfalk <martin@bzero.se>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+#if defined(__WIN64__)
+#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS	64
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <wchar.h>				/* get wcscpy() */
+
+/** getpid() returns int; MinGW defines pid_t but MinGW64 typedefs it
+ *  as int64 which is wrong. MSVC doesn't define it at all, so just
+ *  don't use it.
+ */
+#define MDB_PID_T	int
+#define MDB_THR_T	DWORD
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+# include <sys/param.h>
+#else
+# define LITTLE_ENDIAN	1234
+# define BIG_ENDIAN	4321
+# define BYTE_ORDER	LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# ifndef SSIZE_MAX
+#  define SSIZE_MAX	INT_MAX
+# endif
+#endif
+#else
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#define MDB_PID_T	pid_t
+#define MDB_THR_T	pthread_t
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_FILE_H
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#endif
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mips) && defined(__linux)
+/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, requires explicit cache control */
+#include <asm/cachectl.h>
+extern int cacheflush(char *addr, int nbytes, int cache);
+#define CACHEFLUSH(addr, bytes, cache)	cacheflush(addr, bytes, cache)
+#else
+#define CACHEFLUSH(addr, bytes, cache)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux) && !defined(MDB_FDATASYNC_WORKS)
+/** fdatasync is broken on ext3/ext4fs on older kernels, see
+ *	description in #mdb_env_open2 comments. You can safely
+ *	define MDB_FDATASYNC_WORKS if this code will only be run
+ *	on kernels 3.6 and newer.
+ */
+#define	BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+#endif
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <io.h>
+typedef SSIZE_T	ssize_t;
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__sun) || defined(ANDROID)
+/* Most platforms have posix_memalign, older may only have memalign */
+#define HAVE_MEMALIGN	1
+#include <malloc.h>
+/* On Solaris, we need the POSIX sigwait function */
+#if defined (__sun)
+# define _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !(defined(BYTE_ORDER) || defined(__BYTE_ORDER))
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <resolv.h>	/* defines BYTE_ORDER on HPUX and Solaris */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined (BSD) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+# define MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM	1
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC		fsync
+#elif defined(ANDROID)
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC		fsync
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+# define MDB_USE_HASH		1
+#include <semaphore.h>
+#else
+#define MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) + defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM) \
+	+ defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) != 1
+# error "Ambiguous shared-lock implementation"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_VALGRIND
+#include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
+#define VGMEMP_CREATE(h,r,z)    VALGRIND_CREATE_MEMPOOL(h,r,z)
+#define VGMEMP_ALLOC(h,a,s) VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_ALLOC(h,a,s)
+#define VGMEMP_FREE(h,a) VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_FREE(h,a)
+#define VGMEMP_DESTROY(h)	VALGRIND_DESTROY_MEMPOOL(h)
+#define VGMEMP_DEFINED(a,s)	VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(a,s)
+#else
+#define VGMEMP_CREATE(h,r,z)
+#define VGMEMP_ALLOC(h,a,s)
+#define VGMEMP_FREE(h,a)
+#define VGMEMP_DESTROY(h)
+#define VGMEMP_DEFINED(a,s)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef BYTE_ORDER
+# if (defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)) && !(defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(_BIG_ENDIAN))
+/* Solaris just defines one or the other */
+#  define LITTLE_ENDIAN	1234
+#  define BIG_ENDIAN	4321
+#  ifdef _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#   define BYTE_ORDER  LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#  else
+#   define BYTE_ORDER  BIG_ENDIAN
+#  endif
+# else
+#  define BYTE_ORDER   __BYTE_ORDER
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define LITTLE_ENDIAN	__LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#ifndef BIG_ENDIAN
+#define BIG_ENDIAN	__BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__i386) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_IX86)
+#define MISALIGNED_OK	1
+#endif
+
+#include "lmdb.h"
+#include "midl.h"
+
+#if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN) == (BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN)
+# error "Unknown or unsupported endianness (BYTE_ORDER)"
+#elif (-6 & 5) || CHAR_BIT != 8 || UINT_MAX < 0xffffffff || ULONG_MAX % 0xFFFF
+# error "Two's complement, reasonably sized integer types, please"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+/** Put infrequently used env functions in separate section */
+# ifdef __APPLE__
+#  define	ESECT	__attribute__ ((section("__TEXT,text_env")))
+# else
+#  define	ESECT	__attribute__ ((section("text_env")))
+# endif
+#else
+#define ESECT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define CALL_CONV WINAPI
+#else
+#define CALL_CONV
+#endif
+
+/** @defgroup internal	LMDB Internals
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** @defgroup compat	Compatibility Macros
+ *	A bunch of macros to minimize the amount of platform-specific ifdefs
+ *	needed throughout the rest of the code. When the features this library
+ *	needs are similar enough to POSIX to be hidden in a one-or-two line
+ *	replacement, this macro approach is used.
+ *	@{
+ */
+
+	/** Features under development */
+#ifndef MDB_DEVEL
+#define MDB_DEVEL 0
+#endif
+
+	/** Wrapper around __func__, which is a C99 feature */
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+# define mdb_func_	__func__
+#elif __GNUC__ >= 2 || _MSC_VER >= 1300
+# define mdb_func_	__FUNCTION__
+#else
+/* If a debug message says <mdb_unknown>(), update the #if statements above */
+# define mdb_func_	"<mdb_unknown>"
+#endif
+
+/* Internal error codes, not exposed outside liblmdb */
+#define	MDB_NO_ROOT		(MDB_LAST_ERRCODE + 10)
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define MDB_OWNERDEAD	((int) WAIT_ABANDONED)
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+#define MDB_OWNERDEAD	EOWNERDEAD	/**< #LOCK_MUTEX0() result if dead owner */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+#define	GLIBC_VER	((__GLIBC__ << 16 )| __GLIBC_MINOR__)
+#endif
+/** Some platforms define the EOWNERDEAD error code
+ * even though they don't support Robust Mutexes.
+ * Compile with -DMDB_USE_ROBUST=0, or use some other
+ * mechanism like -DMDB_USE_POSIX_SEM instead of
+ * -DMDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX.
+ * (Posix semaphores are not robust.)
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_USE_ROBUST
+/* Android currently lacks Robust Mutex support. So does glibc < 2.4. */
+# if defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && (defined(ANDROID) || \
+	(defined(__GLIBC__) && GLIBC_VER < 0x020004))
+#  define MDB_USE_ROBUST	0
+# else
+#  define MDB_USE_ROBUST	1
+# endif
+#endif /* !MDB_USE_ROBUST */
+
+#if defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && (MDB_USE_ROBUST)
+/* glibc < 2.12 only provided _np API */
+#  if (defined(__GLIBC__) && GLIBC_VER < 0x02000c) || \
+	(defined(PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP) && !defined(PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST))
+#   define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP
+#   define pthread_mutexattr_setrobust(attr, flag)	pthread_mutexattr_setrobust_np(attr, flag)
+#   define pthread_mutex_consistent(mutex)	pthread_mutex_consistent_np(mutex)
+#  endif
+#endif /* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX && MDB_USE_ROBUST */
+
+#if defined(MDB_OWNERDEAD) && (MDB_USE_ROBUST)
+#define MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED	1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define MDB_USE_HASH	1
+#define MDB_PIDLOCK	0
+#define THREAD_RET	DWORD
+#define pthread_t	HANDLE
+#define pthread_mutex_t	HANDLE
+#define pthread_cond_t	HANDLE
+typedef HANDLE mdb_mutex_t, mdb_mutexref_t;
+#define pthread_key_t	DWORD
+#define pthread_self()	GetCurrentThreadId()
+#define pthread_key_create(x,y)	\
+	((*(x) = TlsAlloc()) == TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES ? ErrCode() : 0)
+#define pthread_key_delete(x)	TlsFree(x)
+#define pthread_getspecific(x)	TlsGetValue(x)
+#define pthread_setspecific(x,y)	(TlsSetValue(x,y) ? 0 : ErrCode())
+#define pthread_mutex_unlock(x)	ReleaseMutex(*x)
+#define pthread_mutex_lock(x)	WaitForSingleObject(*x, INFINITE)
+#define pthread_cond_signal(x)	SetEvent(*x)
+#define pthread_cond_wait(cond,mutex)	do{SignalObjectAndWait(*mutex, *cond, INFINITE, FALSE); WaitForSingleObject(*mutex, INFINITE);}while(0)
+#define THREAD_CREATE(thr,start,arg) \
+	(((thr) = CreateThread(NULL, 0, start, arg, 0, NULL)) ? 0 : ErrCode())
+#define THREAD_FINISH(thr) \
+	(WaitForSingleObject(thr, INFINITE) ? ErrCode() : 0)
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)		WaitForSingleObject(mutex, INFINITE)
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)		ReleaseMutex(mutex)
+#define mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex)	0
+#define getpid()	GetCurrentProcessId()
+#define	MDB_FDATASYNC(fd)	(!FlushFileBuffers(fd))
+#define	MDB_MSYNC(addr,len,flags)	(!FlushViewOfFile(addr,len))
+#define	ErrCode()	GetLastError()
+#define GET_PAGESIZE(x) {SYSTEM_INFO si; GetSystemInfo(&si); (x) = si.dwPageSize;}
+#define	close(fd)	(CloseHandle(fd) ? 0 : -1)
+#define	munmap(ptr,len)	UnmapViewOfFile(ptr)
+#ifdef PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION
+#define MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION
+#else
+#define MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION 0x1000
+#endif
+#define	Z	"I"
+#else
+#define THREAD_RET	void *
+#define THREAD_CREATE(thr,start,arg)	pthread_create(&thr,NULL,start,arg)
+#define THREAD_FINISH(thr)	pthread_join(thr,NULL)
+#define	Z	"z"			/**< printf format modifier for size_t */
+
+	/** For MDB_LOCK_FORMAT: True if readers take a pid lock in the lockfile */
+#define MDB_PIDLOCK			1
+
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+
+typedef sem_t *mdb_mutex_t, *mdb_mutexref_t;
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)		mdb_sem_wait(mutex)
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)		sem_post(mutex)
+
+static int
+mdb_sem_wait(sem_t *sem)
+{
+   int rc;
+   while ((rc = sem_wait(sem)) && (rc = errno) == EINTR) ;
+   return rc;
+}
+
+#else	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX: */
+	/** Shared mutex/semaphore as the original is stored.
+	 *
+	 *	Not for copies.  Instead it can be assigned to an #mdb_mutexref_t.
+	 *	When mdb_mutexref_t is a pointer and mdb_mutex_t is not, then it
+	 *	is array[size 1] so it can be assigned to the pointer.
+	 */
+typedef pthread_mutex_t mdb_mutex_t[1];
+	/** Reference to an #mdb_mutex_t */
+typedef pthread_mutex_t *mdb_mutexref_t;
+	/** Lock the reader or writer mutex.
+	 *	Returns 0 or a code to give #mdb_mutex_failed(), as in #LOCK_MUTEX().
+	 */
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)	pthread_mutex_lock(mutex)
+	/** Unlock the reader or writer mutex.
+	 */
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)	pthread_mutex_unlock(mutex)
+	/** Mark mutex-protected data as repaired, after death of previous owner.
+	 */
+#define mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex)	pthread_mutex_consistent(mutex)
+#endif	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM */
+
+	/** Get the error code for the last failed system function.
+	 */
+#define	ErrCode()	errno
+
+	/** An abstraction for a file handle.
+	 *	On POSIX systems file handles are small integers. On Windows
+	 *	they're opaque pointers.
+	 */
+#define	HANDLE	int
+
+	/**	A value for an invalid file handle.
+	 *	Mainly used to initialize file variables and signify that they are
+	 *	unused.
+	 */
+#define INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE	(-1)
+
+	/** Get the size of a memory page for the system.
+	 *	This is the basic size that the platform's memory manager uses, and is
+	 *	fundamental to the use of memory-mapped files.
+	 */
+#define	GET_PAGESIZE(x)	((x) = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE))
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+#define MNAME_LEN	32
+#else
+#define MNAME_LEN	(sizeof(pthread_mutex_t))
+#endif
+
+/** @} */
+
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+	/** Lock mutex, handle any error, set rc = result.
+	 *	Return 0 on success, nonzero (not rc) on error.
+	 */
+#define LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, mutex) \
+	(((rc) = LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)) && \
+	 ((rc) = mdb_mutex_failed(env, mutex, rc)))
+static int mdb_mutex_failed(MDB_env *env, mdb_mutexref_t mutex, int rc);
+#else
+#define LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, mutex) ((rc) = LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex))
+#define mdb_mutex_failed(env, mutex, rc) (rc)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+/**	A flag for opening a file and requesting synchronous data writes.
+ *	This is only used when writing a meta page. It's not strictly needed;
+ *	we could just do a normal write and then immediately perform a flush.
+ *	But if this flag is available it saves us an extra system call.
+ *
+ *	@note If O_DSYNC is undefined but exists in /usr/include,
+ * preferably set some compiler flag to get the definition.
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_DSYNC
+# ifdef O_DSYNC
+# define MDB_DSYNC	O_DSYNC
+# else
+# define MDB_DSYNC	O_SYNC
+# endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** Function for flushing the data of a file. Define this to fsync
+ *	if fdatasync() is not supported.
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_FDATASYNC
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC	fdatasync
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MDB_MSYNC
+# define MDB_MSYNC(addr,len,flags)	msync(addr,len,flags)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MS_SYNC
+#define	MS_SYNC	1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MS_ASYNC
+#define	MS_ASYNC	0
+#endif
+
+	/** A page number in the database.
+	 *	Note that 64 bit page numbers are overkill, since pages themselves
+	 *	already represent 12-13 bits of addressable memory, and the OS will
+	 *	always limit applications to a maximum of 63 bits of address space.
+	 *
+	 *	@note In the #MDB_node structure, we only store 48 bits of this value,
+	 *	which thus limits us to only 60 bits of addressable data.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID	pgno_t;
+
+	/** A transaction ID.
+	 *	See struct MDB_txn.mt_txnid for details.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID	txnid_t;
+
+/** @defgroup debug	Debug Macros
+ *	@{
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_DEBUG
+	/**	Enable debug output.  Needs variable argument macros (a C99 feature).
+	 *	Set this to 1 for copious tracing. Set to 2 to add dumps of all IDLs
+	 *	read from and written to the database (used for free space management).
+	 */
+#define MDB_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+static int mdb_debug;
+static txnid_t mdb_debug_start;
+
+	/**	Print a debug message with printf formatting.
+	 *	Requires double parenthesis around 2 or more args.
+	 */
+# define DPRINTF(args) ((void) ((mdb_debug) && DPRINTF0 args))
+# define DPRINTF0(fmt, ...) \
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d " fmt "\n", mdb_func_, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+# define DPRINTF(args)	((void) 0)
+#endif
+	/**	Print a debug string.
+	 *	The string is printed literally, with no format processing.
+	 */
+#define DPUTS(arg)	DPRINTF(("%s", arg))
+	/** Debuging output value of a cursor DBI: Negative in a sub-cursor. */
+#define DDBI(mc) \
+	(((mc)->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? -(int)(mc)->mc_dbi : (int)(mc)->mc_dbi)
+/** @} */
+
+	/**	@brief The maximum size of a database page.
+	 *
+	 *	It is 32k or 64k, since value-PAGEBASE must fit in
+	 *	#MDB_page.%mp_upper.
+	 *
+	 *	LMDB will use database pages < OS pages if needed.
+	 *	That causes more I/O in write transactions: The OS must
+	 *	know (read) the whole page before writing a partial page.
+	 *
+	 *	Note that we don't currently support Huge pages. On Linux,
+	 *	regular data files cannot use Huge pages, and in general
+	 *	Huge pages aren't actually pageable. We rely on the OS
+	 *	demand-pager to read our data and page it out when memory
+	 *	pressure from other processes is high. So until OSs have
+	 *	actual paging support for Huge pages, they're not viable.
+	 */
+#define MAX_PAGESIZE	 (PAGEBASE ? 0x10000 : 0x8000)
+
+	/** The minimum number of keys required in a database page.
+	 *	Setting this to a larger value will place a smaller bound on the
+	 *	maximum size of a data item. Data items larger than this size will
+	 *	be pushed into overflow pages instead of being stored directly in
+	 *	the B-tree node. This value used to default to 4. With a page size
+	 *	of 4096 bytes that meant that any item larger than 1024 bytes would
+	 *	go into an overflow page. That also meant that on average 2-3KB of
+	 *	each overflow page was wasted space. The value cannot be lower than
+	 *	2 because then there would no longer be a tree structure. With this
+	 *	value, items larger than 2KB will go into overflow pages, and on
+	 *	average only 1KB will be wasted.
+	 */
+#define MDB_MINKEYS	 2
+
+	/**	A stamp that identifies a file as an LMDB file.
+	 *	There's nothing special about this value other than that it is easily
+	 *	recognizable, and it will reflect any byte order mismatches.
+	 */
+#define MDB_MAGIC	 0xBEEFC0DE
+
+	/**	The version number for a database's datafile format. */
+#define MDB_DATA_VERSION	 ((MDB_DEVEL) ? 999 : 1)
+	/**	The version number for a database's lockfile format. */
+#define MDB_LOCK_VERSION	 1
+
+	/**	@brief The max size of a key we can write, or 0 for computed max.
+	 *
+	 *	This macro should normally be left alone or set to 0.
+	 *	Note that a database with big keys or dupsort data cannot be
+	 *	reliably modified by a liblmdb which uses a smaller max.
+	 *	The default is 511 for backwards compat, or 0 when #MDB_DEVEL.
+	 *
+	 *	Other values are allowed, for backwards compat.  However:
+	 *	A value bigger than the computed max can break if you do not
+	 *	know what you are doing, and liblmdb <= 0.9.10 can break when
+	 *	modifying a DB with keys/dupsort data bigger than its max.
+	 *
+	 *	Data items in an #MDB_DUPSORT database are also limited to
+	 *	this size, since they're actually keys of a sub-DB.  Keys and
+	 *	#MDB_DUPSORT data items must fit on a node in a regular page.
+	 */
+#ifndef MDB_MAXKEYSIZE
+#define MDB_MAXKEYSIZE	 ((MDB_DEVEL) ? 0 : 511)
+#endif
+
+	/**	The maximum size of a key we can write to the environment. */
+#if MDB_MAXKEYSIZE
+#define ENV_MAXKEY(env)	(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+#else
+#define ENV_MAXKEY(env)	((env)->me_maxkey)
+#endif
+
+	/**	@brief The maximum size of a data item.
+	 *
+	 *	We only store a 32 bit value for node sizes.
+	 */
+#define MAXDATASIZE	0xffffffffUL
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	/**	Key size which fits in a #DKBUF.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 */
+#define DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE ((MDB_MAXKEYSIZE) > 0 ? (MDB_MAXKEYSIZE) : 511)
+	/**	A key buffer.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 *	This is used for printing a hex dump of a key's contents.
+	 */
+#define DKBUF	char kbuf[DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE*2+1]
+	/**	Display a key in hex.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 *	Invoke a function to display a key in hex.
+	 */
+#define	DKEY(x)	mdb_dkey(x, kbuf)
+#else
+#define	DKBUF
+#define DKEY(x)	0
+#endif
+
+	/** An invalid page number.
+	 *	Mainly used to denote an empty tree.
+	 */
+#define P_INVALID	 (~(pgno_t)0)
+
+	/** Test if the flags \b f are set in a flag word \b w. */
+#define F_ISSET(w, f)	 (((w) & (f)) == (f))
+
+	/** Round \b n up to an even number. */
+#define EVEN(n)		(((n) + 1U) & -2) /* sign-extending -2 to match n+1U */
+
+	/**	Used for offsets within a single page.
+	 *	Since memory pages are typically 4 or 8KB in size, 12-13 bits,
+	 *	this is plenty.
+	 */
+typedef uint16_t	 indx_t;
+
+	/**	Default size of memory map.
+	 *	This is certainly too small for any actual applications. Apps should always set
+	 *	the size explicitly using #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
+	 */
+#define DEFAULT_MAPSIZE	1048576
+
+/**	@defgroup readers	Reader Lock Table
+ *	Readers don't acquire any locks for their data access. Instead, they
+ *	simply record their transaction ID in the reader table. The reader
+ *	mutex is needed just to find an empty slot in the reader table. The
+ *	slot's address is saved in thread-specific data so that subsequent read
+ *	transactions started by the same thread need no further locking to proceed.
+ *
+ *	If #MDB_NOTLS is set, the slot address is not saved in thread-specific data.
+ *
+ *	No reader table is used if the database is on a read-only filesystem, or
+ *	if #MDB_NOLOCK is set.
+ *
+ *	Since the database uses multi-version concurrency control, readers don't
+ *	actually need any locking. This table is used to keep track of which
+ *	readers are using data from which old transactions, so that we'll know
+ *	when a particular old transaction is no longer in use. Old transactions
+ *	that have discarded any data pages can then have those pages reclaimed
+ *	for use by a later write transaction.
+ *
+ *	The lock table is constructed such that reader slots are aligned with the
+ *	processor's cache line size. Any slot is only ever used by one thread.
+ *	This alignment guarantees that there will be no contention or cache
+ *	thrashing as threads update their own slot info, and also eliminates
+ *	any need for locking when accessing a slot.
+ *
+ *	A writer thread will scan every slot in the table to determine the oldest
+ *	outstanding reader transaction. Any freed pages older than this will be
+ *	reclaimed by the writer. The writer doesn't use any locks when scanning
+ *	this table. This means that there's no guarantee that the writer will
+ *	see the most up-to-date reader info, but that's not required for correct
+ *	operation - all we need is to know the upper bound on the oldest reader,
+ *	we don't care at all about the newest reader. So the only consequence of
+ *	reading stale information here is that old pages might hang around a
+ *	while longer before being reclaimed. That's actually good anyway, because
+ *	the longer we delay reclaiming old pages, the more likely it is that a
+ *	string of contiguous pages can be found after coalescing old pages from
+ *	many old transactions together.
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/**	Number of slots in the reader table.
+	 *	This value was chosen somewhat arbitrarily. 126 readers plus a
+	 *	couple mutexes fit exactly into 8KB on my development machine.
+	 *	Applications should set the table size using #mdb_env_set_maxreaders().
+	 */
+#define DEFAULT_READERS	126
+
+	/**	The size of a CPU cache line in bytes. We want our lock structures
+	 *	aligned to this size to avoid false cache line sharing in the
+	 *	lock table.
+	 *	This value works for most CPUs. For Itanium this should be 128.
+	 */
+#ifndef CACHELINE
+#define CACHELINE	64
+#endif
+
+	/**	The information we store in a single slot of the reader table.
+	 *	In addition to a transaction ID, we also record the process and
+	 *	thread ID that owns a slot, so that we can detect stale information,
+	 *	e.g. threads or processes that went away without cleaning up.
+	 *	@note We currently don't check for stale records. We simply re-init
+	 *	the table when we know that we're the only process opening the
+	 *	lock file.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_rxbody {
+	/**	Current Transaction ID when this transaction began, or (txnid_t)-1.
+	 *	Multiple readers that start at the same time will probably have the
+	 *	same ID here. Again, it's not important to exclude them from
+	 *	anything; all we need to know is which version of the DB they
+	 *	started from so we can avoid overwriting any data used in that
+	 *	particular version.
+	 */
+	volatile txnid_t		mrb_txnid;
+	/** The process ID of the process owning this reader txn. */
+	volatile MDB_PID_T	mrb_pid;
+	/** The thread ID of the thread owning this txn. */
+	volatile MDB_THR_T	mrb_tid;
+} MDB_rxbody;
+
+	/** The actual reader record, with cacheline padding. */
+typedef struct MDB_reader {
+	union {
+		MDB_rxbody mrx;
+		/** shorthand for mrb_txnid */
+#define	mr_txnid	mru.mrx.mrb_txnid
+#define	mr_pid	mru.mrx.mrb_pid
+#define	mr_tid	mru.mrx.mrb_tid
+		/** cache line alignment */
+		char pad[(sizeof(MDB_rxbody)+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mru;
+} MDB_reader;
+
+	/** The header for the reader table.
+	 *	The table resides in a memory-mapped file. (This is a different file
+	 *	than is used for the main database.)
+	 *
+	 *	For POSIX the actual mutexes reside in the shared memory of this
+	 *	mapped file. On Windows, mutexes are named objects allocated by the
+	 *	kernel; we store the mutex names in this mapped file so that other
+	 *	processes can grab them. This same approach is also used on
+	 *	MacOSX/Darwin (using named semaphores) since MacOSX doesn't support
+	 *	process-shared POSIX mutexes. For these cases where a named object
+	 *	is used, the object name is derived from a 64 bit FNV hash of the
+	 *	environment pathname. As such, naming collisions are extremely
+	 *	unlikely. If a collision occurs, the results are unpredictable.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_txbody {
+		/** Stamp identifying this as an LMDB file. It must be set
+		 *	to #MDB_MAGIC. */
+	uint32_t	mtb_magic;
+		/** Format of this lock file. Must be set to #MDB_LOCK_FORMAT. */
+	uint32_t	mtb_format;
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+	char	mtb_rmname[MNAME_LEN];
+#else
+		/** Mutex protecting access to this table.
+		 *	This is the reader table lock used with LOCK_MUTEX().
+		 */
+	mdb_mutex_t	mtb_rmutex;
+#endif
+		/**	The ID of the last transaction committed to the database.
+		 *	This is recorded here only for convenience; the value can always
+		 *	be determined by reading the main database meta pages.
+		 */
+	volatile txnid_t		mtb_txnid;
+		/** The number of slots that have been used in the reader table.
+		 *	This always records the maximum count, it is not decremented
+		 *	when readers release their slots.
+		 */
+	volatile unsigned	mtb_numreaders;
+} MDB_txbody;
+
+	/** The actual reader table definition. */
+typedef struct MDB_txninfo {
+	union {
+		MDB_txbody mtb;
+#define mti_magic	mt1.mtb.mtb_magic
+#define mti_format	mt1.mtb.mtb_format
+#define mti_rmutex	mt1.mtb.mtb_rmutex
+#define mti_rmname	mt1.mtb.mtb_rmname
+#define mti_txnid	mt1.mtb.mtb_txnid
+#define mti_numreaders	mt1.mtb.mtb_numreaders
+		char pad[(sizeof(MDB_txbody)+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mt1;
+	union {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		char mt2_wmname[MNAME_LEN];
+#define	mti_wmname	mt2.mt2_wmname
+#else
+		mdb_mutex_t	mt2_wmutex;
+#define mti_wmutex	mt2.mt2_wmutex
+#endif
+		char pad[(MNAME_LEN+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mt2;
+	MDB_reader	mti_readers[1];
+} MDB_txninfo;
+
+	/** Lockfile format signature: version, features and field layout */
+#define MDB_LOCK_FORMAT \
+	((uint32_t) \
+	 ((MDB_LOCK_VERSION) \
+	  /* Flags which describe functionality */ \
+	  + (((MDB_PIDLOCK) != 0) << 16)))
+/** @} */
+
+/** Common header for all page types. The page type depends on #mp_flags.
+ *
+ * #P_BRANCH and #P_LEAF pages have unsorted '#MDB_node's at the end, with
+ * sorted #mp_ptrs[] entries referring to them. Exception: #P_LEAF2 pages
+ * omit mp_ptrs and pack sorted #MDB_DUPFIXED values after the page header.
+ *
+ * #P_OVERFLOW records occupy one or more contiguous pages where only the
+ * first has a page header. They hold the real data of #F_BIGDATA nodes.
+ *
+ * #P_SUBP sub-pages are small leaf "pages" with duplicate data.
+ * A node with flag #F_DUPDATA but not #F_SUBDATA contains a sub-page.
+ * (Duplicate data can also go in sub-databases, which use normal pages.)
+ *
+ * #P_META pages contain #MDB_meta, the start point of an LMDB snapshot.
+ *
+ * Each non-metapage up to #MDB_meta.%mm_last_pg is reachable exactly once
+ * in the snapshot: Either used by a database or listed in a freeDB record.
+ */
+typedef struct MDB_page {
+#define	mp_pgno	mp_p.p_pgno
+#define	mp_next	mp_p.p_next
+	union {
+		pgno_t		p_pgno;	/**< page number */
+		struct MDB_page *p_next; /**< for in-memory list of freed pages */
+	} mp_p;
+	uint16_t	mp_pad;			/**< key size if this is a LEAF2 page */
+/**	@defgroup mdb_page	Page Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Flags for the page headers.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define	P_BRANCH	 0x01		/**< branch page */
+#define	P_LEAF		 0x02		/**< leaf page */
+#define	P_OVERFLOW	 0x04		/**< overflow page */
+#define	P_META		 0x08		/**< meta page */
+#define	P_DIRTY		 0x10		/**< dirty page, also set for #P_SUBP pages */
+#define	P_LEAF2		 0x20		/**< for #MDB_DUPFIXED records */
+#define	P_SUBP		 0x40		/**< for #MDB_DUPSORT sub-pages */
+#define	P_LOOSE		 0x4000		/**< page was dirtied then freed, can be reused */
+#define	P_KEEP		 0x8000		/**< leave this page alone during spill */
+/** @} */
+	uint16_t	mp_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_page */
+#define mp_lower	mp_pb.pb.pb_lower
+#define mp_upper	mp_pb.pb.pb_upper
+#define mp_pages	mp_pb.pb_pages
+	union {
+		struct {
+			indx_t		pb_lower;		/**< lower bound of free space */
+			indx_t		pb_upper;		/**< upper bound of free space */
+		} pb;
+		uint32_t	pb_pages;	/**< number of overflow pages */
+	} mp_pb;
+	indx_t		mp_ptrs[1];		/**< dynamic size */
+} MDB_page;
+
+	/** Size of the page header, excluding dynamic data at the end */
+#define PAGEHDRSZ	 ((unsigned) offsetof(MDB_page, mp_ptrs))
+
+	/** Address of first usable data byte in a page, after the header */
+#define METADATA(p)	 ((void *)((char *)(p) + PAGEHDRSZ))
+
+	/** ITS#7713, change PAGEBASE to handle 65536 byte pages */
+#define	PAGEBASE	((MDB_DEVEL) ? PAGEHDRSZ : 0)
+
+	/** Number of nodes on a page */
+#define NUMKEYS(p)	 (((p)->mp_lower - (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE)) >> 1)
+
+	/** The amount of space remaining in the page */
+#define SIZELEFT(p)	 (indx_t)((p)->mp_upper - (p)->mp_lower)
+
+	/** The percentage of space used in the page, in tenths of a percent. */
+#define PAGEFILL(env, p) (1000L * ((env)->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ - SIZELEFT(p)) / \
+				((env)->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ))
+	/** The minimum page fill factor, in tenths of a percent.
+	 *	Pages emptier than this are candidates for merging.
+	 */
+#define FILL_THRESHOLD	 250
+
+	/** Test if a page is a leaf page */
+#define IS_LEAF(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_LEAF)
+	/** Test if a page is a LEAF2 page */
+#define IS_LEAF2(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_LEAF2)
+	/** Test if a page is a branch page */
+#define IS_BRANCH(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_BRANCH)
+	/** Test if a page is an overflow page */
+#define IS_OVERFLOW(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_OVERFLOW)
+	/** Test if a page is a sub page */
+#define IS_SUBP(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_SUBP)
+
+	/** The number of overflow pages needed to store the given size. */
+#define OVPAGES(size, psize)	((PAGEHDRSZ-1 + (size)) / (psize) + 1)
+
+	/** Link in #MDB_txn.%mt_loose_pgs list.
+	 *  Kept outside the page header, which is needed when reusing the page.
+	 */
+#define NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(p)		(*(MDB_page **)((p) + 2))
+
+	/** Header for a single key/data pair within a page.
+	 * Used in pages of type #P_BRANCH and #P_LEAF without #P_LEAF2.
+	 * We guarantee 2-byte alignment for 'MDB_node's.
+	 *
+	 * #mn_lo and #mn_hi are used for data size on leaf nodes, and for child
+	 * pgno on branch nodes.  On 64 bit platforms, #mn_flags is also used
+	 * for pgno.  (Branch nodes have no flags).  Lo and hi are in host byte
+	 * order in case some accesses can be optimized to 32-bit word access.
+	 *
+	 * Leaf node flags describe node contents.  #F_BIGDATA says the node's
+	 * data part is the page number of an overflow page with actual data.
+	 * #F_DUPDATA and #F_SUBDATA can be combined giving duplicate data in
+	 * a sub-page/sub-database, and named databases (just #F_SUBDATA).
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_node {
+	/** part of data size or pgno
+	 *	@{ */
+#if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	unsigned short	mn_lo, mn_hi;
+#else
+	unsigned short	mn_hi, mn_lo;
+#endif
+	/** @} */
+/** @defgroup mdb_node Node Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Flags for node headers.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define F_BIGDATA	 0x01			/**< data put on overflow page */
+#define F_SUBDATA	 0x02			/**< data is a sub-database */
+#define F_DUPDATA	 0x04			/**< data has duplicates */
+
+/** valid flags for #mdb_node_add() */
+#define	NODE_ADD_FLAGS	(F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA|MDB_RESERVE|MDB_APPEND)
+
+/** @} */
+	unsigned short	mn_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_node */
+	unsigned short	mn_ksize;		/**< key size */
+	char		mn_data[1];			/**< key and data are appended here */
+} MDB_node;
+
+	/** Size of the node header, excluding dynamic data at the end */
+#define NODESIZE	 offsetof(MDB_node, mn_data)
+
+	/** Bit position of top word in page number, for shifting mn_flags */
+#define PGNO_TOPWORD ((pgno_t)-1 > 0xffffffffu ? 32 : 0)
+
+	/** Size of a node in a branch page with a given key.
+	 *	This is just the node header plus the key, there is no data.
+	 */
+#define INDXSIZE(k)	 (NODESIZE + ((k) == NULL ? 0 : (k)->mv_size))
+
+	/** Size of a node in a leaf page with a given key and data.
+	 *	This is node header plus key plus data size.
+	 */
+#define LEAFSIZE(k, d)	 (NODESIZE + (k)->mv_size + (d)->mv_size)
+
+	/** Address of node \b i in page \b p */
+#define NODEPTR(p, i)	 ((MDB_node *)((char *)(p) + (p)->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE))
+
+	/** Address of the key for the node */
+#define NODEKEY(node)	 (void *)((node)->mn_data)
+
+	/** Address of the data for a node */
+#define NODEDATA(node)	 (void *)((char *)(node)->mn_data + (node)->mn_ksize)
+
+	/** Get the page number pointed to by a branch node */
+#define NODEPGNO(node) \
+	((node)->mn_lo | ((pgno_t) (node)->mn_hi << 16) | \
+	 (PGNO_TOPWORD ? ((pgno_t) (node)->mn_flags << PGNO_TOPWORD) : 0))
+	/** Set the page number in a branch node */
+#define SETPGNO(node,pgno)	do { \
+	(node)->mn_lo = (pgno) & 0xffff; (node)->mn_hi = (pgno) >> 16; \
+	if (PGNO_TOPWORD) (node)->mn_flags = (pgno) >> PGNO_TOPWORD; } while(0)
+
+	/** Get the size of the data in a leaf node */
+#define NODEDSZ(node)	 ((node)->mn_lo | ((unsigned)(node)->mn_hi << 16))
+	/** Set the size of the data for a leaf node */
+#define SETDSZ(node,size)	do { \
+	(node)->mn_lo = (size) & 0xffff; (node)->mn_hi = (size) >> 16;} while(0)
+	/** The size of a key in a node */
+#define NODEKSZ(node)	 ((node)->mn_ksize)
+
+	/** Copy a page number from src to dst */
+#ifdef MISALIGNED_OK
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	dst = src
+#else
+#if SIZE_MAX > 4294967295UL
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	do { \
+	unsigned short *s, *d;	\
+	s = (unsigned short *)&(src);	\
+	d = (unsigned short *)&(dst);	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d = *s;	\
+} while (0)
+#else
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	do { \
+	unsigned short *s, *d;	\
+	s = (unsigned short *)&(src);	\
+	d = (unsigned short *)&(dst);	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d = *s;	\
+} while (0)
+#endif
+#endif
+	/** The address of a key in a LEAF2 page.
+	 *	LEAF2 pages are used for #MDB_DUPFIXED sorted-duplicate sub-DBs.
+	 *	There are no node headers, keys are stored contiguously.
+	 */
+#define LEAF2KEY(p, i, ks)	((char *)(p) + PAGEHDRSZ + ((i)*(ks)))
+
+	/** Set the \b node's key into \b keyptr, if requested. */
+#define MDB_GET_KEY(node, keyptr)	{ if ((keyptr) != NULL) { \
+	(keyptr)->mv_size = NODEKSZ(node); (keyptr)->mv_data = NODEKEY(node); } }
+
+	/** Set the \b node's key into \b key. */
+#define MDB_GET_KEY2(node, key)	{ key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(node); key.mv_data = NODEKEY(node); }
+
+	/** Information about a single database in the environment. */
+typedef struct MDB_db {
+	uint32_t	md_pad;		/**< also ksize for LEAF2 pages */
+	uint16_t	md_flags;	/**< @ref mdb_dbi_open */
+	uint16_t	md_depth;	/**< depth of this tree */
+	pgno_t		md_branch_pages;	/**< number of internal pages */
+	pgno_t		md_leaf_pages;		/**< number of leaf pages */
+	pgno_t		md_overflow_pages;	/**< number of overflow pages */
+	size_t		md_entries;		/**< number of data items */
+	pgno_t		md_root;		/**< the root page of this tree */
+} MDB_db;
+
+#define MDB_VALID	0x8000		/**< DB handle is valid, for me_dbflags */
+#define PERSISTENT_FLAGS	(0xffff & ~(MDB_VALID))
+	/** #mdb_dbi_open() flags */
+#define VALID_FLAGS	(MDB_REVERSEKEY|MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_INTEGERKEY|MDB_DUPFIXED|\
+	MDB_INTEGERDUP|MDB_REVERSEDUP|MDB_CREATE)
+
+	/** Handle for the DB used to track free pages. */
+#define	FREE_DBI	0
+	/** Handle for the default DB. */
+#define	MAIN_DBI	1
+	/** Number of DBs in metapage (free and main) - also hardcoded elsewhere */
+#define CORE_DBS	2
+
+	/** Number of meta pages - also hardcoded elsewhere */
+#define NUM_METAS	2
+
+	/** Meta page content.
+	 *	A meta page is the start point for accessing a database snapshot.
+	 *	Pages 0-1 are meta pages. Transaction N writes meta page #(N % 2).
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_meta {
+		/** Stamp identifying this as an LMDB file. It must be set
+		 *	to #MDB_MAGIC. */
+	uint32_t	mm_magic;
+		/** Version number of this file. Must be set to #MDB_DATA_VERSION. */
+	uint32_t	mm_version;
+	void		*mm_address;		/**< address for fixed mapping */
+	size_t		mm_mapsize;			/**< size of mmap region */
+	MDB_db		mm_dbs[CORE_DBS];	/**< first is free space, 2nd is main db */
+	/** The size of pages used in this DB */
+#define	mm_psize	mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_pad
+	/** Any persistent environment flags. @ref mdb_env */
+#define	mm_flags	mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_flags
+	/** Last used page in the datafile.
+	 *	Actually the file may be shorter if the freeDB lists the final pages.
+	 */
+	pgno_t		mm_last_pg;
+	volatile txnid_t	mm_txnid;	/**< txnid that committed this page */
+} MDB_meta;
+
+	/** Buffer for a stack-allocated meta page.
+	 *	The members define size and alignment, and silence type
+	 *	aliasing warnings.  They are not used directly; that could
+	 *	mean incorrectly using several union members in parallel.
+	 */
+typedef union MDB_metabuf {
+	MDB_page	mb_page;
+	struct {
+		char		mm_pad[PAGEHDRSZ];
+		MDB_meta	mm_meta;
+	} mb_metabuf;
+} MDB_metabuf;
+
+	/** Auxiliary DB info.
+	 *	The information here is mostly static/read-only. There is
+	 *	only a single copy of this record in the environment.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_dbx {
+	MDB_val		md_name;		/**< name of the database */
+	MDB_cmp_func	*md_cmp;	/**< function for comparing keys */
+	MDB_cmp_func	*md_dcmp;	/**< function for comparing data items */
+	MDB_rel_func	*md_rel;	/**< user relocate function */
+	void		*md_relctx;		/**< user-provided context for md_rel */
+} MDB_dbx;
+
+	/** A database transaction.
+	 *	Every operation requires a transaction handle.
+	 */
+struct MDB_txn {
+	MDB_txn		*mt_parent;		/**< parent of a nested txn */
+	/** Nested txn under this txn, set together with flag #MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD */
+	MDB_txn		*mt_child;
+	pgno_t		mt_next_pgno;	/**< next unallocated page */
+	/** The ID of this transaction. IDs are integers incrementing from 1.
+	 *	Only committed write transactions increment the ID. If a transaction
+	 *	aborts, the ID may be re-used by the next writer.
+	 */
+	txnid_t		mt_txnid;
+	MDB_env		*mt_env;		/**< the DB environment */
+	/** The list of pages that became unused during this transaction.
+	 */
+	MDB_IDL		mt_free_pgs;
+	/** The list of loose pages that became unused and may be reused
+	 *	in this transaction, linked through #NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(page).
+	 */
+	MDB_page	*mt_loose_pgs;
+	/** Number of loose pages (#mt_loose_pgs) */
+	int			mt_loose_count;
+	/** The sorted list of dirty pages we temporarily wrote to disk
+	 *	because the dirty list was full. page numbers in here are
+	 *	shifted left by 1, deleted slots have the LSB set.
+	 */
+	MDB_IDL		mt_spill_pgs;
+	union {
+		/** For write txns: Modified pages. Sorted when not MDB_WRITEMAP. */
+		MDB_ID2L	dirty_list;
+		/** For read txns: This thread/txn's reader table slot, or NULL. */
+		MDB_reader	*reader;
+	} mt_u;
+	/** Array of records for each DB known in the environment. */
+	MDB_dbx		*mt_dbxs;
+	/** Array of MDB_db records for each known DB */
+	MDB_db		*mt_dbs;
+	/** Array of sequence numbers for each DB handle */
+	unsigned int	*mt_dbiseqs;
+/** @defgroup mt_dbflag	Transaction DB Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ * @{
+ */
+#define DB_DIRTY	0x01		/**< DB was written in this txn */
+#define DB_STALE	0x02		/**< Named-DB record is older than txnID */
+#define DB_NEW		0x04		/**< Named-DB handle opened in this txn */
+#define DB_VALID	0x08		/**< DB handle is valid, see also #MDB_VALID */
+#define DB_USRVALID	0x10		/**< As #DB_VALID, but not set for #FREE_DBI */
+#define DB_DUPDATA	0x20		/**< DB is #MDB_DUPSORT data */
+/** @} */
+	/** In write txns, array of cursors for each DB */
+	MDB_cursor	**mt_cursors;
+	/** Array of flags for each DB */
+	unsigned char	*mt_dbflags;
+	/**	Number of DB records in use, or 0 when the txn is finished.
+	 *	This number only ever increments until the txn finishes; we
+	 *	don't decrement it when individual DB handles are closed.
+	 */
+	MDB_dbi		mt_numdbs;
+
+/** @defgroup mdb_txn	Transaction Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/** #mdb_txn_begin() flags */
+#define MDB_TXN_BEGIN_FLAGS	MDB_RDONLY
+#define MDB_TXN_RDONLY		MDB_RDONLY	/**< read-only transaction */
+	/* internal txn flags */
+#define MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP	MDB_WRITEMAP	/**< copy of #MDB_env flag in writers */
+#define MDB_TXN_FINISHED	0x01		/**< txn is finished or never began */
+#define MDB_TXN_ERROR		0x02		/**< txn is unusable after an error */
+#define MDB_TXN_DIRTY		0x04		/**< must write, even if dirty list is empty */
+#define MDB_TXN_SPILLS		0x08		/**< txn or a parent has spilled pages */
+#define MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD	0x10		/**< txn has an #MDB_txn.%mt_child */
+	/** most operations on the txn are currently illegal */
+#define MDB_TXN_BLOCKED		(MDB_TXN_FINISHED|MDB_TXN_ERROR|MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD)
+/** @} */
+	unsigned int	mt_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_txn */
+	/** #dirty_list room: Array size - \#dirty pages visible to this txn.
+	 *	Includes ancestor txns' dirty pages not hidden by other txns'
+	 *	dirty/spilled pages. Thus commit(nested txn) has room to merge
+	 *	dirty_list into mt_parent after freeing hidden mt_parent pages.
+	 */
+	unsigned int	mt_dirty_room;
+};
+
+/** Enough space for 2^32 nodes with minimum of 2 keys per node. I.e., plenty.
+ * At 4 keys per node, enough for 2^64 nodes, so there's probably no need to
+ * raise this on a 64 bit machine.
+ */
+#define CURSOR_STACK		 32
+
+struct MDB_xcursor;
+
+	/** Cursors are used for all DB operations.
+	 *	A cursor holds a path of (page pointer, key index) from the DB
+	 *	root to a position in the DB, plus other state. #MDB_DUPSORT
+	 *	cursors include an xcursor to the current data item. Write txns
+	 *	track their cursors and keep them up to date when data moves.
+	 *	Exception: An xcursor's pointer to a #P_SUBP page can be stale.
+	 *	(A node with #F_DUPDATA but no #F_SUBDATA contains a subpage).
+	 */
+struct MDB_cursor {
+	/** Next cursor on this DB in this txn */
+	MDB_cursor	*mc_next;
+	/** Backup of the original cursor if this cursor is a shadow */
+	MDB_cursor	*mc_backup;
+	/** Context used for databases with #MDB_DUPSORT, otherwise NULL */
+	struct MDB_xcursor	*mc_xcursor;
+	/** The transaction that owns this cursor */
+	MDB_txn		*mc_txn;
+	/** The database handle this cursor operates on */
+	MDB_dbi		mc_dbi;
+	/** The database record for this cursor */
+	MDB_db		*mc_db;
+	/** The database auxiliary record for this cursor */
+	MDB_dbx		*mc_dbx;
+	/** The @ref mt_dbflag for this database */
+	unsigned char	*mc_dbflag;
+	unsigned short 	mc_snum;	/**< number of pushed pages */
+	unsigned short	mc_top;		/**< index of top page, normally mc_snum-1 */
+/** @defgroup mdb_cursor	Cursor Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Cursor state flags.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define C_INITIALIZED	0x01	/**< cursor has been initialized and is valid */
+#define C_EOF	0x02			/**< No more data */
+#define C_SUB	0x04			/**< Cursor is a sub-cursor */
+#define C_DEL	0x08			/**< last op was a cursor_del */
+#define C_UNTRACK	0x40		/**< Un-track cursor when closing */
+/** @} */
+	unsigned int	mc_flags;	/**< @ref mdb_cursor */
+	MDB_page	*mc_pg[CURSOR_STACK];	/**< stack of pushed pages */
+	indx_t		mc_ki[CURSOR_STACK];	/**< stack of page indices */
+};
+
+	/** Context for sorted-dup records.
+	 *	We could have gone to a fully recursive design, with arbitrarily
+	 *	deep nesting of sub-databases. But for now we only handle these
+	 *	levels - main DB, optional sub-DB, sorted-duplicate DB.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_xcursor {
+	/** A sub-cursor for traversing the Dup DB */
+	MDB_cursor mx_cursor;
+	/** The database record for this Dup DB */
+	MDB_db	mx_db;
+	/**	The auxiliary DB record for this Dup DB */
+	MDB_dbx	mx_dbx;
+	/** The @ref mt_dbflag for this Dup DB */
+	unsigned char mx_dbflag;
+} MDB_xcursor;
+
+	/** Check if there is an inited xcursor */
+#define XCURSOR_INITED(mc) \
+	((mc)->mc_xcursor && ((mc)->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+
+	/** Update the xcursor's sub-page pointer, if any, in \b mc.  Needed
+	 *	when the node which contains the sub-page may have moved.  Called
+	 *	with leaf page \b mp = mc->mc_pg[\b top].
+	 */
+#define XCURSOR_REFRESH(mc, top, mp) do { \
+	MDB_page *xr_pg = (mp); \
+	MDB_node *xr_node; \
+	if (!XCURSOR_INITED(mc) || (mc)->mc_ki[top] >= NUMKEYS(xr_pg)) break; \
+	xr_node = NODEPTR(xr_pg, (mc)->mc_ki[top]); \
+	if ((xr_node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA) \
+		(mc)->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(xr_node); \
+} while (0)
+
+	/** State of FreeDB old pages, stored in the MDB_env */
+typedef struct MDB_pgstate {
+	pgno_t		*mf_pghead;	/**< Reclaimed freeDB pages, or NULL before use */
+	txnid_t		mf_pglast;	/**< ID of last used record, or 0 if !mf_pghead */
+} MDB_pgstate;
+
+	/** The database environment. */
+struct MDB_env {
+	HANDLE		me_fd;		/**< The main data file */
+	HANDLE		me_lfd;		/**< The lock file */
+	HANDLE		me_mfd;		/**< For writing and syncing the meta pages */
+	/** Failed to update the meta page. Probably an I/O error. */
+#define	MDB_FATAL_ERROR	0x80000000U
+	/** Some fields are initialized. */
+#define	MDB_ENV_ACTIVE	0x20000000U
+	/** me_txkey is set */
+#define	MDB_ENV_TXKEY	0x10000000U
+	/** fdatasync is unreliable */
+#define	MDB_FSYNCONLY	0x08000000U
+	uint32_t 	me_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_env */
+	unsigned int	me_psize;	/**< DB page size, inited from me_os_psize */
+	unsigned int	me_os_psize;	/**< OS page size, from #GET_PAGESIZE */
+	unsigned int	me_maxreaders;	/**< size of the reader table */
+	/** Max #MDB_txninfo.%mti_numreaders of interest to #mdb_env_close() */
+	volatile int	me_close_readers;
+	MDB_dbi		me_numdbs;		/**< number of DBs opened */
+	MDB_dbi		me_maxdbs;		/**< size of the DB table */
+	MDB_PID_T	me_pid;		/**< process ID of this env */
+	char		*me_path;		/**< path to the DB files */
+	char		*me_map;		/**< the memory map of the data file */
+	MDB_txninfo	*me_txns;		/**< the memory map of the lock file or NULL */
+	MDB_meta	*me_metas[NUM_METAS];	/**< pointers to the two meta pages */
+	void		*me_pbuf;		/**< scratch area for DUPSORT put() */
+	MDB_txn		*me_txn;		/**< current write transaction */
+	MDB_txn		*me_txn0;		/**< prealloc'd write transaction */
+	size_t		me_mapsize;		/**< size of the data memory map */
+	off_t		me_size;		/**< current file size */
+	pgno_t		me_maxpg;		/**< me_mapsize / me_psize */
+	MDB_dbx		*me_dbxs;		/**< array of static DB info */
+	uint16_t	*me_dbflags;	/**< array of flags from MDB_db.md_flags */
+	unsigned int	*me_dbiseqs;	/**< array of dbi sequence numbers */
+	pthread_key_t	me_txkey;	/**< thread-key for readers */
+	txnid_t		me_pgoldest;	/**< ID of oldest reader last time we looked */
+	MDB_pgstate	me_pgstate;		/**< state of old pages from freeDB */
+#	define		me_pglast	me_pgstate.mf_pglast
+#	define		me_pghead	me_pgstate.mf_pghead
+	MDB_page	*me_dpages;		/**< list of malloc'd blocks for re-use */
+	/** IDL of pages that became unused in a write txn */
+	MDB_IDL		me_free_pgs;
+	/** ID2L of pages written during a write txn. Length MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE. */
+	MDB_ID2L	me_dirty_list;
+	/** Max number of freelist items that can fit in a single overflow page */
+	int			me_maxfree_1pg;
+	/** Max size of a node on a page */
+	unsigned int	me_nodemax;
+#if !(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+	unsigned int	me_maxkey;	/**< max size of a key */
+#endif
+	int		me_live_reader;		/**< have liveness lock in reader table */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	int		me_pidquery;		/**< Used in OpenProcess */
+#endif
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX	/* Posix mutexes reside in shared mem */
+#	define		me_rmutex	me_txns->mti_rmutex /**< Shared reader lock */
+#	define		me_wmutex	me_txns->mti_wmutex /**< Shared writer lock */
+#else
+	mdb_mutex_t	me_rmutex;
+	mdb_mutex_t	me_wmutex;
+#endif
+	void		*me_userctx;	 /**< User-settable context */
+	MDB_assert_func *me_assert_func; /**< Callback for assertion failures */
+};
+
+	/** Nested transaction */
+typedef struct MDB_ntxn {
+	MDB_txn		mnt_txn;		/**< the transaction */
+	MDB_pgstate	mnt_pgstate;	/**< parent transaction's saved freestate */
+} MDB_ntxn;
+
+	/** max number of pages to commit in one writev() call */
+#define MDB_COMMIT_PAGES	 64
+#if defined(IOV_MAX) && IOV_MAX < MDB_COMMIT_PAGES
+#undef MDB_COMMIT_PAGES
+#define MDB_COMMIT_PAGES	IOV_MAX
+#endif
+
+	/** max bytes to write in one call */
+#define MAX_WRITE		(0x40000000U >> (sizeof(ssize_t) == 4))
+
+	/** Check \b txn and \b dbi arguments to a function */
+#define TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, validity) \
+	((txn) && (dbi)<(txn)->mt_numdbs && ((txn)->mt_dbflags[dbi] & (validity)))
+
+	/** Check for misused \b dbi handles */
+#define TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, dbi) \
+	((txn)->mt_dbiseqs[dbi] != (txn)->mt_env->me_dbiseqs[dbi])
+
+static int  mdb_page_alloc(MDB_cursor *mc, int num, MDB_page **mp);
+static int  mdb_page_new(MDB_cursor *mc, uint32_t flags, int num, MDB_page **mp);
+static int  mdb_page_touch(MDB_cursor *mc);
+
+#define MDB_END_NAMES {"committed", "empty-commit", "abort", "reset", \
+	"reset-tmp", "fail-begin", "fail-beginchild"}
+enum {
+	/* mdb_txn_end operation number, for logging */
+	MDB_END_COMMITTED, MDB_END_EMPTY_COMMIT, MDB_END_ABORT, MDB_END_RESET,
+	MDB_END_RESET_TMP, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGIN, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGINCHILD
+};
+#define MDB_END_OPMASK	0x0F	/**< mask for #mdb_txn_end() operation number */
+#define MDB_END_UPDATE	0x10	/**< update env state (DBIs) */
+#define MDB_END_FREE	0x20	/**< free txn unless it is #MDB_env.%me_txn0 */
+#define MDB_END_SLOT MDB_NOTLS	/**< release any reader slot if #MDB_NOTLS */
+static void mdb_txn_end(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned mode);
+
+static int  mdb_page_get(MDB_cursor *mc, pgno_t pgno, MDB_page **mp, int *lvl);
+static int  mdb_page_search_root(MDB_cursor *mc,
+			    MDB_val *key, int modify);
+#define MDB_PS_MODIFY	1
+#define MDB_PS_ROOTONLY	2
+#define MDB_PS_FIRST	4
+#define MDB_PS_LAST		8
+static int  mdb_page_search(MDB_cursor *mc,
+			    MDB_val *key, int flags);
+static int	mdb_page_merge(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst);
+
+#define MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE	MDB_APPENDDUP	/**< newkey is not new */
+static int	mdb_page_split(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *newkey, MDB_val *newdata,
+				pgno_t newpgno, unsigned int nflags);
+
+static int  mdb_env_read_header(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta);
+static MDB_meta *mdb_env_pick_meta(const MDB_env *env);
+static int  mdb_env_write_meta(MDB_txn *txn);
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX /* Drop unused excl arg */
+# define mdb_env_close0(env, excl) mdb_env_close1(env)
+#endif
+static void mdb_env_close0(MDB_env *env, int excl);
+
+static MDB_node *mdb_node_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int *exactp);
+static int  mdb_node_add(MDB_cursor *mc, indx_t indx,
+			    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, pgno_t pgno, unsigned int flags);
+static void mdb_node_del(MDB_cursor *mc, int ksize);
+static void mdb_node_shrink(MDB_page *mp, indx_t indx);
+static int	mdb_node_move(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst, int fromleft);
+static int  mdb_node_read(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *leaf, MDB_val *data);
+static size_t	mdb_leaf_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+static size_t	mdb_branch_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key);
+
+static int	mdb_rebalance(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_update_key(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key);
+
+static void	mdb_cursor_pop(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_cursor_push(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp);
+
+static int	mdb_cursor_del0(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_del0(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned flags);
+static int	mdb_cursor_sibling(MDB_cursor *mc, int move_right);
+static int	mdb_cursor_next(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op);
+static int	mdb_cursor_prev(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op);
+static int	mdb_cursor_set(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op,
+				int *exactp);
+static int	mdb_cursor_first(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+static int	mdb_cursor_last(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+static void	mdb_cursor_init(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_xcursor *mx);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init0(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init1(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *node);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init2(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_xcursor *src_mx, int force);
+
+static int	mdb_drop0(MDB_cursor *mc, int subs);
+static void mdb_default_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi);
+static int mdb_reader_check0(MDB_env *env, int rlocked, int *dead);
+
+/** @cond */
+static MDB_cmp_func	mdb_cmp_memn, mdb_cmp_memnr, mdb_cmp_int, mdb_cmp_cint, mdb_cmp_long;
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at size_t's of unknown alignment. */
+#ifdef MISALIGNED_OK
+# define mdb_cmp_clong mdb_cmp_long
+#else
+# define mdb_cmp_clong mdb_cmp_cint
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR mdb_null_sd;
+static SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES mdb_all_sa;
+static int mdb_sec_inited;
+
+struct MDB_name;
+static int utf8_to_utf16(const char *src, struct MDB_name *dst, int xtra);
+#endif
+
+/** Return the library version info. */
+char * ESECT
+mdb_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch)
+{
+	if (major) *major = MDB_VERSION_MAJOR;
+	if (minor) *minor = MDB_VERSION_MINOR;
+	if (patch) *patch = MDB_VERSION_PATCH;
+	return MDB_VERSION_STRING;
+}
+
+/** Table of descriptions for LMDB @ref errors */
+static char *const mdb_errstr[] = {
+	"MDB_KEYEXIST: Key/data pair already exists",
+	"MDB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found",
+	"MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND: Requested page not found",
+	"MDB_CORRUPTED: Located page was wrong type",
+	"MDB_PANIC: Update of meta page failed or environment had fatal error",
+	"MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH: Database environment version mismatch",
+	"MDB_INVALID: File is not an LMDB file",
+	"MDB_MAP_FULL: Environment mapsize limit reached",
+	"MDB_DBS_FULL: Environment maxdbs limit reached",
+	"MDB_READERS_FULL: Environment maxreaders limit reached",
+	"MDB_TLS_FULL: Thread-local storage keys full - too many environments open",
+	"MDB_TXN_FULL: Transaction has too many dirty pages - transaction too big",
+	"MDB_CURSOR_FULL: Internal error - cursor stack limit reached",
+	"MDB_PAGE_FULL: Internal error - page has no more space",
+	"MDB_MAP_RESIZED: Database contents grew beyond environment mapsize",
+	"MDB_INCOMPATIBLE: Operation and DB incompatible, or DB flags changed",
+	"MDB_BAD_RSLOT: Invalid reuse of reader locktable slot",
+	"MDB_BAD_TXN: Transaction must abort, has a child, or is invalid",
+	"MDB_BAD_VALSIZE: Unsupported size of key/DB name/data, or wrong DUPFIXED size",
+	"MDB_BAD_DBI: The specified DBI handle was closed/changed unexpectedly",
+};
+
+char *
+mdb_strerror(int err)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/** HACK: pad 4KB on stack over the buf. Return system msgs in buf.
+	 *	This works as long as no function between the call to mdb_strerror
+	 *	and the actual use of the message uses more than 4K of stack.
+	 */
+#define MSGSIZE	1024
+#define PADSIZE	4096
+	char buf[MSGSIZE+PADSIZE], *ptr = buf;
+#endif
+	int i;
+	if (!err)
+		return ("Successful return: 0");
+
+	if (err >= MDB_KEYEXIST && err <= MDB_LAST_ERRCODE) {
+		i = err - MDB_KEYEXIST;
+		return mdb_errstr[i];
+	}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/* These are the C-runtime error codes we use. The comment indicates
+	 * their numeric value, and the Win32 error they would correspond to
+	 * if the error actually came from a Win32 API. A major mess, we should
+	 * have used LMDB-specific error codes for everything.
+	 */
+	switch(err) {
+	case ENOENT:	/* 2, FILE_NOT_FOUND */
+	case EIO:		/* 5, ACCESS_DENIED */
+	case ENOMEM:	/* 12, INVALID_ACCESS */
+	case EACCES:	/* 13, INVALID_DATA */
+	case EBUSY:		/* 16, CURRENT_DIRECTORY */
+	case EINVAL:	/* 22, BAD_COMMAND */
+	case ENOSPC:	/* 28, OUT_OF_PAPER */
+		return strerror(err);
+	default:
+		;
+	}
+	buf[0] = 0;
+	FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+		FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+		NULL, err, 0, ptr, MSGSIZE, (va_list *)buf+MSGSIZE);
+	return ptr;
+#else
+	return strerror(err);
+#endif
+}
+
+/** assert(3) variant in cursor context */
+#define mdb_cassert(mc, expr)	mdb_assert0((mc)->mc_txn->mt_env, expr, #expr)
+/** assert(3) variant in transaction context */
+#define mdb_tassert(txn, expr)	mdb_assert0((txn)->mt_env, expr, #expr)
+/** assert(3) variant in environment context */
+#define mdb_eassert(env, expr)	mdb_assert0(env, expr, #expr)
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+# define mdb_assert0(env, expr, expr_txt) ((expr) ? (void)0 : \
+		mdb_assert_fail(env, expr_txt, mdb_func_, __FILE__, __LINE__))
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_assert_fail(MDB_env *env, const char *expr_txt,
+	const char *func, const char *file, int line)
+{
+	char buf[400];
+	sprintf(buf, "%.100s:%d: Assertion '%.200s' failed in %.40s()",
+		file, line, expr_txt, func);
+	if (env->me_assert_func)
+		env->me_assert_func(env, buf);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", buf);
+	abort();
+}
+#else
+# define mdb_assert0(env, expr, expr_txt) ((void) 0)
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+/** Return the page number of \b mp which may be sub-page, for debug output */
+static pgno_t
+mdb_dbg_pgno(MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	pgno_t ret;
+	COPY_PGNO(ret, mp->mp_pgno);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/** Display a key in hexadecimal and return the address of the result.
+ * @param[in] key the key to display
+ * @param[in] buf the buffer to write into. Should always be #DKBUF.
+ * @return The key in hexadecimal form.
+ */
+char *
+mdb_dkey(MDB_val *key, char *buf)
+{
+	char *ptr = buf;
+	unsigned char *c = key->mv_data;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	if (!key)
+		return "";
+
+	if (key->mv_size > DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE)
+		return "MDB_MAXKEYSIZE";
+	/* may want to make this a dynamic check: if the key is mostly
+	 * printable characters, print it as-is instead of converting to hex.
+	 */
+#if 1
+	buf[0] = '\0';
+	for (i=0; i<key->mv_size; i++)
+		ptr += sprintf(ptr, "%02x", *c++);
+#else
+	sprintf(buf, "%.*s", key->mv_size, key->mv_data);
+#endif
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+mdb_leafnode_type(MDB_node *n)
+{
+	static char *const tp[2][2] = {{"", ": DB"}, {": sub-page", ": sub-DB"}};
+	return F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA) ? ": overflow page" :
+		tp[F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)][F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_SUBDATA)];
+}
+
+/** Display all the keys in the page. */
+void
+mdb_page_list(MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	pgno_t pgno = mdb_dbg_pgno(mp);
+	const char *type, *state = (mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) ? ", dirty" : "";
+	MDB_node *node;
+	unsigned int i, nkeys, nsize, total = 0;
+	MDB_val key;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	switch (mp->mp_flags & (P_BRANCH|P_LEAF|P_LEAF2|P_META|P_OVERFLOW|P_SUBP)) {
+	case P_BRANCH:              type = "Branch page";		break;
+	case P_LEAF:                type = "Leaf page";			break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_SUBP:         type = "Sub-page";			break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_LEAF2:        type = "LEAF2 page";		break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_LEAF2|P_SUBP: type = "LEAF2 sub-page";	break;
+	case P_OVERFLOW:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Overflow page %"Z"u pages %u%s\n",
+			pgno, mp->mp_pages, state);
+		return;
+	case P_META:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Meta-page %"Z"u txnid %"Z"u\n",
+			pgno, ((MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp))->mm_txnid);
+		return;
+	default:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Bad page %"Z"u flags 0x%X\n", pgno, mp->mp_flags);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s %"Z"u numkeys %d%s\n", type, pgno, nkeys, state);
+
+	for (i=0; i<nkeys; i++) {
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {	/* LEAF2 pages have no mp_ptrs[] or node headers */
+			key.mv_size = nsize = mp->mp_pad;
+			key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, i, nsize);
+			total += nsize;
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: nsize %d, %s\n", i, nsize, DKEY(&key));
+			continue;
+		}
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+		key.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+		key.mv_data = node->mn_data;
+		nsize = NODESIZE + key.mv_size;
+		if (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: page %"Z"u, %s\n", i, NODEPGNO(node),
+				DKEY(&key));
+			total += nsize;
+		} else {
+			if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+				nsize += sizeof(pgno_t);
+			else
+				nsize += NODEDSZ(node);
+			total += nsize;
+			nsize += sizeof(indx_t);
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: nsize %d, %s%s\n",
+				i, nsize, DKEY(&key), mdb_leafnode_type(node));
+		}
+		total = EVEN(total);
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "Total: header %d + contents %d + unused %d\n",
+		IS_LEAF2(mp) ? PAGEHDRSZ : PAGEBASE + mp->mp_lower, total, SIZELEFT(mp));
+}
+
+void
+mdb_cursor_chk(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	unsigned int i;
+	MDB_node *node;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+
+	if (!mc->mc_snum || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) return;
+	for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++) {
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[i]);
+		if (NODEPGNO(node) != mc->mc_pg[i+1]->mp_pgno)
+			printf("oops!\n");
+	}
+	if (mc->mc_ki[i] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[i]))
+		printf("ack!\n");
+	if (XCURSOR_INITED(mc)) {
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (((node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA) &&
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] != NODEDATA(node)) {
+			printf("blah!\n");
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 2
+/** Count all the pages in each DB and in the freelist
+ *  and make sure it matches the actual number of pages
+ *  being used.
+ *  All named DBs must be open for a correct count.
+ */
+static void mdb_audit(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_val key, data;
+	MDB_ID freecount, count;
+	MDB_dbi i;
+	int rc;
+
+	freecount = 0;
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+	while ((rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) == 0)
+		freecount += *(MDB_ID *)data.mv_data;
+	mdb_tassert(txn, rc == MDB_NOTFOUND);
+
+	count = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		MDB_xcursor mx;
+		if (!(txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_VALID))
+			continue;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, i, &mx);
+		if (txn->mt_dbs[i].md_root == P_INVALID)
+			continue;
+		count += txn->mt_dbs[i].md_branch_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[i].md_leaf_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[i].md_overflow_pages;
+		if (txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+			rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+			for (; rc == MDB_SUCCESS; rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(&mc, 1)) {
+				unsigned j;
+				MDB_page *mp;
+				mp = mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top];
+				for (j=0; j<NUMKEYS(mp); j++) {
+					MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mp, j);
+					if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+						MDB_db db;
+						memcpy(&db, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(db));
+						count += db.md_branch_pages + db.md_leaf_pages +
+							db.md_overflow_pages;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			mdb_tassert(txn, rc == MDB_NOTFOUND);
+		}
+	}
+	if (freecount + count + NUM_METAS != txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "audit: %"Z"u freecount: %"Z"u count: %"Z"u total: %"Z"u next_pgno: %"Z"u\n",
+			txn->mt_txnid, freecount, count+NUM_METAS,
+			freecount+count+NUM_METAS, txn->mt_next_pgno);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+int
+mdb_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp(a, b);
+}
+
+int
+mdb_dcmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	MDB_cmp_func *dcmp = txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+	if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && a->mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+		dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+	return dcmp(a, b);
+}
+
+/** Allocate memory for a page.
+ * Re-use old malloc'd pages first for singletons, otherwise just malloc.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ */
+static MDB_page *
+mdb_page_malloc(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned num)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_page *ret = env->me_dpages;
+	size_t psize = env->me_psize, sz = psize, off;
+	/* For ! #MDB_NOMEMINIT, psize counts how much to init.
+	 * For a single page alloc, we init everything after the page header.
+	 * For multi-page, we init the final page; if the caller needed that
+	 * many pages they will be filling in at least up to the last page.
+	 */
+	if (num == 1) {
+		if (ret) {
+			VGMEMP_ALLOC(env, ret, sz);
+			VGMEMP_DEFINED(ret, sizeof(ret->mp_next));
+			env->me_dpages = ret->mp_next;
+			return ret;
+		}
+		psize -= off = PAGEHDRSZ;
+	} else {
+		sz *= num;
+		off = sz - psize;
+	}
+	if ((ret = malloc(sz)) != NULL) {
+		VGMEMP_ALLOC(env, ret, sz);
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOMEMINIT)) {
+			memset((char *)ret + off, 0, psize);
+			ret->mp_pad = 0;
+		}
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+/** Free a single page.
+ * Saves single pages to a list, for future reuse.
+ * (This is not used for multi-page overflow pages.)
+ */
+static void
+mdb_page_free(MDB_env *env, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	mp->mp_next = env->me_dpages;
+	VGMEMP_FREE(env, mp);
+	env->me_dpages = mp;
+}
+
+/** Free a dirty page */
+static void
+mdb_dpage_free(MDB_env *env, MDB_page *dp)
+{
+	if (!IS_OVERFLOW(dp) || dp->mp_pages == 1) {
+		mdb_page_free(env, dp);
+	} else {
+		/* large pages just get freed directly */
+		VGMEMP_FREE(env, dp);
+		free(dp);
+	}
+}
+
+/**	Return all dirty pages to dpage list */
+static void
+mdb_dlist_free(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_ID2L dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned i, n = dl[0].mid;
+
+	for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+		mdb_dpage_free(env, dl[i].mptr);
+	}
+	dl[0].mid = 0;
+}
+
+/** Loosen or free a single page.
+ * Saves single pages to a list for future reuse
+ * in this same txn. It has been pulled from the freeDB
+ * and already resides on the dirty list, but has been
+ * deleted. Use these pages first before pulling again
+ * from the freeDB.
+ *
+ * If the page wasn't dirtied in this txn, just add it
+ * to this txn's free list.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_loose(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	int loose = 0;
+	pgno_t pgno = mp->mp_pgno;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+
+	if ((mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) && mc->mc_dbi != FREE_DBI) {
+		if (txn->mt_parent) {
+			MDB_ID2 *dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+			/* If txn has a parent, make sure the page is in our
+			 * dirty list.
+			 */
+			if (dl[0].mid) {
+				unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+				if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+					if (mp != dl[x].mptr) { /* bad cursor? */
+						mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+						txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+						return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+					}
+					/* ok, it's ours */
+					loose = 1;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			/* no parent txn, so it's just ours */
+			loose = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	if (loose) {
+		DPRINTF(("loosen db %d page %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+			mp->mp_pgno));
+		NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp) = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = mp;
+		txn->mt_loose_count++;
+		mp->mp_flags |= P_LOOSE;
+	} else {
+		int rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_free_pgs, pgno);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set or clear P_KEEP in dirty, non-overflow, non-sub pages watched by txn.
+ * @param[in] mc A cursor handle for the current operation.
+ * @param[in] pflags Flags of the pages to update:
+ * P_DIRTY to set P_KEEP, P_DIRTY|P_KEEP to clear it.
+ * @param[in] all No shortcuts. Needed except after a full #mdb_page_flush().
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_pages_xkeep(MDB_cursor *mc, unsigned pflags, int all)
+{
+	enum { Mask = P_SUBP|P_DIRTY|P_LOOSE|P_KEEP };
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_cursor *m3, *m0 = mc;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	MDB_page *dp, *mp;
+	MDB_node *leaf;
+	unsigned i, j;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS, level;
+
+	/* Mark pages seen by cursors */
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK)
+		mc = NULL;				/* will find mc in mt_cursors */
+	for (i = txn->mt_numdbs;; mc = txn->mt_cursors[--i]) {
+		for (; mc; mc=mc->mc_next) {
+			if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			for (m3 = mc;; m3 = &mx->mx_cursor) {
+				mp = NULL;
+				for (j=0; j<m3->mc_snum; j++) {
+					mp = m3->mc_pg[j];
+					if ((mp->mp_flags & Mask) == pflags)
+						mp->mp_flags ^= P_KEEP;
+				}
+				mx = m3->mc_xcursor;
+				/* Proceed to mx if it is at a sub-database */
+				if (! (mx && (mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)))
+					break;
+				if (! (mp && (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF)))
+					break;
+				leaf = NODEPTR(mp, m3->mc_ki[j-1]);
+				if (!(leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA))
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (i == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (all) {
+		/* Mark dirty root pages */
+		for (i=0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			if (txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_DIRTY) {
+				pgno_t pgno = txn->mt_dbs[i].md_root;
+				if (pgno == P_INVALID)
+					continue;
+				if ((rc = mdb_page_get(m0, pgno, &dp, &level)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+					break;
+				if ((dp->mp_flags & Mask) == pflags && level <= 1)
+					dp->mp_flags ^= P_KEEP;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int mdb_page_flush(MDB_txn *txn, int keep);
+
+/**	Spill pages from the dirty list back to disk.
+ * This is intended to prevent running into #MDB_TXN_FULL situations,
+ * but note that they may still occur in a few cases:
+ *	1) our estimate of the txn size could be too small. Currently this
+ *	 seems unlikely, except with a large number of #MDB_MULTIPLE items.
+ *	2) child txns may run out of space if their parents dirtied a
+ *	 lot of pages and never spilled them. TODO: we probably should do
+ *	 a preemptive spill during #mdb_txn_begin() of a child txn, if
+ *	 the parent's dirty_room is below a given threshold.
+ *
+ * Otherwise, if not using nested txns, it is expected that apps will
+ * not run into #MDB_TXN_FULL any more. The pages are flushed to disk
+ * the same way as for a txn commit, e.g. their P_DIRTY flag is cleared.
+ * If the txn never references them again, they can be left alone.
+ * If the txn only reads them, they can be used without any fuss.
+ * If the txn writes them again, they can be dirtied immediately without
+ * going thru all of the work of #mdb_page_touch(). Such references are
+ * handled by #mdb_page_unspill().
+ *
+ * Also note, we never spill DB root pages, nor pages of active cursors,
+ * because we'll need these back again soon anyway. And in nested txns,
+ * we can't spill a page in a child txn if it was already spilled in a
+ * parent txn. That would alter the parent txns' data even though
+ * the child hasn't committed yet, and we'd have no way to undo it if
+ * the child aborted.
+ *
+ * @param[in] m0 cursor A cursor handle identifying the transaction and
+ *	database for which we are checking space.
+ * @param[in] key For a put operation, the key being stored.
+ * @param[in] data For a put operation, the data being stored.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_spill(MDB_cursor *m0, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = m0->mc_txn;
+	MDB_page *dp;
+	MDB_ID2L dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned int i, j, need;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (m0->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	/* Estimate how much space this op will take */
+	i = m0->mc_db->md_depth;
+	/* Named DBs also dirty the main DB */
+	if (m0->mc_dbi >= CORE_DBS)
+		i += txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_depth;
+	/* For puts, roughly factor in the key+data size */
+	if (key)
+		i += (LEAFSIZE(key, data) + txn->mt_env->me_psize) / txn->mt_env->me_psize;
+	i += i;	/* double it for good measure */
+	need = i;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dirty_room > i)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (!txn->mt_spill_pgs) {
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX);
+		if (!txn->mt_spill_pgs)
+			return ENOMEM;
+	} else {
+		/* purge deleted slots */
+		MDB_IDL sl = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+		unsigned int num = sl[0];
+		j=0;
+		for (i=1; i<=num; i++) {
+			if (!(sl[i] & 1))
+				sl[++j] = sl[i];
+		}
+		sl[0] = j;
+	}
+
+	/* Preserve pages which may soon be dirtied again */
+	if ((rc = mdb_pages_xkeep(m0, P_DIRTY, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		goto done;
+
+	/* Less aggressive spill - we originally spilled the entire dirty list,
+	 * with a few exceptions for cursor pages and DB root pages. But this
+	 * turns out to be a lot of wasted effort because in a large txn many
+	 * of those pages will need to be used again. So now we spill only 1/8th
+	 * of the dirty pages. Testing revealed this to be a good tradeoff,
+	 * better than 1/2, 1/4, or 1/10.
+	 */
+	if (need < MDB_IDL_UM_MAX / 8)
+		need = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX / 8;
+
+	/* Save the page IDs of all the pages we're flushing */
+	/* flush from the tail forward, this saves a lot of shifting later on. */
+	for (i=dl[0].mid; i && need; i--) {
+		MDB_ID pn = dl[i].mid << 1;
+		dp = dl[i].mptr;
+		if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP))
+			continue;
+		/* Can't spill twice, make sure it's not already in a parent's
+		 * spill list.
+		 */
+		if (txn->mt_parent) {
+			MDB_txn *tx2;
+			for (tx2 = txn->mt_parent; tx2; tx2 = tx2->mt_parent) {
+				if (tx2->mt_spill_pgs) {
+					j = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+					if (j <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[j] == pn) {
+						dp->mp_flags |= P_KEEP;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (tx2)
+				continue;
+		}
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_spill_pgs, pn)))
+			goto done;
+		need--;
+	}
+	mdb_midl_sort(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+
+	/* Flush the spilled part of dirty list */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_flush(txn, i)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		goto done;
+
+	/* Reset any dirty pages we kept that page_flush didn't see */
+	rc = mdb_pages_xkeep(m0, P_DIRTY|P_KEEP, i);
+
+done:
+	txn->mt_flags |= rc ? MDB_TXN_ERROR : MDB_TXN_SPILLS;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Find oldest txnid still referenced. Expects txn->mt_txnid > 0. */
+static txnid_t
+mdb_find_oldest(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int i;
+	txnid_t mr, oldest = txn->mt_txnid - 1;
+	if (txn->mt_env->me_txns) {
+		MDB_reader *r = txn->mt_env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+		for (i = txn->mt_env->me_txns->mti_numreaders; --i >= 0; ) {
+			if (r[i].mr_pid) {
+				mr = r[i].mr_txnid;
+				if (oldest > mr)
+					oldest = mr;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return oldest;
+}
+
+/** Add a page to the txn's dirty list */
+static void
+mdb_page_dirty(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	MDB_ID2 mid;
+	int rc, (*insert)(MDB_ID2L, MDB_ID2 *);
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP) {
+		insert = mdb_mid2l_append;
+	} else {
+		insert = mdb_mid2l_insert;
+	}
+	mid.mid = mp->mp_pgno;
+	mid.mptr = mp;
+	rc = insert(txn->mt_u.dirty_list, &mid);
+	mdb_tassert(txn, rc == 0);
+	txn->mt_dirty_room--;
+}
+
+/** Allocate page numbers and memory for writing.  Maintain me_pglast,
+ * me_pghead and mt_next_pgno.  Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ *
+ * If there are free pages available from older transactions, they
+ * are re-used first. Otherwise allocate a new page at mt_next_pgno.
+ * Do not modify the freedB, just merge freeDB records into me_pghead[]
+ * and move me_pglast to say which records were consumed.  Only this
+ * function can create me_pghead and move me_pglast/mt_next_pgno.
+ * @param[in] mc cursor A cursor handle identifying the transaction and
+ *	database for which we are allocating.
+ * @param[in] num the number of pages to allocate.
+ * @param[out] mp Address of the allocated page(s). Requests for multiple pages
+ *  will always be satisfied by a single contiguous chunk of memory.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_alloc(MDB_cursor *mc, int num, MDB_page **mp)
+{
+#ifdef MDB_PARANOID	/* Seems like we can ignore this now */
+	/* Get at most <Max_retries> more freeDB records once me_pghead
+	 * has enough pages.  If not enough, use new pages from the map.
+	 * If <Paranoid> and mc is updating the freeDB, only get new
+	 * records if me_pghead is empty. Then the freelist cannot play
+	 * catch-up with itself by growing while trying to save it.
+	 */
+	enum { Paranoid = 1, Max_retries = 500 };
+#else
+	enum { Paranoid = 0, Max_retries = INT_MAX /*infinite*/ };
+#endif
+	int rc, retry = num * 60;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	pgno_t pgno, *mop = env->me_pghead;
+	unsigned i, j, mop_len = mop ? mop[0] : 0, n2 = num-1;
+	MDB_page *np;
+	txnid_t oldest = 0, last;
+	MDB_cursor_op op;
+	MDB_cursor m2;
+	int found_old = 0;
+
+	/* If there are any loose pages, just use them */
+	if (num == 1 && txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		np = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(np);
+		txn->mt_loose_count--;
+		DPRINTF(("db %d use loose page %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+				np->mp_pgno));
+		*mp = np;
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	*mp = NULL;
+
+	/* If our dirty list is already full, we can't do anything */
+	if (txn->mt_dirty_room == 0) {
+		rc = MDB_TXN_FULL;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	for (op = MDB_FIRST;; op = MDB_NEXT) {
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		MDB_node *leaf;
+		pgno_t *idl;
+
+		/* Seek a big enough contiguous page range. Prefer
+		 * pages at the tail, just truncating the list.
+		 */
+		if (mop_len > n2) {
+			i = mop_len;
+			do {
+				pgno = mop[i];
+				if (mop[i-n2] == pgno+n2)
+					goto search_done;
+			} while (--i > n2);
+			if (--retry < 0)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (op == MDB_FIRST) {	/* 1st iteration */
+			/* Prepare to fetch more and coalesce */
+			last = env->me_pglast;
+			oldest = env->me_pgoldest;
+			mdb_cursor_init(&m2, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+			if (last) {
+				op = MDB_SET_RANGE;
+				key.mv_data = &last; /* will look up last+1 */
+				key.mv_size = sizeof(last);
+			}
+			if (Paranoid && mc->mc_dbi == FREE_DBI)
+				retry = -1;
+		}
+		if (Paranoid && retry < 0 && mop_len)
+			break;
+
+		last++;
+		/* Do not fetch more if the record will be too recent */
+		if (oldest <= last) {
+			if (!found_old) {
+				oldest = mdb_find_oldest(txn);
+				env->me_pgoldest = oldest;
+				found_old = 1;
+			}
+			if (oldest <= last)
+				break;
+		}
+		rc = mdb_cursor_get(&m2, &key, NULL, op);
+		if (rc) {
+			if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND)
+				break;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		last = *(txnid_t*)key.mv_data;
+		if (oldest <= last) {
+			if (!found_old) {
+				oldest = mdb_find_oldest(txn);
+				env->me_pgoldest = oldest;
+				found_old = 1;
+			}
+			if (oldest <= last)
+				break;
+		}
+		np = m2.mc_pg[m2.mc_top];
+		leaf = NODEPTR(np, m2.mc_ki[m2.mc_top]);
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(&m2, leaf, &data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			goto fail;
+
+		idl = (MDB_ID *) data.mv_data;
+		i = idl[0];
+		if (!mop) {
+			if (!(env->me_pghead = mop = mdb_midl_alloc(i))) {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+				goto fail;
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, i)) != 0)
+				goto fail;
+			mop = env->me_pghead;
+		}
+		env->me_pglast = last;
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 1
+		DPRINTF(("IDL read txn %"Z"u root %"Z"u num %u",
+			last, txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root, i));
+		for (j = i; j; j--)
+			DPRINTF(("IDL %"Z"u", idl[j]));
+#endif
+		/* Merge in descending sorted order */
+		mdb_midl_xmerge(mop, idl);
+		mop_len = mop[0];
+	}
+
+	/* Use new pages from the map when nothing suitable in the freeDB */
+	i = 0;
+	pgno = txn->mt_next_pgno;
+	if (pgno + num >= env->me_maxpg) {
+			DPUTS("DB size maxed out");
+			rc = MDB_MAP_FULL;
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+search_done:
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		np = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+	} else {
+		if (!(np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, num))) {
+			rc = ENOMEM;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+	if (i) {
+		mop[0] = mop_len -= num;
+		/* Move any stragglers down */
+		for (j = i-num; j < mop_len; )
+			mop[++j] = mop[++i];
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_next_pgno = pgno + num;
+	}
+	np->mp_pgno = pgno;
+	mdb_page_dirty(txn, np);
+	*mp = np;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail:
+	txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Copy the used portions of a non-overflow page.
+ * @param[in] dst page to copy into
+ * @param[in] src page to copy from
+ * @param[in] psize size of a page
+ */
+static void
+mdb_page_copy(MDB_page *dst, MDB_page *src, unsigned int psize)
+{
+	enum { Align = sizeof(pgno_t) };
+	indx_t upper = src->mp_upper, lower = src->mp_lower, unused = upper-lower;
+
+	/* If page isn't full, just copy the used portion. Adjust
+	 * alignment so memcpy may copy words instead of bytes.
+	 */
+	if ((unused &= -Align) && !IS_LEAF2(src)) {
+		upper = (upper + PAGEBASE) & -Align;
+		memcpy(dst, src, (lower + PAGEBASE + (Align-1)) & -Align);
+		memcpy((pgno_t *)((char *)dst+upper), (pgno_t *)((char *)src+upper),
+			psize - upper);
+	} else {
+		memcpy(dst, src, psize - unused);
+	}
+}
+
+/** Pull a page off the txn's spill list, if present.
+ * If a page being referenced was spilled to disk in this txn, bring
+ * it back and make it dirty/writable again.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle.
+ * @param[in] mp the page being referenced. It must not be dirty.
+ * @param[out] ret the writable page, if any. ret is unchanged if
+ * mp wasn't spilled.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_unspill(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_page *mp, MDB_page **ret)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	const MDB_txn *tx2;
+	unsigned x;
+	pgno_t pgno = mp->mp_pgno, pn = pgno << 1;
+
+	for (tx2 = txn; tx2; tx2=tx2->mt_parent) {
+		if (!tx2->mt_spill_pgs)
+			continue;
+		x = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+		if (x <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[x] == pn) {
+			MDB_page *np;
+			int num;
+			if (txn->mt_dirty_room == 0)
+				return MDB_TXN_FULL;
+			if (IS_OVERFLOW(mp))
+				num = mp->mp_pages;
+			else
+				num = 1;
+			if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+				np = mp;
+			} else {
+				np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, num);
+				if (!np)
+					return ENOMEM;
+				if (num > 1)
+					memcpy(np, mp, num * env->me_psize);
+				else
+					mdb_page_copy(np, mp, env->me_psize);
+			}
+			if (tx2 == txn) {
+				/* If in current txn, this page is no longer spilled.
+				 * If it happens to be the last page, truncate the spill list.
+				 * Otherwise mark it as deleted by setting the LSB.
+				 */
+				if (x == txn->mt_spill_pgs[0])
+					txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]--;
+				else
+					txn->mt_spill_pgs[x] |= 1;
+			}	/* otherwise, if belonging to a parent txn, the
+				 * page remains spilled until child commits
+				 */
+
+			mdb_page_dirty(txn, np);
+			np->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+			*ret = np;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Touch a page: make it dirty and re-insert into tree with updated pgno.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc cursor pointing to the page to be touched
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_touch(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], *np;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+	pgno_t	pgno;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(mp->mp_flags, P_DIRTY)) {
+		if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_SPILLS) {
+			np = NULL;
+			rc = mdb_page_unspill(txn, mp, &np);
+			if (rc)
+				goto fail;
+			if (np)
+				goto done;
+		}
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, 1)) ||
+			(rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, 1, &np)))
+			goto fail;
+		pgno = np->mp_pgno;
+		DPRINTF(("touched db %d page %"Z"u -> %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+			mp->mp_pgno, pgno));
+		mdb_cassert(mc, mp->mp_pgno != pgno);
+		mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+		/* Update the parent page, if any, to point to the new page */
+		if (mc->mc_top) {
+			MDB_page *parent = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top-1];
+			MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(parent, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top-1]);
+			SETPGNO(node, pgno);
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = pgno;
+		}
+	} else if (txn->mt_parent && !IS_SUBP(mp)) {
+		MDB_ID2 mid, *dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		pgno = mp->mp_pgno;
+		/* If txn has a parent, make sure the page is in our
+		 * dirty list.
+		 */
+		if (dl[0].mid) {
+			unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+			if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+				if (mp != dl[x].mptr) { /* bad cursor? */
+					mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+					txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+					return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+				}
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+		mdb_cassert(mc, dl[0].mid < MDB_IDL_UM_MAX);
+		/* No - copy it */
+		np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, 1);
+		if (!np)
+			return ENOMEM;
+		mid.mid = pgno;
+		mid.mptr = np;
+		rc = mdb_mid2l_insert(dl, &mid);
+		mdb_cassert(mc, rc == 0);
+	} else {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	mdb_page_copy(np, mp, txn->mt_env->me_psize);
+	np->mp_pgno = pgno;
+	np->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+
+done:
+	/* Adjust cursors pointing to mp */
+	mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+	m2 = txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi];
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) {
+		for (; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			if (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp)
+				m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m2 == mc) continue;
+			if (m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+				if (IS_LEAF(np))
+					XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, mc->mc_top, np);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+
+fail:
+	txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_env_sync(MDB_env *env, int force)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY)
+		return EACCES;
+	if (force || !F_ISSET(env->me_flags, MDB_NOSYNC)) {
+		if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+			int flags = ((env->me_flags & MDB_MAPASYNC) && !force)
+				? MS_ASYNC : MS_SYNC;
+			if (MDB_MSYNC(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, flags))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#ifdef _WIN32
+			else if (flags == MS_SYNC && MDB_FDATASYNC(env->me_fd))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#endif
+		} else {
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+			if (env->me_flags & MDB_FSYNCONLY) {
+				if (fsync(env->me_fd))
+					rc = ErrCode();
+			} else
+#endif
+			if (MDB_FDATASYNC(env->me_fd))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+		}
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Back up parent txn's cursors, then grab the originals for tracking */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_shadow(MDB_txn *src, MDB_txn *dst)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *mc, *bk;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	size_t size;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = src->mt_numdbs; --i >= 0; ) {
+		if ((mc = src->mt_cursors[i]) != NULL) {
+			size = sizeof(MDB_cursor);
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+				size += sizeof(MDB_xcursor);
+			for (; mc; mc = bk->mc_next) {
+				bk = malloc(size);
+				if (!bk)
+					return ENOMEM;
+				*bk = *mc;
+				mc->mc_backup = bk;
+				mc->mc_db = &dst->mt_dbs[i];
+				/* Kill pointers into src to reduce abuse: The
+				 * user may not use mc until dst ends. But we need a valid
+				 * txn pointer here for cursor fixups to keep working.
+				 */
+				mc->mc_txn    = dst;
+				mc->mc_dbflag = &dst->mt_dbflags[i];
+				if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL) {
+					*(MDB_xcursor *)(bk+1) = *mx;
+					mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = dst;
+				}
+				mc->mc_next = dst->mt_cursors[i];
+				dst->mt_cursors[i] = mc;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Close this write txn's cursors, give parent txn's cursors back to parent.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle.
+ * @param[in] merge true to keep changes to parent cursors, false to revert.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_cursors_close(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned merge)
+{
+	MDB_cursor **cursors = txn->mt_cursors, *mc, *next, *bk;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = txn->mt_numdbs; --i >= 0; ) {
+		for (mc = cursors[i]; mc; mc = next) {
+			next = mc->mc_next;
+			if ((bk = mc->mc_backup) != NULL) {
+				if (merge) {
+					/* Commit changes to parent txn */
+					mc->mc_next = bk->mc_next;
+					mc->mc_backup = bk->mc_backup;
+					mc->mc_txn = bk->mc_txn;
+					mc->mc_db = bk->mc_db;
+					mc->mc_dbflag = bk->mc_dbflag;
+					if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL)
+						mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = bk->mc_txn;
+				} else {
+					/* Abort nested txn */
+					*mc = *bk;
+					if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL)
+						*mx = *(MDB_xcursor *)(bk+1);
+				}
+				mc = bk;
+			}
+			/* Only malloced cursors are permanently tracked. */
+			free(mc);
+		}
+		cursors[i] = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+#if !(MDB_PIDLOCK)		/* Currently the same as defined(_WIN32) */
+enum Pidlock_op {
+	Pidset, Pidcheck
+};
+#else
+enum Pidlock_op {
+	Pidset = F_SETLK, Pidcheck = F_GETLK
+};
+#endif
+
+/** Set or check a pid lock. Set returns 0 on success.
+ * Check returns 0 if the process is certainly dead, nonzero if it may
+ * be alive (the lock exists or an error happened so we do not know).
+ *
+ * On Windows Pidset is a no-op, we merely check for the existence
+ * of the process with the given pid. On POSIX we use a single byte
+ * lock on the lockfile, set at an offset equal to the pid.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_reader_pid(MDB_env *env, enum Pidlock_op op, MDB_PID_T pid)
+{
+#if !(MDB_PIDLOCK)		/* Currently the same as defined(_WIN32) */
+	int ret = 0;
+	HANDLE h;
+	if (op == Pidcheck) {
+		h = OpenProcess(env->me_pidquery, FALSE, pid);
+		/* No documented "no such process" code, but other program use this: */
+		if (!h)
+			return ErrCode() != ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+		/* A process exists until all handles to it close. Has it exited? */
+		ret = WaitForSingleObject(h, 0) != 0;
+		CloseHandle(h);
+	}
+	return ret;
+#else
+	for (;;) {
+		int rc;
+		struct flock lock_info;
+		memset(&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+		lock_info.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+		lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+		lock_info.l_start = pid;
+		lock_info.l_len = 1;
+		if ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, op, &lock_info)) == 0) {
+			if (op == F_GETLK && lock_info.l_type != F_UNLCK)
+				rc = -1;
+		} else if ((rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		return rc;
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Common code for #mdb_txn_begin() and #mdb_txn_renew().
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle to initialize
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_txn_renew0(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_txninfo *ti = env->me_txns;
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+	unsigned int i, nr, flags = txn->mt_flags;
+	uint16_t x;
+	int rc, new_notls = 0;
+
+	if ((flags &= MDB_TXN_RDONLY) != 0) {
+		if (!ti) {
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			txn->mt_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+			txn->mt_u.reader = NULL;
+		} else {
+			MDB_reader *r = (env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS) ? txn->mt_u.reader :
+				pthread_getspecific(env->me_txkey);
+			if (r) {
+				if (r->mr_pid != env->me_pid || r->mr_txnid != (txnid_t)-1)
+					return MDB_BAD_RSLOT;
+			} else {
+				MDB_PID_T pid = env->me_pid;
+				MDB_THR_T tid = pthread_self();
+				mdb_mutexref_t rmutex = env->me_rmutex;
+
+				if (!env->me_live_reader) {
+					rc = mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidset, pid);
+					if (rc)
+						return rc;
+					env->me_live_reader = 1;
+				}
+
+				if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, rmutex))
+					return rc;
+				nr = ti->mti_numreaders;
+				for (i=0; i<nr; i++)
+					if (ti->mti_readers[i].mr_pid == 0)
+						break;
+				if (i == env->me_maxreaders) {
+					UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+					return MDB_READERS_FULL;
+				}
+				r = &ti->mti_readers[i];
+				/* Claim the reader slot, carefully since other code
+				 * uses the reader table un-mutexed: First reset the
+				 * slot, next publish it in mti_numreaders.  After
+				 * that, it is safe for mdb_env_close() to touch it.
+				 * When it will be closed, we can finally claim it.
+				 */
+				r->mr_pid = 0;
+				r->mr_txnid = (txnid_t)-1;
+				r->mr_tid = tid;
+				if (i == nr)
+					ti->mti_numreaders = ++nr;
+				env->me_close_readers = nr;
+				r->mr_pid = pid;
+				UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+
+				new_notls = (env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS);
+				if (!new_notls && (rc=pthread_setspecific(env->me_txkey, r))) {
+					r->mr_pid = 0;
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+			do /* LY: Retry on a race, ITS#7970. */
+				r->mr_txnid = ti->mti_txnid;
+			while(r->mr_txnid != ti->mti_txnid);
+			txn->mt_txnid = r->mr_txnid;
+			txn->mt_u.reader = r;
+			meta = env->me_metas[txn->mt_txnid & 1];
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		/* Not yet touching txn == env->me_txn0, it may be active */
+		if (ti) {
+			if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, env->me_wmutex))
+				return rc;
+			txn->mt_txnid = ti->mti_txnid;
+			meta = env->me_metas[txn->mt_txnid & 1];
+		} else {
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			txn->mt_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+		}
+		txn->mt_txnid++;
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+		if (txn->mt_txnid == mdb_debug_start)
+			mdb_debug = 1;
+#endif
+		txn->mt_child = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+		txn->mt_dirty_room = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list = env->me_dirty_list;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid = 0;
+		txn->mt_free_pgs = env->me_free_pgs;
+		txn->mt_free_pgs[0] = 0;
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = NULL;
+		env->me_txn = txn;
+		memcpy(txn->mt_dbiseqs, env->me_dbiseqs, env->me_maxdbs * sizeof(unsigned int));
+	}
+
+	/* Copy the DB info and flags */
+	memcpy(txn->mt_dbs, meta->mm_dbs, CORE_DBS * sizeof(MDB_db));
+
+	/* Moved to here to avoid a data race in read TXNs */
+	txn->mt_next_pgno = meta->mm_last_pg+1;
+
+	txn->mt_flags = flags;
+
+	/* Setup db info */
+	txn->mt_numdbs = env->me_numdbs;
+	for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		x = env->me_dbflags[i];
+		txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags = x & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+		txn->mt_dbflags[i] = (x & MDB_VALID) ? DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_STALE : 0;
+	}
+	txn->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI] = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID;
+	txn->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI] = DB_VALID;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_FATAL_ERROR) {
+		DPUTS("environment had fatal error, must shutdown!");
+		rc = MDB_PANIC;
+	} else if (env->me_maxpg < txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		rc = MDB_MAP_RESIZED;
+	} else {
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, new_notls /*0 or MDB_END_SLOT*/ | MDB_END_FAIL_BEGIN);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_renew(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!txn || !F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_FINISHED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		DPRINTF(("renew txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+			txn->mt_txnid, (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+			(void *)txn, (void *)txn->mt_env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_begin(MDB_env *env, MDB_txn *parent, unsigned int flags, MDB_txn **ret)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn;
+	MDB_ntxn *ntxn;
+	int rc, size, tsize;
+
+	flags &= MDB_TXN_BEGIN_FLAGS;
+	flags |= env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY & ~flags) /* write txn in RDONLY env */
+		return EACCES;
+
+	if (parent) {
+		/* Nested transactions: Max 1 child, write txns only, no writemap */
+		flags |= parent->mt_flags;
+		if (flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_WRITEMAP|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)) {
+			return (parent->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EINVAL : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+		}
+		/* Child txns save MDB_pgstate and use own copy of cursors */
+		size = env->me_maxdbs * (sizeof(MDB_db)+sizeof(MDB_cursor *)+1);
+		size += tsize = sizeof(MDB_ntxn);
+	} else if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		size = env->me_maxdbs * (sizeof(MDB_db)+1);
+		size += tsize = sizeof(MDB_txn);
+	} else {
+		/* Reuse preallocated write txn. However, do not touch it until
+		 * mdb_txn_renew0() succeeds, since it currently may be active.
+		 */
+		txn = env->me_txn0;
+		goto renew;
+	}
+	if ((txn = calloc(1, size)) == NULL) {
+		DPRINTF(("calloc: %s", strerror(errno)));
+		return ENOMEM;
+	}
+	txn->mt_dbxs = env->me_dbxs;	/* static */
+	txn->mt_dbs = (MDB_db *) ((char *)txn + tsize);
+	txn->mt_dbflags = (unsigned char *)txn + size - env->me_maxdbs;
+	txn->mt_flags = flags;
+	txn->mt_env = env;
+
+	if (parent) {
+		unsigned int i;
+		txn->mt_cursors = (MDB_cursor **)(txn->mt_dbs + env->me_maxdbs);
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs = parent->mt_dbiseqs;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list = malloc(sizeof(MDB_ID2)*MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE);
+		if (!txn->mt_u.dirty_list ||
+			!(txn->mt_free_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX)))
+		{
+			free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+			free(txn);
+			return ENOMEM;
+		}
+		txn->mt_txnid = parent->mt_txnid;
+		txn->mt_dirty_room = parent->mt_dirty_room;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid = 0;
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_next_pgno = parent->mt_next_pgno;
+		parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD;
+		parent->mt_child = txn;
+		txn->mt_parent = parent;
+		txn->mt_numdbs = parent->mt_numdbs;
+		memcpy(txn->mt_dbs, parent->mt_dbs, txn->mt_numdbs * sizeof(MDB_db));
+		/* Copy parent's mt_dbflags, but clear DB_NEW */
+		for (i=0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++)
+			txn->mt_dbflags[i] = parent->mt_dbflags[i] & ~DB_NEW;
+		rc = 0;
+		ntxn = (MDB_ntxn *)txn;
+		ntxn->mnt_pgstate = env->me_pgstate; /* save parent me_pghead & co */
+		if (env->me_pghead) {
+			size = MDB_IDL_SIZEOF(env->me_pghead);
+			env->me_pghead = mdb_midl_alloc(env->me_pghead[0]);
+			if (env->me_pghead)
+				memcpy(env->me_pghead, ntxn->mnt_pgstate.mf_pghead, size);
+			else
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+		}
+		if (!rc)
+			rc = mdb_cursor_shadow(parent, txn);
+		if (rc)
+			mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGINCHILD);
+	} else { /* MDB_RDONLY */
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs = env->me_dbiseqs;
+renew:
+		rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+	}
+	if (rc) {
+		if (txn != env->me_txn0)
+			free(txn);
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_flags |= flags;	/* could not change txn=me_txn0 earlier */
+		*ret = txn;
+		DPRINTF(("begin txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+			txn->mt_txnid, (flags & MDB_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+			(void *) txn, (void *) env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+MDB_env *
+mdb_txn_env(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if(!txn) return NULL;
+	return txn->mt_env;
+}
+
+size_t
+mdb_txn_id(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+    if(!txn) return 0;
+    return txn->mt_txnid;
+}
+
+/** Export or close DBI handles opened in this txn. */
+static void
+mdb_dbis_update(MDB_txn *txn, int keep)
+{
+	int i;
+	MDB_dbi n = txn->mt_numdbs;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	unsigned char *tdbflags = txn->mt_dbflags;
+
+	for (i = n; --i >= CORE_DBS;) {
+		if (tdbflags[i] & DB_NEW) {
+			if (keep) {
+				env->me_dbflags[i] = txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags | MDB_VALID;
+			} else {
+				char *ptr = env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data;
+				if (ptr) {
+					env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+					env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size = 0;
+					env->me_dbflags[i] = 0;
+					env->me_dbiseqs[i]++;
+					free(ptr);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (keep && env->me_numdbs < n)
+		env->me_numdbs = n;
+}
+
+/** End a transaction, except successful commit of a nested transaction.
+ * May be called twice for readonly txns: First reset it, then abort.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle to end
+ * @param[in] mode why and how to end the transaction
+ */
+static void
+mdb_txn_end(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned mode)
+{
+	MDB_env	*env = txn->mt_env;
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	static const char *const names[] = MDB_END_NAMES;
+#endif
+
+	/* Export or close DBI handles opened in this txn */
+	mdb_dbis_update(txn, mode & MDB_END_UPDATE);
+
+	DPRINTF(("%s txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+		names[mode & MDB_END_OPMASK],
+		txn->mt_txnid, (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+		(void *) txn, (void *)env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY)) {
+		if (txn->mt_u.reader) {
+			txn->mt_u.reader->mr_txnid = (txnid_t)-1;
+			if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS)) {
+				txn->mt_u.reader = NULL; /* txn does not own reader */
+			} else if (mode & MDB_END_SLOT) {
+				txn->mt_u.reader->mr_pid = 0;
+				txn->mt_u.reader = NULL;
+			} /* else txn owns the slot until it does MDB_END_SLOT */
+		}
+		txn->mt_numdbs = 0;		/* prevent further DBI activity */
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+
+	} else if (!F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_FINISHED)) {
+		pgno_t *pghead = env->me_pghead;
+
+		if (!(mode & MDB_END_UPDATE)) /* !(already closed cursors) */
+			mdb_cursors_close(txn, 0);
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP)) {
+			mdb_dlist_free(txn);
+		}
+
+		txn->mt_numdbs = 0;
+		txn->mt_flags = MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+
+		if (!txn->mt_parent) {
+			mdb_midl_shrink(&txn->mt_free_pgs);
+			env->me_free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			/* me_pgstate: */
+			env->me_pghead = NULL;
+			env->me_pglast = 0;
+
+			env->me_txn = NULL;
+			mode = 0;	/* txn == env->me_txn0, do not free() it */
+
+			/* The writer mutex was locked in mdb_txn_begin. */
+			if (env->me_txns)
+				UNLOCK_MUTEX(env->me_wmutex);
+		} else {
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_child = NULL;
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_flags &= ~MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD;
+			env->me_pgstate = ((MDB_ntxn *)txn)->mnt_pgstate;
+			mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_free_pgs);
+			mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+			free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+		}
+
+		mdb_midl_free(pghead);
+	}
+
+	if (mode & MDB_END_FREE)
+		free(txn);
+}
+
+void
+mdb_txn_reset(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This call is only valid for read-only txns */
+	if (!(txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return;
+
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_RESET);
+}
+
+void
+mdb_txn_abort(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (txn->mt_child)
+		mdb_txn_abort(txn->mt_child);
+
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_ABORT|MDB_END_SLOT|MDB_END_FREE);
+}
+
+/** Save the freelist as of this transaction to the freeDB.
+ * This changes the freelist. Keep trying until it stabilizes.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_freelist_save(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	/* env->me_pghead[] can grow and shrink during this call.
+	 * env->me_pglast and txn->mt_free_pgs[] can only grow.
+	 * Page numbers cannot disappear from txn->mt_free_pgs[].
+	 */
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_env	*env = txn->mt_env;
+	int rc, maxfree_1pg = env->me_maxfree_1pg, more = 1;
+	txnid_t	pglast = 0, head_id = 0;
+	pgno_t	freecnt = 0, *free_pgs, *mop;
+	ssize_t	head_room = 0, total_room = 0, mop_len, clean_limit;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+
+	if (env->me_pghead) {
+		/* Make sure first page of freeDB is touched and on freelist */
+		rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST|MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+		if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (!env->me_pghead && txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		/* Put loose page numbers in mt_free_pgs, since
+		 * we may be unable to return them to me_pghead.
+		 */
+		MDB_page *mp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, txn->mt_loose_count)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+		for (; mp; mp = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp))
+			mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* MDB_RESERVE cancels meminit in ovpage malloc (when no WRITEMAP) */
+	clean_limit = (env->me_flags & (MDB_NOMEMINIT|MDB_WRITEMAP))
+		? SSIZE_MAX : maxfree_1pg;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		/* Come back here after each Put() in case freelist changed */
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		pgno_t *pgs;
+		ssize_t j;
+
+		/* If using records from freeDB which we have not yet
+		 * deleted, delete them and any we reserved for me_pghead.
+		 */
+		while (pglast < env->me_pglast) {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc, &key, NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			pglast = head_id = *(txnid_t *)key.mv_data;
+			total_room = head_room = 0;
+			mdb_tassert(txn, pglast <= env->me_pglast);
+			rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc, 0);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+
+		/* Save the IDL of pages freed by this txn, to a single record */
+		if (freecnt < txn->mt_free_pgs[0]) {
+			if (!freecnt) {
+				/* Make sure last page of freeDB is touched and on freelist */
+				rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_LAST|MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+				if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+					return rc;
+			}
+			free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			/* Write to last page of freeDB */
+			key.mv_size = sizeof(txn->mt_txnid);
+			key.mv_data = &txn->mt_txnid;
+			do {
+				freecnt = free_pgs[0];
+				data.mv_size = MDB_IDL_SIZEOF(free_pgs);
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_RESERVE);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				/* Retry if mt_free_pgs[] grew during the Put() */
+				free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			} while (freecnt < free_pgs[0]);
+			mdb_midl_sort(free_pgs);
+			memcpy(data.mv_data, free_pgs, data.mv_size);
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 1
+			{
+				unsigned int i = free_pgs[0];
+				DPRINTF(("IDL write txn %"Z"u root %"Z"u num %u",
+					txn->mt_txnid, txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root, i));
+				for (; i; i--)
+					DPRINTF(("IDL %"Z"u", free_pgs[i]));
+			}
+#endif
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		mop_len = (mop ? mop[0] : 0) + txn->mt_loose_count;
+
+		/* Reserve records for me_pghead[]. Split it if multi-page,
+		 * to avoid searching freeDB for a page range. Use keys in
+		 * range [1,me_pglast]: Smaller than txnid of oldest reader.
+		 */
+		if (total_room >= mop_len) {
+			if (total_room == mop_len || --more < 0)
+				break;
+		} else if (head_room >= maxfree_1pg && head_id > 1) {
+			/* Keep current record (overflow page), add a new one */
+			head_id--;
+			head_room = 0;
+		}
+		/* (Re)write {key = head_id, IDL length = head_room} */
+		total_room -= head_room;
+		head_room = mop_len - total_room;
+		if (head_room > maxfree_1pg && head_id > 1) {
+			/* Overflow multi-page for part of me_pghead */
+			head_room /= head_id; /* amortize page sizes */
+			head_room += maxfree_1pg - head_room % (maxfree_1pg + 1);
+		} else if (head_room < 0) {
+			/* Rare case, not bothering to delete this record */
+			head_room = 0;
+		}
+		key.mv_size = sizeof(head_id);
+		key.mv_data = &head_id;
+		data.mv_size = (head_room + 1) * sizeof(pgno_t);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_RESERVE);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		/* IDL is initially empty, zero out at least the length */
+		pgs = (pgno_t *)data.mv_data;
+		j = head_room > clean_limit ? head_room : 0;
+		do {
+			pgs[j] = 0;
+		} while (--j >= 0);
+		total_room += head_room;
+	}
+
+	/* Return loose page numbers to me_pghead, though usually none are
+	 * left at this point.  The pages themselves remain in dirty_list.
+	 */
+	if (txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		MDB_page *mp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		unsigned count = txn->mt_loose_count;
+		MDB_IDL loose;
+		/* Room for loose pages + temp IDL with same */
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, 2*count+1)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		loose = mop + MDB_IDL_ALLOCLEN(mop) - count;
+		for (count = 0; mp; mp = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp))
+			loose[ ++count ] = mp->mp_pgno;
+		loose[0] = count;
+		mdb_midl_sort(loose);
+		mdb_midl_xmerge(mop, loose);
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+		mop_len = mop[0];
+	}
+
+	/* Fill in the reserved me_pghead records */
+	rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	if (mop_len) {
+		MDB_val key, data;
+
+		mop += mop_len;
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc, &key, &data);
+		for (; !rc; rc = mdb_cursor_next(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) {
+			txnid_t id = *(txnid_t *)key.mv_data;
+			ssize_t	len = (ssize_t)(data.mv_size / sizeof(MDB_ID)) - 1;
+			MDB_ID save;
+
+			mdb_tassert(txn, len >= 0 && id <= env->me_pglast);
+			key.mv_data = &id;
+			if (len > mop_len) {
+				len = mop_len;
+				data.mv_size = (len + 1) * sizeof(MDB_ID);
+			}
+			data.mv_data = mop -= len;
+			save = mop[0];
+			mop[0] = len;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_CURRENT);
+			mop[0] = save;
+			if (rc || !(mop_len -= len))
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Flush (some) dirty pages to the map, after clearing their dirty flag.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction that's being committed
+ * @param[in] keep number of initial pages in dirty_list to keep dirty.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_flush(MDB_txn *txn, int keep)
+{
+	MDB_env		*env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_ID2L	dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned	psize = env->me_psize, j;
+	int			i, pagecount = dl[0].mid, rc;
+	size_t		size = 0, pos = 0;
+	pgno_t		pgno = 0;
+	MDB_page	*dp = NULL;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	OVERLAPPED	ov;
+#else
+	struct iovec iov[MDB_COMMIT_PAGES];
+	ssize_t		wpos = 0, wsize = 0, wres;
+	size_t		next_pos = 1; /* impossible pos, so pos != next_pos */
+	int			n = 0;
+#endif
+
+	j = i = keep;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		/* Clear dirty flags */
+		while (++i <= pagecount) {
+			dp = dl[i].mptr;
+			/* Don't flush this page yet */
+			if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP)) {
+				dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
+				dl[++j] = dl[i];
+				continue;
+			}
+			dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
+		}
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	/* Write the pages */
+	for (;;) {
+		if (++i <= pagecount) {
+			dp = dl[i].mptr;
+			/* Don't flush this page yet */
+			if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP)) {
+				dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
+				dl[i].mid = 0;
+				continue;
+			}
+			pgno = dl[i].mid;
+			/* clear dirty flag */
+			dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
+			pos = pgno * psize;
+			size = psize;
+			if (IS_OVERFLOW(dp)) size *= dp->mp_pages;
+		}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		else break;
+
+		/* Windows actually supports scatter/gather I/O, but only on
+		 * unbuffered file handles. Since we're relying on the OS page
+		 * cache for all our data, that's self-defeating. So we just
+		 * write pages one at a time. We use the ov structure to set
+		 * the write offset, to at least save the overhead of a Seek
+		 * system call.
+		 */
+		DPRINTF(("committing page %"Z"u", pgno));
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = pos & 0xffffffff;
+		ov.OffsetHigh = pos >> 16 >> 16;
+		if (!WriteFile(env->me_fd, dp, size, NULL, &ov)) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			DPRINTF(("WriteFile: %d", rc));
+			return rc;
+		}
+#else
+		/* Write up to MDB_COMMIT_PAGES dirty pages at a time. */
+		if (pos!=next_pos || n==MDB_COMMIT_PAGES || wsize+size>MAX_WRITE) {
+			if (n) {
+retry_write:
+				/* Write previous page(s) */
+#ifdef MDB_USE_PWRITEV
+				wres = pwritev(env->me_fd, iov, n, wpos);
+#else
+				if (n == 1) {
+					wres = pwrite(env->me_fd, iov[0].iov_base, wsize, wpos);
+				} else {
+retry_seek:
+					if (lseek(env->me_fd, wpos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+						rc = ErrCode();
+						if (rc == EINTR)
+							goto retry_seek;
+						DPRINTF(("lseek: %s", strerror(rc)));
+						return rc;
+					}
+					wres = writev(env->me_fd, iov, n);
+				}
+#endif
+				if (wres != wsize) {
+					if (wres < 0) {
+						rc = ErrCode();
+						if (rc == EINTR)
+							goto retry_write;
+						DPRINTF(("Write error: %s", strerror(rc)));
+					} else {
+						rc = EIO; /* TODO: Use which error code? */
+						DPUTS("short write, filesystem full?");
+					}
+					return rc;
+				}
+				n = 0;
+			}
+			if (i > pagecount)
+				break;
+			wpos = pos;
+			wsize = 0;
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("committing page %"Z"u", pgno));
+		next_pos = pos + size;
+		iov[n].iov_len = size;
+		iov[n].iov_base = (char *)dp;
+		wsize += size;
+		n++;
+#endif	/* _WIN32 */
+	}
+
+	/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, this is a no-op everywhere else
+	 * Note: for any size >= on-chip cache size, entire on-chip cache is
+	 * flushed.
+	 */
+	CACHEFLUSH(env->me_map, txn->mt_next_pgno * env->me_psize, DCACHE);
+
+	for (i = keep; ++i <= pagecount; ) {
+		dp = dl[i].mptr;
+		/* This is a page we skipped above */
+		if (!dl[i].mid) {
+			dl[++j] = dl[i];
+			dl[j].mid = dp->mp_pgno;
+			continue;
+		}
+		mdb_dpage_free(env, dp);
+	}
+
+done:
+	i--;
+	txn->mt_dirty_room += i - j;
+	dl[0].mid = j;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_commit(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int		rc;
+	unsigned int i, end_mode;
+	MDB_env	*env;
+
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	/* mdb_txn_end() mode for a commit which writes nothing */
+	end_mode = MDB_END_EMPTY_COMMIT|MDB_END_UPDATE|MDB_END_SLOT|MDB_END_FREE;
+
+	if (txn->mt_child) {
+		rc = mdb_txn_commit(txn->mt_child);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	env = txn->mt_env;
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY)) {
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_FINISHED|MDB_TXN_ERROR)) {
+		DPUTS("txn has failed/finished, can't commit");
+		if (txn->mt_parent)
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		rc = MDB_BAD_TXN;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_parent) {
+		MDB_txn *parent = txn->mt_parent;
+		MDB_page **lp;
+		MDB_ID2L dst, src;
+		MDB_IDL pspill;
+		unsigned x, y, len, ps_len;
+
+		/* Append our free list to parent's */
+		rc = mdb_midl_append_list(&parent->mt_free_pgs, txn->mt_free_pgs);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+		mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_free_pgs);
+		/* Failures after this must either undo the changes
+		 * to the parent or set MDB_TXN_ERROR in the parent.
+		 */
+
+		parent->mt_next_pgno = txn->mt_next_pgno;
+		parent->mt_flags = txn->mt_flags;
+
+		/* Merge our cursors into parent's and close them */
+		mdb_cursors_close(txn, 1);
+
+		/* Update parent's DB table. */
+		memcpy(parent->mt_dbs, txn->mt_dbs, txn->mt_numdbs * sizeof(MDB_db));
+		parent->mt_numdbs = txn->mt_numdbs;
+		parent->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI];
+		parent->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI];
+		for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			/* preserve parent's DB_NEW status */
+			x = parent->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_NEW;
+			parent->mt_dbflags[i] = txn->mt_dbflags[i] | x;
+		}
+
+		dst = parent->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		src = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		/* Remove anything in our dirty list from parent's spill list */
+		if ((pspill = parent->mt_spill_pgs) && (ps_len = pspill[0])) {
+			x = y = ps_len;
+			pspill[0] = (pgno_t)-1;
+			/* Mark our dirty pages as deleted in parent spill list */
+			for (i=0, len=src[0].mid; ++i <= len; ) {
+				MDB_ID pn = src[i].mid << 1;
+				while (pn > pspill[x])
+					x--;
+				if (pn == pspill[x]) {
+					pspill[x] = 1;
+					y = --x;
+				}
+			}
+			/* Squash deleted pagenums if we deleted any */
+			for (x=y; ++x <= ps_len; )
+				if (!(pspill[x] & 1))
+					pspill[++y] = pspill[x];
+			pspill[0] = y;
+		}
+
+		/* Remove anything in our spill list from parent's dirty list */
+		if (txn->mt_spill_pgs && txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]) {
+			for (i=1; i<=txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]; i++) {
+				MDB_ID pn = txn->mt_spill_pgs[i];
+				if (pn & 1)
+					continue;	/* deleted spillpg */
+				pn >>= 1;
+				y = mdb_mid2l_search(dst, pn);
+				if (y <= dst[0].mid && dst[y].mid == pn) {
+					free(dst[y].mptr);
+					while (y < dst[0].mid) {
+						dst[y] = dst[y+1];
+						y++;
+					}
+					dst[0].mid--;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Find len = length of merging our dirty list with parent's */
+		x = dst[0].mid;
+		dst[0].mid = 0;		/* simplify loops */
+		if (parent->mt_parent) {
+			len = x + src[0].mid;
+			y = mdb_mid2l_search(src, dst[x].mid + 1) - 1;
+			for (i = x; y && i; y--) {
+				pgno_t yp = src[y].mid;
+				while (yp < dst[i].mid)
+					i--;
+				if (yp == dst[i].mid) {
+					i--;
+					len--;
+				}
+			}
+		} else { /* Simplify the above for single-ancestor case */
+			len = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX - txn->mt_dirty_room;
+		}
+		/* Merge our dirty list with parent's */
+		y = src[0].mid;
+		for (i = len; y; dst[i--] = src[y--]) {
+			pgno_t yp = src[y].mid;
+			while (yp < dst[x].mid)
+				dst[i--] = dst[x--];
+			if (yp == dst[x].mid)
+				free(dst[x--].mptr);
+		}
+		mdb_tassert(txn, i == x);
+		dst[0].mid = len;
+		free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+		parent->mt_dirty_room = txn->mt_dirty_room;
+		if (txn->mt_spill_pgs) {
+			if (parent->mt_spill_pgs) {
+				/* TODO: Prevent failure here, so parent does not fail */
+				rc = mdb_midl_append_list(&parent->mt_spill_pgs, txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+				if (rc)
+					parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+				mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+				mdb_midl_sort(parent->mt_spill_pgs);
+			} else {
+				parent->mt_spill_pgs = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Append our loose page list to parent's */
+		for (lp = &parent->mt_loose_pgs; *lp; lp = &NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(*lp))
+			;
+		*lp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		parent->mt_loose_count += txn->mt_loose_count;
+
+		parent->mt_child = NULL;
+		mdb_midl_free(((MDB_ntxn *)txn)->mnt_pgstate.mf_pghead);
+		free(txn);
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (txn != env->me_txn) {
+		DPUTS("attempt to commit unknown transaction");
+		rc = EINVAL;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursors_close(txn, 0);
+
+	if (!txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid &&
+		!(txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_DIRTY|MDB_TXN_SPILLS)))
+		goto done;
+
+	DPRINTF(("committing txn %"Z"u %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+	    txn->mt_txnid, (void*)txn, (void*)env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	/* Update DB root pointers */
+	if (txn->mt_numdbs > CORE_DBS) {
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_dbi i;
+		MDB_val data;
+		data.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+		for (i = CORE_DBS; i < txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			if (txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_DIRTY) {
+				if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, i)) {
+					rc = MDB_BAD_DBI;
+					goto fail;
+				}
+				data.mv_data = &txn->mt_dbs[i];
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name, &data,
+					F_SUBDATA);
+				if (rc)
+					goto fail;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_freelist_save(txn);
+	if (rc)
+		goto fail;
+
+	mdb_midl_free(env->me_pghead);
+	env->me_pghead = NULL;
+	mdb_midl_shrink(&txn->mt_free_pgs);
+
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 2
+	mdb_audit(txn);
+#endif
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_flush(txn, 0)) ||
+		(rc = mdb_env_sync(env, 0)) ||
+		(rc = mdb_env_write_meta(txn)))
+		goto fail;
+	end_mode = MDB_END_COMMITTED|MDB_END_UPDATE;
+
+done:
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, end_mode);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail:
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Read the environment parameters of a DB environment before
+ * mapping it into memory.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @param[out] meta address of where to store the meta information
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_read_header(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	MDB_metabuf	pbuf;
+	MDB_page	*p;
+	MDB_meta	*m;
+	int			i, rc, off;
+	enum { Size = sizeof(pbuf) };
+
+	/* We don't know the page size yet, so use a minimum value.
+	 * Read both meta pages so we can use the latest one.
+	 */
+
+	for (i=off=0; i<NUM_METAS; i++, off += meta->mm_psize) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		DWORD len;
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		rc = ReadFile(env->me_fd, &pbuf, Size, &len, &ov) ? (int)len : -1;
+		if (rc == -1 && ErrCode() == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF)
+			rc = 0;
+#else
+		rc = pread(env->me_fd, &pbuf, Size, off);
+#endif
+		if (rc != Size) {
+			if (rc == 0 && off == 0)
+				return ENOENT;
+			rc = rc < 0 ? (int) ErrCode() : MDB_INVALID;
+			DPRINTF(("read: %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+			return rc;
+		}
+
+		p = (MDB_page *)&pbuf;
+
+		if (!F_ISSET(p->mp_flags, P_META)) {
+			DPRINTF(("page %"Z"u not a meta page", p->mp_pgno));
+			return MDB_INVALID;
+		}
+
+		m = METADATA(p);
+		if (m->mm_magic != MDB_MAGIC) {
+			DPUTS("meta has invalid magic");
+			return MDB_INVALID;
+		}
+
+		if (m->mm_version != MDB_DATA_VERSION) {
+			DPRINTF(("database is version %u, expected version %u",
+				m->mm_version, MDB_DATA_VERSION));
+			return MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH;
+		}
+
+		if (off == 0 || m->mm_txnid > meta->mm_txnid)
+			*meta = *m;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Fill in most of the zeroed #MDB_meta for an empty database environment */
+static void ESECT
+mdb_env_init_meta0(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	meta->mm_magic = MDB_MAGIC;
+	meta->mm_version = MDB_DATA_VERSION;
+	meta->mm_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+	meta->mm_psize = env->me_psize;
+	meta->mm_last_pg = NUM_METAS-1;
+	meta->mm_flags = env->me_flags & 0xffff;
+	meta->mm_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY; /* this is mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_flags */
+	meta->mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root = P_INVALID;
+	meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root = P_INVALID;
+}
+
+/** Write the environment parameters of a freshly created DB environment.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @param[in] meta the #MDB_meta to write
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_init_meta(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	MDB_page *p, *q;
+	int rc;
+	unsigned int	 psize;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len;
+	OVERLAPPED ov;
+	memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+#define DO_PWRITE(rc, fd, ptr, size, len, pos)	do { \
+	ov.Offset = pos;	\
+	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, size, &len, &ov);	} while(0)
+#else
+	int len;
+#define DO_PWRITE(rc, fd, ptr, size, len, pos)	do { \
+	len = pwrite(fd, ptr, size, pos);	\
+	if (len == -1 && ErrCode() == EINTR) continue; \
+	rc = (len >= 0); break; } while(1)
+#endif
+
+	DPUTS("writing new meta page");
+
+	psize = env->me_psize;
+
+	p = calloc(NUM_METAS, psize);
+	if (!p)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	p->mp_pgno = 0;
+	p->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(p) = *meta;
+
+	q = (MDB_page *)((char *)p + psize);
+	q->mp_pgno = 1;
+	q->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(q) = *meta;
+
+	DO_PWRITE(rc, env->me_fd, p, psize * NUM_METAS, len, 0);
+	if (!rc)
+		rc = ErrCode();
+	else if ((unsigned) len == psize * NUM_METAS)
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	else
+		rc = ENOSPC;
+	free(p);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Update the environment info to commit a transaction.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction that's being committed
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_env_write_meta(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env;
+	MDB_meta	meta, metab, *mp;
+	unsigned flags;
+	size_t mapsize;
+	off_t off;
+	int rc, len, toggle;
+	char *ptr;
+	HANDLE mfd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	OVERLAPPED ov;
+#else
+	int r2;
+#endif
+
+	toggle = txn->mt_txnid & 1;
+	DPRINTF(("writing meta page %d for root page %"Z"u",
+		toggle, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	env = txn->mt_env;
+	flags = env->me_flags;
+	mp = env->me_metas[toggle];
+	mapsize = env->me_metas[toggle ^ 1]->mm_mapsize;
+	/* Persist any increases of mapsize config */
+	if (mapsize < env->me_mapsize)
+		mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		mp->mm_mapsize = mapsize;
+		mp->mm_dbs[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI];
+		mp->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+		mp->mm_last_pg = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1;
+#if (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404) && /* TODO: portability */	\
+	!(defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
+		/* LY: issue a memory barrier, if not x86. ITS#7969 */
+		__sync_synchronize();
+#endif
+		mp->mm_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+		if (!(flags & (MDB_NOMETASYNC|MDB_NOSYNC))) {
+			unsigned meta_size = env->me_psize;
+			rc = (env->me_flags & MDB_MAPASYNC) ? MS_ASYNC : MS_SYNC;
+			ptr = (char *)mp - PAGEHDRSZ;
+#ifndef _WIN32	/* POSIX msync() requires ptr = start of OS page */
+			r2 = (ptr - env->me_map) & (env->me_os_psize - 1);
+			ptr -= r2;
+			meta_size += r2;
+#endif
+			if (MDB_MSYNC(ptr, meta_size, rc)) {
+				rc = ErrCode();
+				goto fail;
+			}
+		}
+		goto done;
+	}
+	metab.mm_txnid = mp->mm_txnid;
+	metab.mm_last_pg = mp->mm_last_pg;
+
+	meta.mm_mapsize = mapsize;
+	meta.mm_dbs[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI];
+	meta.mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+	meta.mm_last_pg = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1;
+	meta.mm_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+
+	off = offsetof(MDB_meta, mm_mapsize);
+	ptr = (char *)&meta + off;
+	len = sizeof(MDB_meta) - off;
+	off += (char *)mp - env->me_map;
+
+	/* Write to the SYNC fd unless MDB_NOSYNC/MDB_NOMETASYNC.
+	 * (me_mfd goes to the same file as me_fd, but writing to it
+	 * also syncs to disk.  Avoids a separate fdatasync() call.)
+	 */
+	mfd = (flags & (MDB_NOSYNC|MDB_NOMETASYNC)) ? env->me_fd : env->me_mfd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	{
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		if (!WriteFile(mfd, ptr, len, (DWORD *)&rc, &ov))
+			rc = -1;
+	}
+#else
+retry_write:
+	rc = pwrite(mfd, ptr, len, off);
+#endif
+	if (rc != len) {
+		rc = rc < 0 ? ErrCode() : EIO;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+		if (rc == EINTR)
+			goto retry_write;
+#endif
+		DPUTS("write failed, disk error?");
+		/* On a failure, the pagecache still contains the new data.
+		 * Write some old data back, to prevent it from being used.
+		 * Use the non-SYNC fd; we know it will fail anyway.
+		 */
+		meta.mm_last_pg = metab.mm_last_pg;
+		meta.mm_txnid = metab.mm_txnid;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		WriteFile(env->me_fd, ptr, len, NULL, &ov);
+#else
+		r2 = pwrite(env->me_fd, ptr, len, off);
+		(void)r2;	/* Silence warnings. We don't care about pwrite's return value */
+#endif
+fail:
+		env->me_flags |= MDB_FATAL_ERROR;
+		return rc;
+	}
+	/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, this is a no-op everywhere else */
+	CACHEFLUSH(env->me_map + off, len, DCACHE);
+done:
+	/* Memory ordering issues are irrelevant; since the entire writer
+	 * is wrapped by wmutex, all of these changes will become visible
+	 * after the wmutex is unlocked. Since the DB is multi-version,
+	 * readers will get consistent data regardless of how fresh or
+	 * how stale their view of these values is.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_txns)
+		env->me_txns->mti_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Check both meta pages to see which one is newer.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @return newest #MDB_meta.
+ */
+static MDB_meta *
+mdb_env_pick_meta(const MDB_env *env)
+{
+	MDB_meta *const *metas = env->me_metas;
+	return metas[ metas[0]->mm_txnid < metas[1]->mm_txnid ];
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_create(MDB_env **env)
+{
+	MDB_env *e;
+
+	e = calloc(1, sizeof(MDB_env));
+	if (!e)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	e->me_maxreaders = DEFAULT_READERS;
+	e->me_maxdbs = e->me_numdbs = CORE_DBS;
+	e->me_fd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+	e->me_lfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+	e->me_mfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+	e->me_rmutex = SEM_FAILED;
+	e->me_wmutex = SEM_FAILED;
+#endif
+	e->me_pid = getpid();
+	GET_PAGESIZE(e->me_os_psize);
+	VGMEMP_CREATE(e,0,0);
+	*env = e;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_map(MDB_env *env, void *addr)
+{
+	MDB_page *p;
+	unsigned int flags = env->me_flags;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	int rc;
+	HANDLE mh;
+	LONG sizelo, sizehi;
+	size_t msize;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		/* Don't set explicit map size, use whatever exists */
+		msize = 0;
+		sizelo = 0;
+		sizehi = 0;
+	} else {
+		msize = env->me_mapsize;
+		sizelo = msize & 0xffffffff;
+		sizehi = msize >> 16 >> 16; /* only needed on Win64 */
+
+		/* Windows won't create mappings for zero length files.
+		 * and won't map more than the file size.
+		 * Just set the maxsize right now.
+		 */
+		if (SetFilePointer(env->me_fd, sizelo, &sizehi, 0) != (DWORD)sizelo
+			|| !SetEndOfFile(env->me_fd)
+			|| SetFilePointer(env->me_fd, 0, NULL, 0) != 0)
+			return ErrCode();
+	}
+
+	mh = CreateFileMapping(env->me_fd, NULL, flags & MDB_WRITEMAP ?
+		PAGE_READWRITE : PAGE_READONLY,
+		sizehi, sizelo, NULL);
+	if (!mh)
+		return ErrCode();
+	env->me_map = MapViewOfFileEx(mh, flags & MDB_WRITEMAP ?
+		FILE_MAP_WRITE : FILE_MAP_READ,
+		0, 0, msize, addr);
+	rc = env->me_map ? 0 : ErrCode();
+	CloseHandle(mh);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+#else
+	int prot = PROT_READ;
+	if (flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		prot |= PROT_WRITE;
+		if (ftruncate(env->me_fd, env->me_mapsize) < 0)
+			return ErrCode();
+	}
+	env->me_map = mmap(addr, env->me_mapsize, prot, MAP_SHARED,
+		env->me_fd, 0);
+	if (env->me_map == MAP_FAILED) {
+		env->me_map = NULL;
+		return ErrCode();
+	}
+
+	if (flags & MDB_NORDAHEAD) {
+		/* Turn off readahead. It's harmful when the DB is larger than RAM. */
+#ifdef MADV_RANDOM
+		madvise(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, MADV_RANDOM);
+#else
+#ifdef POSIX_MADV_RANDOM
+		posix_madvise(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, POSIX_MADV_RANDOM);
+#endif /* POSIX_MADV_RANDOM */
+#endif /* MADV_RANDOM */
+	}
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+
+	/* Can happen because the address argument to mmap() is just a
+	 * hint.  mmap() can pick another, e.g. if the range is in use.
+	 * The MAP_FIXED flag would prevent that, but then mmap could
+	 * instead unmap existing pages to make room for the new map.
+	 */
+	if (addr && env->me_map != addr)
+		return EBUSY;	/* TODO: Make a new MDB_* error code? */
+
+	p = (MDB_page *)env->me_map;
+	env->me_metas[0] = METADATA(p);
+	env->me_metas[1] = (MDB_meta *)((char *)env->me_metas[0] + env->me_psize);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_mapsize(MDB_env *env, size_t size)
+{
+	/* If env is already open, caller is responsible for making
+	 * sure there are no active txns.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_map) {
+		int rc;
+		MDB_meta *meta;
+		void *old;
+		if (env->me_txn)
+			return EINVAL;
+		meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+		if (!size)
+			size = meta->mm_mapsize;
+		{
+			/* Silently round up to minimum if the size is too small */
+			size_t minsize = (meta->mm_last_pg + 1) * env->me_psize;
+			if (size < minsize)
+				size = minsize;
+		}
+		munmap(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize);
+		env->me_mapsize = size;
+		old = (env->me_flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP) ? env->me_map : NULL;
+		rc = mdb_env_map(env, old);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	env->me_mapsize = size;
+	if (env->me_psize)
+		env->me_maxpg = env->me_mapsize / env->me_psize;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_maxdbs(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbs)
+{
+	if (env->me_map)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_maxdbs = dbs + CORE_DBS;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int readers)
+{
+	if (env->me_map || readers < 1)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_maxreaders = readers;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *readers)
+{
+	if (!env || !readers)
+		return EINVAL;
+	*readers = env->me_maxreaders;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fsize(HANDLE fd, size_t *size)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	LARGE_INTEGER fsize;
+
+	if (!GetFileSizeEx(fd, &fsize))
+		return ErrCode();
+
+	*size = fsize.QuadPart;
+#else
+	struct stat st;
+
+	if (fstat(fd, &st))
+		return ErrCode();
+
+	*size = st.st_size;
+#endif
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+typedef wchar_t	mdb_nchar_t;
+# define MDB_NAME(str)	L##str
+# define mdb_name_cpy	wcscpy
+#else
+/** Character type for file names: char on Unix, wchar_t on Windows */
+typedef char	mdb_nchar_t;
+# define MDB_NAME(str)	str		/**< #mdb_nchar_t[] string literal */
+# define mdb_name_cpy	strcpy	/**< Copy name (#mdb_nchar_t string) */
+#endif
+
+/** Filename - string of #mdb_nchar_t[] */
+typedef struct MDB_name {
+	int mn_len;					/**< Length  */
+	int mn_alloced;				/**< True if #mn_val was malloced */
+	mdb_nchar_t	*mn_val;		/**< Contents */
+} MDB_name;
+
+/** Filename suffixes [datafile,lockfile][without,with MDB_NOSUBDIR] */
+static const mdb_nchar_t *const mdb_suffixes[2][2] = {
+	{ MDB_NAME("/data.mdb"), MDB_NAME("")      },
+	{ MDB_NAME("/lock.mdb"), MDB_NAME("-lock") }
+};
+
+#define MDB_SUFFLEN 9	/**< Max string length in #mdb_suffixes[] */
+
+/** Set up filename + scratch area for filename suffix, for opening files.
+ * It should be freed with #mdb_fname_destroy().
+ * On Windows, paths are converted from char *UTF-8 to wchar_t *UTF-16.
+ *
+ * @param[in] path Pathname for #mdb_env_open().
+ * @param[in] envflags Whether a subdir and/or lockfile will be used.
+ * @param[out] fname Resulting filename, with room for a suffix if necessary.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fname_init(const char *path, unsigned envflags, MDB_name *fname)
+{
+	int no_suffix = F_ISSET(envflags, MDB_NOSUBDIR|MDB_NOLOCK);
+	fname->mn_alloced = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	return utf8_to_utf16(path, fname, no_suffix ? 0 : MDB_SUFFLEN);
+#else
+	fname->mn_len = strlen(path);
+	if (no_suffix)
+		fname->mn_val = (char *) path;
+	else if ((fname->mn_val = malloc(fname->mn_len + MDB_SUFFLEN+1)) != NULL) {
+		fname->mn_alloced = 1;
+		strcpy(fname->mn_val, path);
+	}
+	else
+		return ENOMEM;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Destroy \b fname from #mdb_fname_init() */
+#define mdb_fname_destroy(fname) \
+	do { if ((fname).mn_alloced) free((fname).mn_val); } while (0)
+
+#ifdef O_CLOEXEC /* POSIX.1-2008: Set FD_CLOEXEC atomically at open() */
+# define MDB_CLOEXEC		O_CLOEXEC
+#else
+# define MDB_CLOEXEC		0
+#endif
+
+/** File type, access mode etc. for #mdb_fopen() */
+enum mdb_fopen_type {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	MDB_O_RDONLY, MDB_O_RDWR, MDB_O_META, MDB_O_COPY, MDB_O_LOCKS
+#else
+	/* A comment in mdb_fopen() explains some O_* flag choices. */
+	MDB_O_RDONLY= O_RDONLY,                            /**< for RDONLY me_fd */
+	MDB_O_RDWR  = O_RDWR  |O_CREAT,                    /**< for me_fd */
+	MDB_O_META  = O_WRONLY|MDB_DSYNC     |MDB_CLOEXEC, /**< for me_mfd */
+	MDB_O_COPY  = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|MDB_CLOEXEC, /**< for #mdb_env_copy() */
+	/** Bitmask for open() flags in enum #mdb_fopen_type.  The other bits
+	 * distinguish otherwise-equal MDB_O_* constants from each other.
+	 */
+	MDB_O_MASK  = MDB_O_RDWR|MDB_CLOEXEC | MDB_O_RDONLY|MDB_O_META|MDB_O_COPY,
+	MDB_O_LOCKS = MDB_O_RDWR|MDB_CLOEXEC | ((MDB_O_MASK+1) & ~MDB_O_MASK) /**< for me_lfd */
+#endif
+};
+
+/** Open an LMDB file.
+ * @param[in] env	The LMDB environment.
+ * @param[in,out] fname	Path from from #mdb_fname_init().  A suffix is
+ * appended if necessary to create the filename, without changing mn_len.
+ * @param[in] which	Determines file type, access mode, etc.
+ * @param[in] mode	The Unix permissions for the file, if we create it.
+ * @param[out] res	Resulting file handle.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fopen(const MDB_env *env, MDB_name *fname,
+	enum mdb_fopen_type which, mdb_mode_t mode,
+	HANDLE *res)
+{
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	HANDLE fd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD acc, share, disp, attrs;
+#else
+	int flags;
+#endif
+
+	if (fname->mn_alloced)		/* modifiable copy */
+		mdb_name_cpy(fname->mn_val + fname->mn_len,
+			mdb_suffixes[which==MDB_O_LOCKS][F_ISSET(env->me_flags, MDB_NOSUBDIR)]);
+
+	/* The directory must already exist.  Usually the file need not.
+	 * MDB_O_META requires the file because we already created it using
+	 * MDB_O_RDWR.  MDB_O_COPY must not overwrite an existing file.
+	 *
+	 * With MDB_O_COPY we do not want the OS to cache the writes, since
+	 * the source data is already in the OS cache.
+	 *
+	 * The lockfile needs FD_CLOEXEC (close file descriptor on exec*())
+	 * to avoid the flock() issues noted under Caveats in lmdb.h.
+	 * Also set it for other filehandles which the user cannot get at
+	 * and close himself, which he may need after fork().  I.e. all but
+	 * me_fd, which programs do use via mdb_env_get_fd().
+	 */
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	acc = GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE;
+	share = FILE_SHARE_READ|FILE_SHARE_WRITE;
+	disp = OPEN_ALWAYS;
+	attrs = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL;
+	switch (which) {
+	case MDB_O_RDONLY:			/* read-only datafile */
+		acc = GENERIC_READ;
+		disp = OPEN_EXISTING;
+		break;
+	case MDB_O_META:			/* for writing metapages */
+		acc = GENERIC_WRITE;
+		disp = OPEN_EXISTING;
+		attrs = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH;
+		break;
+	case MDB_O_COPY:			/* mdb_env_copy() & co */
+		acc = GENERIC_WRITE;
+		share = 0;
+		disp = CREATE_NEW;
+		attrs = FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING|FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH;
+		break;
+	default: break;	/* silence gcc -Wswitch (not all enum values handled) */
+	}
+	fd = CreateFileW(fname->mn_val, acc, share, NULL, disp, attrs, NULL);
+#else
+	fd = open(fname->mn_val, which & MDB_O_MASK, mode);
+#endif
+
+	if (fd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		rc = ErrCode();
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	else {
+		if (which != MDB_O_RDONLY && which != MDB_O_RDWR) {
+			/* Set CLOEXEC if we could not pass it to open() */
+			if (!MDB_CLOEXEC && (flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD)) != -1)
+				(void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC);
+		}
+		if (which == MDB_O_COPY && env->me_psize >= env->me_os_psize) {
+			/* This may require buffer alignment.  There is no portable
+			 * way to ask how much, so we require OS pagesize alignment.
+			 */
+# ifdef F_NOCACHE	/* __APPLE__ */
+			(void) fcntl(fd, F_NOCACHE, 1);
+# elif defined O_DIRECT
+			/* open(...O_DIRECT...) would break on filesystems without
+			 * O_DIRECT support (ITS#7682). Try to set it here instead.
+			 */
+			if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)) != -1)
+				(void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_DIRECT);
+# endif
+		}
+	}
+#endif	/* !_WIN32 */
+
+	*res = fd;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#endif
+
+/** Further setup required for opening an LMDB environment
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_open2(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	unsigned int flags = env->me_flags;
+	int i, newenv = 0, rc;
+	MDB_meta meta;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/* See if we should use QueryLimited */
+	rc = GetVersion();
+	if ((rc & 0xff) > 5)
+		env->me_pidquery = MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION;
+	else
+		env->me_pidquery = PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION;
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+	/* ext3/ext4 fdatasync is broken on some older Linux kernels.
+	 * https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/3/83
+	 * Kernels after 3.6-rc6 are known good.
+	 * https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/10/556
+	 * See if the DB is on ext3/ext4, then check for new enough kernel
+	 * Kernels 2.6.32.60, 2.6.34.15, 3.2.30, and 3.5.4 are also known
+	 * to be patched.
+	 */
+	{
+		struct statfs st;
+		fstatfs(env->me_fd, &st);
+		while (st.f_type == 0xEF53) {
+			struct utsname uts;
+			int i;
+			uname(&uts);
+			if (uts.release[0] < '3') {
+				if (!strncmp(uts.release, "2.6.32.", 7)) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+7);
+					if (i >= 60)
+						break;	/* 2.6.32.60 and newer is OK */
+				} else if (!strncmp(uts.release, "2.6.34.", 7)) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+7);
+					if (i >= 15)
+						break;	/* 2.6.34.15 and newer is OK */
+				}
+			} else if (uts.release[0] == '3') {
+				i = atoi(uts.release+2);
+				if (i > 5)
+					break;	/* 3.6 and newer is OK */
+				if (i == 5) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+4);
+					if (i >= 4)
+						break;	/* 3.5.4 and newer is OK */
+				} else if (i == 2) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+4);
+					if (i >= 30)
+						break;	/* 3.2.30 and newer is OK */
+				}
+			} else {	/* 4.x and newer is OK */
+				break;
+			}
+			env->me_flags |= MDB_FSYNCONLY;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if ((i = mdb_env_read_header(env, &meta)) != 0) {
+		if (i != ENOENT)
+			return i;
+		DPUTS("new mdbenv");
+		newenv = 1;
+		env->me_psize = env->me_os_psize;
+		if (env->me_psize > MAX_PAGESIZE)
+			env->me_psize = MAX_PAGESIZE;
+		memset(&meta, 0, sizeof(meta));
+		mdb_env_init_meta0(env, &meta);
+		meta.mm_mapsize = DEFAULT_MAPSIZE;
+	} else {
+		env->me_psize = meta.mm_psize;
+	}
+
+	/* Was a mapsize configured? */
+	if (!env->me_mapsize) {
+		env->me_mapsize = meta.mm_mapsize;
+	}
+	{
+		/* Make sure mapsize >= committed data size.  Even when using
+		 * mm_mapsize, which could be broken in old files (ITS#7789).
+		 */
+		size_t minsize = (meta.mm_last_pg + 1) * meta.mm_psize;
+		if (env->me_mapsize < minsize)
+			env->me_mapsize = minsize;
+	}
+	meta.mm_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+
+	if (newenv && !(flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP)) {
+		/* mdb_env_map() may grow the datafile.  Write the metapages
+		 * first, so the file will be valid if initialization fails.
+		 * Except with FIXEDMAP, since we do not yet know mm_address.
+		 * We could fill in mm_address later, but then a different
+		 * program might end up doing that - one with a memory layout
+		 * and map address which does not suit the main program.
+		 */
+		rc = mdb_env_init_meta(env, &meta);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		newenv = 0;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_env_map(env, (flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP) ? meta.mm_address : NULL);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (newenv) {
+		if (flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP)
+			meta.mm_address = env->me_map;
+		i = mdb_env_init_meta(env, &meta);
+		if (i != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	env->me_maxfree_1pg = (env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ) / sizeof(pgno_t) - 1;
+	env->me_nodemax = (((env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ) / MDB_MINKEYS) & -2)
+		- sizeof(indx_t);
+#if !(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+	env->me_maxkey = env->me_nodemax - (NODESIZE + sizeof(MDB_db));
+#endif
+	env->me_maxpg = env->me_mapsize / env->me_psize;
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	{
+		MDB_meta *meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+		MDB_db *db = &meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+
+		DPRINTF(("opened database version %u, pagesize %u",
+			meta->mm_version, env->me_psize));
+		DPRINTF(("using meta page %d",    (int) (meta->mm_txnid & 1)));
+		DPRINTF(("depth: %u",             db->md_depth));
+		DPRINTF(("entries: %"Z"u",        db->md_entries));
+		DPRINTF(("branch pages: %"Z"u",   db->md_branch_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("leaf pages: %"Z"u",     db->md_leaf_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("overflow pages: %"Z"u", db->md_overflow_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("root: %"Z"u",           db->md_root));
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/** Release a reader thread's slot in the reader lock table.
+ *	This function is called automatically when a thread exits.
+ * @param[in] ptr This points to the slot in the reader lock table.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_env_reader_dest(void *ptr)
+{
+	MDB_reader *reader = ptr;
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	if (reader->mr_pid == getpid()) /* catch pthread_exit() in child process */
+#endif
+		/* We omit the mutex, so do this atomically (i.e. skip mr_txnid) */
+		reader->mr_pid = 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+/** Junk for arranging thread-specific callbacks on Windows. This is
+ *	necessarily platform and compiler-specific. Windows supports up
+ *	to 1088 keys. Let's assume nobody opens more than 64 environments
+ *	in a single process, for now. They can override this if needed.
+ */
+#ifndef MAX_TLS_KEYS
+#define MAX_TLS_KEYS	64
+#endif
+static pthread_key_t mdb_tls_keys[MAX_TLS_KEYS];
+static int mdb_tls_nkeys;
+
+static void NTAPI mdb_tls_callback(PVOID module, DWORD reason, PVOID ptr)
+{
+	int i;
+	switch(reason) {
+	case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: break;
+	case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH: break;
+	case DLL_THREAD_DETACH:
+		for (i=0; i<mdb_tls_nkeys; i++) {
+			MDB_reader *r = pthread_getspecific(mdb_tls_keys[i]);
+			if (r) {
+				mdb_env_reader_dest(r);
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH: break;
+	}
+}
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#ifdef _WIN64
+const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp __attribute__((section (".CRT$XLB"))) = mdb_tls_callback;
+#else
+PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp __attribute__((section (".CRT$XLB"))) = mdb_tls_callback;
+#endif
+#else
+#ifdef _WIN64
+/* Force some symbol references.
+ *	_tls_used forces the linker to create the TLS directory if not already done
+ *	mdb_tls_cbp prevents whole-program-optimizer from dropping the symbol.
+ */
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:_tls_used")
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:mdb_tls_cbp")
+#pragma const_seg(".CRT$XLB")
+extern const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp;
+const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp = mdb_tls_callback;
+#pragma const_seg()
+#else	/* _WIN32 */
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:__tls_used")
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:_mdb_tls_cbp")
+#pragma data_seg(".CRT$XLB")
+PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp = mdb_tls_callback;
+#pragma data_seg()
+#endif	/* WIN 32/64 */
+#endif	/* !__GNUC__ */
+#endif
+
+/** Downgrade the exclusive lock on the region back to shared */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_share_locks(MDB_env *env, int *excl)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	MDB_meta *meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+
+	env->me_txns->mti_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	{
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		/* First acquire a shared lock. The Unlock will
+		 * then release the existing exclusive lock.
+		 */
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		if (!LockFileEx(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0, &ov)) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+		} else {
+			UnlockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+			*excl = 0;
+		}
+	}
+#else
+	{
+		struct flock lock_info;
+		/* The shared lock replaces the existing lock */
+		memset((void *)&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+		lock_info.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+		lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+		lock_info.l_start = 0;
+		lock_info.l_len = 1;
+		while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLK, &lock_info)) &&
+				(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+		*excl = rc ? -1 : 0;	/* error may mean we lost the lock */
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Try to get exclusive lock, otherwise shared.
+ *	Maintain *excl = -1: no/unknown lock, 0: shared, 1: exclusive.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_excl_lock(MDB_env *env, int *excl)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (LockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0)) {
+		*excl = 1;
+	} else {
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		if (LockFileEx(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0, &ov)) {
+			*excl = 0;
+		} else {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+		}
+	}
+#else
+	struct flock lock_info;
+	memset((void *)&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+	lock_info.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+	lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+	lock_info.l_start = 0;
+	lock_info.l_len = 1;
+	while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLK, &lock_info)) &&
+			(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+	if (!rc) {
+		*excl = 1;
+	} else
+# ifndef MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX
+	if (*excl < 0) /* always true when MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX */
+# endif
+	{
+		lock_info.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+		while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLKW, &lock_info)) &&
+				(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+		if (rc == 0)
+			*excl = 0;
+	}
+#endif
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef MDB_USE_HASH
+/*
+ * hash_64 - 64 bit Fowler/Noll/Vo-0 FNV-1a hash code
+ *
+ * @(#) $Revision: 5.1 $
+ * @(#) $Id: hash_64a.c,v 5.1 2009/06/30 09:01:38 chongo Exp $
+ * @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/cmd/fnv/RCS/hash_64a.c,v $
+ *
+ *	  http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html
+ *
+ ***
+ *
+ * Please do not copyright this code.  This code is in the public domain.
+ *
+ * LANDON CURT NOLL DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
+ * INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO
+ * EVENT SHALL LANDON CURT NOLL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF
+ * USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR
+ * OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+ * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * By:
+ *	chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\oo/\
+ *	  http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
+ *
+ * Share and Enjoy!	:-)
+ */
+
+typedef unsigned long long	mdb_hash_t;
+#define MDB_HASH_INIT ((mdb_hash_t)0xcbf29ce484222325ULL)
+
+/** perform a 64 bit Fowler/Noll/Vo FNV-1a hash on a buffer
+ * @param[in] val	value to hash
+ * @param[in] hval	initial value for hash
+ * @return 64 bit hash
+ *
+ * NOTE: To use the recommended 64 bit FNV-1a hash, use MDB_HASH_INIT as the
+ * 	 hval arg on the first call.
+ */
+static mdb_hash_t
+mdb_hash_val(MDB_val *val, mdb_hash_t hval)
+{
+	unsigned char *s = (unsigned char *)val->mv_data;	/* unsigned string */
+	unsigned char *end = s + val->mv_size;
+	/*
+	 * FNV-1a hash each octet of the string
+	 */
+	while (s < end) {
+		/* xor the bottom with the current octet */
+		hval ^= (mdb_hash_t)*s++;
+
+		/* multiply by the 64 bit FNV magic prime mod 2^64 */
+		hval += (hval << 1) + (hval << 4) + (hval << 5) +
+			(hval << 7) + (hval << 8) + (hval << 40);
+	}
+	/* return our new hash value */
+	return hval;
+}
+
+/** Hash the string and output the encoded hash.
+ * This uses modified RFC1924 Ascii85 encoding to accommodate systems with
+ * very short name limits. We don't care about the encoding being reversible,
+ * we just want to preserve as many bits of the input as possible in a
+ * small printable string.
+ * @param[in] str string to hash
+ * @param[out] encbuf an array of 11 chars to hold the hash
+ */
+static const char mdb_a85[]= "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz!#$%&()*+-;<=>?@^_`{|}~";
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_pack85(unsigned long l, char *out)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
+		*out++ = mdb_a85[l % 85];
+		l /= 85;
+	}
+}
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_hash_enc(MDB_val *val, char *encbuf)
+{
+	mdb_hash_t h = mdb_hash_val(val, MDB_HASH_INIT);
+
+	mdb_pack85(h, encbuf);
+	mdb_pack85(h>>32, encbuf+5);
+	encbuf[10] = '\0';
+}
+#endif
+
+/** Open and/or initialize the lock region for the environment.
+ * @param[in] env The LMDB environment.
+ * @param[in] fname Filename + scratch area, from #mdb_fname_init().
+ * @param[in] mode The Unix permissions for the file, if we create it.
+ * @param[in,out] excl In -1, out lock type: -1 none, 0 shared, 1 exclusive
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_setup_locks(MDB_env *env, MDB_name *fname, int mode, int *excl)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#	define MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS	ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT
+#else
+#	define MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS	EROFS
+#endif
+	int rc;
+	off_t size, rsize;
+
+	rc = mdb_fopen(env, fname, MDB_O_LOCKS, mode, &env->me_lfd);
+	if (rc) {
+		/* Omit lockfile if read-only env on read-only filesystem */
+		if (rc == MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS && (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY)) {
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS)) {
+		rc = pthread_key_create(&env->me_txkey, mdb_env_reader_dest);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+		env->me_flags |= MDB_ENV_TXKEY;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		/* Windows TLS callbacks need help finding their TLS info. */
+		if (mdb_tls_nkeys >= MAX_TLS_KEYS) {
+			rc = MDB_TLS_FULL;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		mdb_tls_keys[mdb_tls_nkeys++] = env->me_txkey;
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Try to get exclusive lock. If we succeed, then
+	 * nobody is using the lock region and we should initialize it.
+	 */
+	if ((rc = mdb_env_excl_lock(env, excl))) goto fail;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	size = GetFileSize(env->me_lfd, NULL);
+#else
+	size = lseek(env->me_lfd, 0, SEEK_END);
+	if (size == -1) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	rsize = (env->me_maxreaders-1) * sizeof(MDB_reader) + sizeof(MDB_txninfo);
+	if (size < rsize && *excl > 0) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (SetFilePointer(env->me_lfd, rsize, NULL, FILE_BEGIN) != (DWORD)rsize
+			|| !SetEndOfFile(env->me_lfd))
+			goto fail_errno;
+#else
+		if (ftruncate(env->me_lfd, rsize) != 0) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	} else {
+		rsize = size;
+		size = rsize - sizeof(MDB_txninfo);
+		env->me_maxreaders = size/sizeof(MDB_reader) + 1;
+	}
+	{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		HANDLE mh;
+		mh = CreateFileMapping(env->me_lfd, NULL, PAGE_READWRITE,
+			0, 0, NULL);
+		if (!mh) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_txns = MapViewOfFileEx(mh, FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, rsize, NULL);
+		CloseHandle(mh);
+		if (!env->me_txns) goto fail_errno;
+#else
+		void *m = mmap(NULL, rsize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
+			env->me_lfd, 0);
+		if (m == MAP_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_txns = m;
+#endif
+	}
+	if (*excl > 0) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION stbuf;
+		struct {
+			DWORD volume;
+			DWORD nhigh;
+			DWORD nlow;
+		} idbuf;
+		MDB_val val;
+		char encbuf[11];
+
+		if (!mdb_sec_inited) {
+			InitializeSecurityDescriptor(&mdb_null_sd,
+				SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_REVISION);
+			SetSecurityDescriptorDacl(&mdb_null_sd, TRUE, 0, FALSE);
+			mdb_all_sa.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
+			mdb_all_sa.bInheritHandle = FALSE;
+			mdb_all_sa.lpSecurityDescriptor = &mdb_null_sd;
+			mdb_sec_inited = 1;
+		}
+		if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(env->me_lfd, &stbuf)) goto fail_errno;
+		idbuf.volume = stbuf.dwVolumeSerialNumber;
+		idbuf.nhigh  = stbuf.nFileIndexHigh;
+		idbuf.nlow   = stbuf.nFileIndexLow;
+		val.mv_data = &idbuf;
+		val.mv_size = sizeof(idbuf);
+		mdb_hash_enc(&val, encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, "Global\\MDBr%s", encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, "Global\\MDBw%s", encbuf);
+		env->me_rmutex = CreateMutexA(&mdb_all_sa, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		if (!env->me_rmutex) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = CreateMutexA(&mdb_all_sa, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		if (!env->me_wmutex) goto fail_errno;
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		struct stat stbuf;
+		struct {
+			dev_t dev;
+			ino_t ino;
+		} idbuf;
+		MDB_val val;
+		char encbuf[11];
+
+#if defined(__NetBSD__)
+#define	MDB_SHORT_SEMNAMES	1	/* limited to 14 chars */
+#endif
+		if (fstat(env->me_lfd, &stbuf)) goto fail_errno;
+		idbuf.dev = stbuf.st_dev;
+		idbuf.ino = stbuf.st_ino;
+		val.mv_data = &idbuf;
+		val.mv_size = sizeof(idbuf);
+		mdb_hash_enc(&val, encbuf);
+#ifdef MDB_SHORT_SEMNAMES
+		encbuf[9] = '\0';	/* drop name from 15 chars to 14 chars */
+#endif
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, "/MDBr%s", encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, "/MDBw%s", encbuf);
+		/* Clean up after a previous run, if needed:  Try to
+		 * remove both semaphores before doing anything else.
+		 */
+		sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		env->me_rmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_rmname,
+			O_CREAT|O_EXCL, mode, 1);
+		if (env->me_rmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_wmname,
+			O_CREAT|O_EXCL, mode, 1);
+		if (env->me_wmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+#else	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX: */
+		pthread_mutexattr_t mattr;
+
+		/* Solaris needs this before initing a robust mutex.  Otherwise
+		 * it may skip the init and return EBUSY "seems someone already
+		 * inited" or EINVAL "it was inited differently".
+		 */
+		memset(env->me_txns->mti_rmutex, 0, sizeof(*env->me_txns->mti_rmutex));
+		memset(env->me_txns->mti_wmutex, 0, sizeof(*env->me_txns->mti_wmutex));
+
+		if ((rc = pthread_mutexattr_init(&mattr)))
+			goto fail;
+
+		rc = pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(&mattr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED);
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutexattr_setrobust(&mattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST);
+#endif
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutex_init(env->me_txns->mti_rmutex, &mattr);
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutex_init(env->me_txns->mti_wmutex, &mattr);
+		pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&mattr);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+#endif	/* _WIN32 || MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM */
+
+		env->me_txns->mti_magic = MDB_MAGIC;
+		env->me_txns->mti_format = MDB_LOCK_FORMAT;
+		env->me_txns->mti_txnid = 0;
+		env->me_txns->mti_numreaders = 0;
+
+	} else {
+		if (env->me_txns->mti_magic != MDB_MAGIC) {
+			DPUTS("lock region has invalid magic");
+			rc = MDB_INVALID;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		if (env->me_txns->mti_format != MDB_LOCK_FORMAT) {
+			DPRINTF(("lock region has format+version 0x%x, expected 0x%x",
+				env->me_txns->mti_format, MDB_LOCK_FORMAT));
+			rc = MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		rc = ErrCode();
+		if (rc && rc != EACCES && rc != EAGAIN) {
+			goto fail;
+		}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		env->me_rmutex = OpenMutexA(SYNCHRONIZE, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		if (!env->me_rmutex) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = OpenMutexA(SYNCHRONIZE, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		if (!env->me_wmutex) goto fail_errno;
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		env->me_rmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, 0);
+		if (env->me_rmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, 0);
+		if (env->me_wmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail_errno:
+	rc = ErrCode();
+fail:
+	return rc;
+}
+
+	/** Only a subset of the @ref mdb_env flags can be changed
+	 *	at runtime. Changing other flags requires closing the
+	 *	environment and re-opening it with the new flags.
+	 */
+#define	CHANGEABLE	(MDB_NOSYNC|MDB_NOMETASYNC|MDB_MAPASYNC|MDB_NOMEMINIT)
+#define	CHANGELESS	(MDB_FIXEDMAP|MDB_NOSUBDIR|MDB_RDONLY| \
+	MDB_WRITEMAP|MDB_NOTLS|MDB_NOLOCK|MDB_NORDAHEAD)
+
+#if VALID_FLAGS & PERSISTENT_FLAGS & (CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS)
+# error "Persistent DB flags & env flags overlap, but both go in mm_flags"
+#endif
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_open(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags, mdb_mode_t mode)
+{
+	int rc, excl = -1;
+	MDB_name fname;
+
+	if (env->me_fd!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || (flags & ~(CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS)))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	flags |= env->me_flags;
+
+	rc = mdb_fname_init(path, flags, &fname);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		/* silently ignore WRITEMAP when we're only getting read access */
+		flags &= ~MDB_WRITEMAP;
+	} else {
+		if (!((env->me_free_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX)) &&
+			  (env->me_dirty_list = calloc(MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE, sizeof(MDB_ID2)))))
+			rc = ENOMEM;
+	}
+	env->me_flags = flags |= MDB_ENV_ACTIVE;
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	env->me_path = strdup(path);
+	env->me_dbxs = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(MDB_dbx));
+	env->me_dbflags = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(uint16_t));
+	env->me_dbiseqs = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	if (!(env->me_dbxs && env->me_path && env->me_dbflags && env->me_dbiseqs)) {
+		rc = ENOMEM;
+		goto leave;
+	}
+	env->me_dbxs[FREE_DBI].md_cmp = mdb_cmp_long; /* aligned MDB_INTEGERKEY */
+
+	/* For RDONLY, get lockfile after we know datafile exists */
+	if (!(flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_NOLOCK))) {
+		rc = mdb_env_setup_locks(env, &fname, mode, &excl);
+		if (rc)
+			goto leave;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname,
+		(flags & MDB_RDONLY) ? MDB_O_RDONLY : MDB_O_RDWR,
+		mode, &env->me_fd);
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	if ((flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_NOLOCK)) == MDB_RDONLY) {
+		rc = mdb_env_setup_locks(env, &fname, mode, &excl);
+		if (rc)
+			goto leave;
+	}
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_env_open2(env)) == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		if (!(flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_WRITEMAP))) {
+			/* Synchronous fd for meta writes. Needed even with
+			 * MDB_NOSYNC/MDB_NOMETASYNC, in case these get reset.
+			 */
+			rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname, MDB_O_META, mode, &env->me_mfd);
+			if (rc)
+				goto leave;
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("opened dbenv %p", (void *) env));
+		if (excl > 0) {
+			rc = mdb_env_share_locks(env, &excl);
+			if (rc)
+				goto leave;
+		}
+		if (!(flags & MDB_RDONLY)) {
+			MDB_txn *txn;
+			int tsize = sizeof(MDB_txn), size = tsize + env->me_maxdbs *
+				(sizeof(MDB_db)+sizeof(MDB_cursor *)+sizeof(unsigned int)+1);
+			if ((env->me_pbuf = calloc(1, env->me_psize)) &&
+				(txn = calloc(1, size)))
+			{
+				txn->mt_dbs = (MDB_db *)((char *)txn + tsize);
+				txn->mt_cursors = (MDB_cursor **)(txn->mt_dbs + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_dbiseqs = (unsigned int *)(txn->mt_cursors + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_dbflags = (unsigned char *)(txn->mt_dbiseqs + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_env = env;
+				txn->mt_dbxs = env->me_dbxs;
+				txn->mt_flags = MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+				env->me_txn0 = txn;
+			} else {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+leave:
+	if (rc) {
+		mdb_env_close0(env, excl);
+	}
+	mdb_fname_destroy(fname);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Destroy resources from mdb_env_open(), clear our readers & DBIs */
+static void ESECT
+mdb_env_close0(MDB_env *env, int excl)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_ENV_ACTIVE))
+		return;
+
+	/* Doing this here since me_dbxs may not exist during mdb_env_close */
+	if (env->me_dbxs) {
+		for (i = env->me_maxdbs; --i >= CORE_DBS; )
+			free(env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data);
+		free(env->me_dbxs);
+	}
+
+	free(env->me_pbuf);
+	free(env->me_dbiseqs);
+	free(env->me_dbflags);
+	free(env->me_path);
+	free(env->me_dirty_list);
+	free(env->me_txn0);
+	mdb_midl_free(env->me_free_pgs);
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_ENV_TXKEY) {
+		pthread_key_delete(env->me_txkey);
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		/* Delete our key from the global list */
+		for (i=0; i<mdb_tls_nkeys; i++)
+			if (mdb_tls_keys[i] == env->me_txkey) {
+				mdb_tls_keys[i] = mdb_tls_keys[mdb_tls_nkeys-1];
+				mdb_tls_nkeys--;
+				break;
+			}
+#endif
+	}
+
+	if (env->me_map) {
+		munmap(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize);
+	}
+	if (env->me_mfd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		(void) close(env->me_mfd);
+	if (env->me_fd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		(void) close(env->me_fd);
+	if (env->me_txns) {
+		MDB_PID_T pid = env->me_pid;
+		/* Clearing readers is done in this function because
+		 * me_txkey with its destructor must be disabled first.
+		 *
+		 * We skip the the reader mutex, so we touch only
+		 * data owned by this process (me_close_readers and
+		 * our readers), and clear each reader atomically.
+		 */
+		for (i = env->me_close_readers; --i >= 0; )
+			if (env->me_txns->mti_readers[i].mr_pid == pid)
+				env->me_txns->mti_readers[i].mr_pid = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (env->me_rmutex) {
+			CloseHandle(env->me_rmutex);
+			if (env->me_wmutex) CloseHandle(env->me_wmutex);
+		}
+		/* Windows automatically destroys the mutexes when
+		 * the last handle closes.
+		 */
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		if (env->me_rmutex != SEM_FAILED) {
+			sem_close(env->me_rmutex);
+			if (env->me_wmutex != SEM_FAILED)
+				sem_close(env->me_wmutex);
+			/* If we have the filelock:  If we are the
+			 * only remaining user, clean up semaphores.
+			 */
+			if (excl == 0)
+				mdb_env_excl_lock(env, &excl);
+			if (excl > 0) {
+				sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+				sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+			}
+		}
+#endif
+		munmap((void *)env->me_txns, (env->me_maxreaders-1)*sizeof(MDB_reader)+sizeof(MDB_txninfo));
+	}
+	if (env->me_lfd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (excl >= 0) {
+			/* Unlock the lockfile.  Windows would have unlocked it
+			 * after closing anyway, but not necessarily at once.
+			 */
+			UnlockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+		}
+#endif
+		(void) close(env->me_lfd);
+	}
+
+	env->me_flags &= ~(MDB_ENV_ACTIVE|MDB_ENV_TXKEY);
+}
+
+void ESECT
+mdb_env_close(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	MDB_page *dp;
+
+	if (env == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	VGMEMP_DESTROY(env);
+	while ((dp = env->me_dpages) != NULL) {
+		VGMEMP_DEFINED(&dp->mp_next, sizeof(dp->mp_next));
+		env->me_dpages = dp->mp_next;
+		free(dp);
+	}
+
+	mdb_env_close0(env, 0);
+	free(env);
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at aligned size_t's */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_long(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return (*(size_t *)a->mv_data < *(size_t *)b->mv_data) ? -1 :
+		*(size_t *)a->mv_data > *(size_t *)b->mv_data;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at aligned unsigned int's.
+ *
+ *	This is also set as #MDB_INTEGERDUP|#MDB_DUPFIXED's #MDB_dbx.%md_dcmp,
+ *	but #mdb_cmp_clong() is called instead if the data type is size_t.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_int(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return (*(unsigned int *)a->mv_data < *(unsigned int *)b->mv_data) ? -1 :
+		*(unsigned int *)a->mv_data > *(unsigned int *)b->mv_data;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at unsigned ints of unknown alignment.
+ *	Nodes and keys are guaranteed to be 2-byte aligned.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_cint(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+#if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	unsigned short *u, *c;
+	int x;
+
+	u = (unsigned short *) ((char *) a->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	c = (unsigned short *) ((char *) b->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	do {
+		x = *--u - *--c;
+	} while(!x && u > (unsigned short *)a->mv_data);
+	return x;
+#else
+	unsigned short *u, *c, *end;
+	int x;
+
+	end = (unsigned short *) ((char *) a->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	u = (unsigned short *)a->mv_data;
+	c = (unsigned short *)b->mv_data;
+	do {
+		x = *u++ - *c++;
+	} while(!x && u < end);
+	return x;
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Compare two items lexically */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_memn(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	int diff;
+	ssize_t len_diff;
+	unsigned int len;
+
+	len = a->mv_size;
+	len_diff = (ssize_t) a->mv_size - (ssize_t) b->mv_size;
+	if (len_diff > 0) {
+		len = b->mv_size;
+		len_diff = 1;
+	}
+
+	diff = memcmp(a->mv_data, b->mv_data, len);
+	return diff ? diff : len_diff<0 ? -1 : len_diff;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items in reverse byte order */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_memnr(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	const unsigned char	*p1, *p2, *p1_lim;
+	ssize_t len_diff;
+	int diff;
+
+	p1_lim = (const unsigned char *)a->mv_data;
+	p1 = (const unsigned char *)a->mv_data + a->mv_size;
+	p2 = (const unsigned char *)b->mv_data + b->mv_size;
+
+	len_diff = (ssize_t) a->mv_size - (ssize_t) b->mv_size;
+	if (len_diff > 0) {
+		p1_lim += len_diff;
+		len_diff = 1;
+	}
+
+	while (p1 > p1_lim) {
+		diff = *--p1 - *--p2;
+		if (diff)
+			return diff;
+	}
+	return len_diff<0 ? -1 : len_diff;
+}
+
+/** Search for key within a page, using binary search.
+ * Returns the smallest entry larger or equal to the key.
+ * If exactp is non-null, stores whether the found entry was an exact match
+ * in *exactp (1 or 0).
+ * Updates the cursor index with the index of the found entry.
+ * If no entry larger or equal to the key is found, returns NULL.
+ */
+static MDB_node *
+mdb_node_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int *exactp)
+{
+	unsigned int	 i = 0, nkeys;
+	int		 low, high;
+	int		 rc = 0;
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_node	*node = NULL;
+	MDB_val	 nodekey;
+	MDB_cmp_func *cmp;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+	DPRINTF(("searching %u keys in %s %spage %"Z"u",
+	    nkeys, IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", IS_SUBP(mp) ? "sub-" : "",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp)));
+
+	low = IS_LEAF(mp) ? 0 : 1;
+	high = nkeys - 1;
+	cmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp;
+
+	/* Branch pages have no data, so if using integer keys,
+	 * alignment is guaranteed. Use faster mdb_cmp_int.
+	 */
+	if (cmp == mdb_cmp_cint && IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+		if (NODEPTR(mp, 1)->mn_ksize == sizeof(size_t))
+			cmp = mdb_cmp_long;
+		else
+			cmp = mdb_cmp_int;
+	}
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		nodekey.mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, 0);	/* fake */
+		while (low <= high) {
+			i = (low + high) >> 1;
+			nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, i, nodekey.mv_size);
+			rc = cmp(key, &nodekey);
+			DPRINTF(("found leaf index %u [%s], rc = %i",
+			    i, DKEY(&nodekey), rc));
+			if (rc == 0)
+				break;
+			if (rc > 0)
+				low = i + 1;
+			else
+				high = i - 1;
+		}
+	} else {
+		while (low <= high) {
+			i = (low + high) >> 1;
+
+			node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+			nodekey.mv_size = NODEKSZ(node);
+			nodekey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+
+			rc = cmp(key, &nodekey);
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				DPRINTF(("found leaf index %u [%s], rc = %i",
+				    i, DKEY(&nodekey), rc));
+			else
+				DPRINTF(("found branch index %u [%s -> %"Z"u], rc = %i",
+				    i, DKEY(&nodekey), NODEPGNO(node), rc));
+#endif
+			if (rc == 0)
+				break;
+			if (rc > 0)
+				low = i + 1;
+			else
+				high = i - 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (rc > 0) {	/* Found entry is less than the key. */
+		i++;	/* Skip to get the smallest entry larger than key. */
+		if (!IS_LEAF2(mp))
+			node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+	}
+	if (exactp)
+		*exactp = (rc == 0 && nkeys > 0);
+	/* store the key index */
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+	if (i >= nkeys)
+		/* There is no entry larger or equal to the key. */
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* nodeptr is fake for LEAF2 */
+	return node;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+mdb_cursor_adjust(MDB_cursor *mc, func)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *m2;
+
+	for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+		if (m2->mc_pg[m2->mc_top] == mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) {
+			func(mc, m2);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/** Pop a page off the top of the cursor's stack. */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_pop(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (mc->mc_snum) {
+		DPRINTF(("popping page %"Z"u off db %d cursor %p",
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DDBI(mc), (void *) mc));
+
+		mc->mc_snum--;
+		if (mc->mc_snum) {
+			mc->mc_top--;
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** Push a page onto the top of the cursor's stack.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_push(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	DPRINTF(("pushing page %"Z"u on db %d cursor %p", mp->mp_pgno,
+		DDBI(mc), (void *) mc));
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum >= CURSOR_STACK) {
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_CURSOR_FULL;
+	}
+
+	mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum++;
+	mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = mp;
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Find the address of the page corresponding to a given page number.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc the cursor accessing the page.
+ * @param[in] pgno the page number for the page to retrieve.
+ * @param[out] ret address of a pointer where the page's address will be stored.
+ * @param[out] lvl dirty_list inheritance level of found page. 1=current txn, 0=mapped page.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_get(MDB_cursor *mc, pgno_t pgno, MDB_page **ret, int *lvl)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_page *p = NULL;
+	int level;
+
+	if (! (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP))) {
+		MDB_txn *tx2 = txn;
+		level = 1;
+		do {
+			MDB_ID2L dl = tx2->mt_u.dirty_list;
+			unsigned x;
+			/* Spilled pages were dirtied in this txn and flushed
+			 * because the dirty list got full. Bring this page
+			 * back in from the map (but don't unspill it here,
+			 * leave that unless page_touch happens again).
+			 */
+			if (tx2->mt_spill_pgs) {
+				MDB_ID pn = pgno << 1;
+				x = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+				if (x <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[x] == pn) {
+					p = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+					goto done;
+				}
+			}
+			if (dl[0].mid) {
+				unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+				if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+					p = dl[x].mptr;
+					goto done;
+				}
+			}
+			level++;
+		} while ((tx2 = tx2->mt_parent) != NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (pgno < txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		level = 0;
+		p = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+	} else {
+		DPRINTF(("page %"Z"u not found", pgno));
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND;
+	}
+
+done:
+	*ret = p;
+	if (lvl)
+		*lvl = level;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Finish #mdb_page_search() / #mdb_page_search_lowest().
+ *	The cursor is at the root page, set up the rest of it.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search_root(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int flags)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	int rc;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	while (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+		MDB_node	*node;
+		indx_t		i;
+
+		DPRINTF(("branch page %"Z"u has %u keys", mp->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(mp)));
+		/* Don't assert on branch pages in the FreeDB. We can get here
+		 * while in the process of rebalancing a FreeDB branch page; we must
+		 * let that proceed. ITS#8336
+		 */
+		mdb_cassert(mc, !mc->mc_dbi || NUMKEYS(mp) > 1);
+		DPRINTF(("found index 0 to page %"Z"u", NODEPGNO(NODEPTR(mp, 0))));
+
+		if (flags & (MDB_PS_FIRST|MDB_PS_LAST)) {
+			i = 0;
+			if (flags & MDB_PS_LAST) {
+				i = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+				/* if already init'd, see if we're already in right place */
+				if (mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+					if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == i) {
+						mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum++;
+						mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+						goto ready;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			int	 exact;
+			node = mdb_node_search(mc, key, &exact);
+			if (node == NULL)
+				i = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+			else {
+				i = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+				if (!exact) {
+					mdb_cassert(mc, i > 0);
+					i--;
+				}
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("following index %u for key [%s]", i, DKEY(key)));
+		}
+
+		mdb_cassert(mc, i < NUMKEYS(mp));
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mp, NULL)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp)))
+			return rc;
+
+ready:
+		if (flags & MDB_PS_MODIFY) {
+			if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(mc)) != 0)
+				return rc;
+			mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		DPRINTF(("internal error, index points to a %02X page!?",
+		    mp->mp_flags));
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("found leaf page %"Z"u for key [%s]", mp->mp_pgno,
+	    key ? DKEY(key) : "null"));
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Search for the lowest key under the current branch page.
+ * This just bypasses a NUMKEYS check in the current page
+ * before calling mdb_page_search_root(), because the callers
+ * are all in situations where the current page is known to
+ * be underfilled.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search_lowest(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_node	*node = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mp, NULL)) != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+	if ((rc = mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp)))
+		return rc;
+	return mdb_page_search_root(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+}
+
+/** Search for the page a given key should be in.
+ * Push it and its parent pages on the cursor stack.
+ * @param[in,out] mc the cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] key the key to search for, or NULL for first/last page.
+ * @param[in] flags If MDB_PS_MODIFY is set, visited pages in the DB
+ *   are touched (updated with new page numbers).
+ *   If MDB_PS_FIRST or MDB_PS_LAST is set, find first or last leaf.
+ *   This is used by #mdb_cursor_first() and #mdb_cursor_last().
+ *   If MDB_PS_ROOTONLY set, just fetch root node, no further lookups.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int flags)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	pgno_t		 root;
+
+	/* Make sure the txn is still viable, then find the root from
+	 * the txn's db table and set it as the root of the cursor's stack.
+	 */
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED) {
+		DPUTS("transaction may not be used now");
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+	} else {
+		/* Make sure we're using an up-to-date root */
+		if (*mc->mc_dbflag & DB_STALE) {
+				MDB_cursor mc2;
+				if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(mc->mc_txn, mc->mc_dbi))
+					return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+				mdb_cursor_init(&mc2, mc->mc_txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+				rc = mdb_page_search(&mc2, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, 0);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				{
+					MDB_val data;
+					int exact = 0;
+					uint16_t flags;
+					MDB_node *leaf = mdb_node_search(&mc2,
+						&mc->mc_dbx->md_name, &exact);
+					if (!exact)
+						return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+					if ((leaf->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) != F_SUBDATA)
+						return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE; /* not a named DB */
+					rc = mdb_node_read(&mc2, leaf, &data);
+					if (rc)
+						return rc;
+					memcpy(&flags, ((char *) data.mv_data + offsetof(MDB_db, md_flags)),
+						sizeof(uint16_t));
+					/* The txn may not know this DBI, or another process may
+					 * have dropped and recreated the DB with other flags.
+					 */
+					if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS) != flags)
+						return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+					memcpy(mc->mc_db, data.mv_data, sizeof(MDB_db));
+				}
+				*mc->mc_dbflag &= ~DB_STALE;
+		}
+		root = mc->mc_db->md_root;
+
+		if (root == P_INVALID) {		/* Tree is empty. */
+			DPUTS("tree is empty");
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, root > 1);
+	if (!mc->mc_pg[0] || mc->mc_pg[0]->mp_pgno != root)
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, root, &mc->mc_pg[0], NULL)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+
+	mc->mc_snum = 1;
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+
+	DPRINTF(("db %d root page %"Z"u has flags 0x%X",
+		DDBI(mc), root, mc->mc_pg[0]->mp_flags));
+
+	if (flags & MDB_PS_MODIFY) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(mc)))
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (flags & MDB_PS_ROOTONLY)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	return mdb_page_search_root(mc, key, flags);
+}
+
+static int
+mdb_ovpage_free(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	pgno_t pg = mp->mp_pgno;
+	unsigned x = 0, ovpages = mp->mp_pages;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_IDL sl = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+	MDB_ID pn = pg << 1;
+	int rc;
+
+	DPRINTF(("free ov page %"Z"u (%d)", pg, ovpages));
+	/* If the page is dirty or on the spill list we just acquired it,
+	 * so we should give it back to our current free list, if any.
+	 * Otherwise put it onto the list of pages we freed in this txn.
+	 *
+	 * Won't create me_pghead: me_pglast must be inited along with it.
+	 * Unsupported in nested txns: They would need to hide the page
+	 * range in ancestor txns' dirty and spilled lists.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_pghead &&
+		!txn->mt_parent &&
+		((mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) ||
+		 (sl && (x = mdb_midl_search(sl, pn)) <= sl[0] && sl[x] == pn)))
+	{
+		unsigned i, j;
+		pgno_t *mop;
+		MDB_ID2 *dl, ix, iy;
+		rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, ovpages);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		if (!(mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY)) {
+			/* This page is no longer spilled */
+			if (x == sl[0])
+				sl[0]--;
+			else
+				sl[x] |= 1;
+			goto release;
+		}
+		/* Remove from dirty list */
+		dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		x = dl[0].mid--;
+		for (ix = dl[x]; ix.mptr != mp; ix = iy) {
+			if (x > 1) {
+				x--;
+				iy = dl[x];
+				dl[x] = ix;
+			} else {
+				mdb_cassert(mc, x > 1);
+				j = ++(dl[0].mid);
+				dl[j] = ix;		/* Unsorted. OK when MDB_TXN_ERROR. */
+				txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+				return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+			}
+		}
+		txn->mt_dirty_room++;
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP))
+			mdb_dpage_free(env, mp);
+release:
+		/* Insert in me_pghead */
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		j = mop[0] + ovpages;
+		for (i = mop[0]; i && mop[i] < pg; i--)
+			mop[j--] = mop[i];
+		while (j>i)
+			mop[j--] = pg++;
+		mop[0] += ovpages;
+	} else {
+		rc = mdb_midl_append_range(&txn->mt_free_pgs, pg, ovpages);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages -= ovpages;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Return the data associated with a given node.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] leaf The node being read.
+ * @param[out] data Updated to point to the node's data.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_read(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *leaf, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_page	*omp;		/* overflow page */
+	pgno_t		 pgno;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+		data->mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+		data->mv_data = NODEDATA(leaf);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	/* Read overflow data.
+	 */
+	data->mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+	memcpy(&pgno, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(pgno));
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pgno, &omp, NULL)) != 0) {
+		DPRINTF(("read overflow page %"Z"u failed", pgno));
+		return rc;
+	}
+	data->mv_data = METADATA(omp);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_get(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_cursor	mc;
+	MDB_xcursor	mx;
+	int exact = 0;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	DPRINTF(("===> get db %u key [%s]", dbi, DKEY(key)));
+
+	if (!key || !data || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	return mdb_cursor_set(&mc, key, data, MDB_SET, &exact);
+}
+
+/** Find a sibling for a page.
+ * Replaces the page at the top of the cursor's stack with the
+ * specified sibling, if one exists.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] move_right Non-zero if the right sibling is requested,
+ * otherwise the left sibling.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_sibling(MDB_cursor *mc, int move_right)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*indx;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum < 2) {
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;		/* root has no siblings */
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+	DPRINTF(("parent page is page %"Z"u, index %u",
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (move_right ? (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] + 1u >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+		       : (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == 0)) {
+		DPRINTF(("no more keys left, moving to %s sibling",
+		    move_right ? "right" : "left"));
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, move_right)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			/* undo cursor_pop before returning */
+			mc->mc_top++;
+			mc->mc_snum++;
+			return rc;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (move_right)
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+		else
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+		DPRINTF(("just moving to %s index key %u",
+		    move_right ? "right" : "left", mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_BRANCH(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	indx = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(indx), &mp, NULL)) != 0) {
+		/* mc will be inconsistent if caller does mc_snum++ as above */
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp);
+	if (!move_right)
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mp)-1;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the next data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_next(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((mc->mc_flags & C_DEL && op == MDB_NEXT_DUP))
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return mdb_cursor_first(mc, key, data);
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_EOF) {
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mp)-1)
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_EOF;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			if (op == MDB_NEXT || op == MDB_NEXT_DUP) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_next(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_NEXT);
+				if (op != MDB_NEXT || rc != MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+					if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+						MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if (op == MDB_NEXT_DUP)
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("cursor_next: top page is %"Z"u in cursor %p",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), (void *) mc));
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL) {
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+		goto skip;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] + 1u >= NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+		DPUTS("=====> move to next sibling page");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+			return rc;
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		DPRINTF(("next page is %"Z"u, key index %u", mp->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	} else
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+
+skip:
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor points to page %"Z"u with %u keys, key index %u",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+	}
+	if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the previous data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_prev(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+	}
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+
+	if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			if (op == MDB_PREV || op == MDB_PREV_DUP) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_prev(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_PREV);
+				if (op != MDB_PREV || rc != MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+					if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+						MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+						mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+					}
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if (op == MDB_PREV_DUP)
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("cursor_prev: top page is %"Z"u in cursor %p",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), (void *) mc));
+
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_EOF|C_DEL);
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == 0)  {
+		DPUTS("=====> move to prev sibling page");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 0)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			return rc;
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+		DPRINTF(("prev page is %"Z"u, key index %u", mp->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	} else
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor points to page %"Z"u with %u keys, key index %u",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+	}
+	if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set the cursor on a specific data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_set(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    MDB_cursor_op op, int *exactp)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf = NULL;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	if (key->mv_size == 0)
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	/* See if we're already on the right page */
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+		MDB_val nodekey;
+
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		if (!NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+		if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+			nodekey.mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, 0, nodekey.mv_size);
+		} else {
+			leaf = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+			MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+		}
+		rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+		if (rc == 0) {
+			/* Probably happens rarely, but first node on the page
+			 * was the one we wanted.
+			 */
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			if (exactp)
+				*exactp = 1;
+			goto set1;
+		}
+		if (rc > 0) {
+			unsigned int i;
+			unsigned int nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (nkeys > 1) {
+				if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+					nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp,
+						 nkeys-1, nodekey.mv_size);
+				} else {
+					leaf = NODEPTR(mp, nkeys-1);
+					MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+				}
+				rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+				if (rc == 0) {
+					/* last node was the one we wanted */
+					mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys-1;
+					if (exactp)
+						*exactp = 1;
+					goto set1;
+				}
+				if (rc < 0) {
+					if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] < NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+						/* This is definitely the right page, skip search_page */
+						if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+							nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp,
+								 mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], nodekey.mv_size);
+						} else {
+							leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+							MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+						}
+						rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+						if (rc == 0) {
+							/* current node was the one we wanted */
+							if (exactp)
+								*exactp = 1;
+							goto set1;
+						}
+					}
+					rc = 0;
+					mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+					goto set2;
+				}
+			}
+			/* If any parents have right-sibs, search.
+			 * Otherwise, there's nothing further.
+			 */
+			for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++)
+				if (mc->mc_ki[i] <
+					NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[i])-1)
+					break;
+			if (i == mc->mc_top) {
+				/* There are no other pages */
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys;
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!mc->mc_top) {
+			/* There are no other pages */
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE && !exactp) {
+				rc = 0;
+				goto set1;
+			} else
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	} else {
+		mc->mc_pg[0] = 0;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_page_search(mc, key, 0);
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		return rc;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+
+set2:
+	leaf = mdb_node_search(mc, key, exactp);
+	if (exactp != NULL && !*exactp) {
+		/* MDB_SET specified and not an exact match. */
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+	}
+
+	if (leaf == NULL) {
+		DPUTS("===> inexact leaf not found, goto sibling");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+			return rc;		/* no entries matched */
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+	}
+
+set1:
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE || op == MDB_SET_KEY) {
+			key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		}
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+	}
+	if (data) {
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			if (op == MDB_SET || op == MDB_SET_KEY || op == MDB_SET_RANGE) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+			} else {
+				int ex2, *ex2p;
+				if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH) {
+					ex2p = &ex2;
+					ex2 = 0;
+				} else {
+					ex2p = NULL;
+				}
+				rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_SET_RANGE, ex2p);
+				if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+					return rc;
+			}
+		} else if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH || op == MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE) {
+			MDB_val olddata;
+			MDB_cmp_func *dcmp;
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, &olddata)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+			dcmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+			if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && olddata.mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+				dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+			rc = dcmp(data, &olddata);
+			if (rc) {
+				if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH || rc > 0)
+					return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+				rc = 0;
+			}
+			*data = olddata;
+
+		} else {
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* The key already matches in all other cases */
+	if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE || op == MDB_SET_KEY)
+		MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor placed on key [%s]", DKEY(key)));
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the first item in the database. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_first(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || mc->mc_top) {
+		rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], 0);
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], 0, key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (data) {
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+			rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		} else {
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the last item in the database. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_last(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || mc->mc_top) {
+		rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_LAST);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) - 1;
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF;
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (data) {
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		} else {
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_get(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	int		 exact = 0;
+	int		 (*mfunc)(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+	if (mc == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	switch (op) {
+	case MDB_GET_CURRENT:
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+		} else {
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+			int nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (!nkeys || mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys;
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+				break;
+			}
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+				key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+				key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+			} else {
+				MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+				MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+				if (data) {
+					if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+						rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_GET_CURRENT);
+					} else {
+						rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_GET_BOTH:
+	case MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		/* FALLTHRU */
+	case MDB_SET:
+	case MDB_SET_KEY:
+	case MDB_SET_RANGE:
+		if (key == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+		} else {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_set(mc, key, data, op,
+				op == MDB_SET_RANGE ? NULL : &exact);
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_GET_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) ||
+			(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_EOF))
+			break;
+		goto fetchm;
+	case MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = mdb_cursor_next(mc, key, data, MDB_NEXT_DUP);
+		if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+				MDB_cursor *mx;
+fetchm:
+				mx = &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				data->mv_size = NUMKEYS(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top]) *
+					mx->mc_db->md_pad;
+				data->mv_data = METADATA(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top]);
+				mx->mc_ki[mx->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top])-1;
+			} else {
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_PREV_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		else
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			MDB_cursor *mx = &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			if (mx->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mx, 0);
+				if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+					goto fetchm;
+			} else {
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_NEXT:
+	case MDB_NEXT_DUP:
+	case MDB_NEXT_NODUP:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_next(mc, key, data, op);
+		break;
+	case MDB_PREV:
+	case MDB_PREV_DUP:
+	case MDB_PREV_NODUP:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_prev(mc, key, data, op);
+		break;
+	case MDB_FIRST:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(mc, key, data);
+		break;
+	case MDB_FIRST_DUP:
+		mfunc = mdb_cursor_first;
+	mmove:
+		if (data == NULL || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+			rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			break;
+		}
+		{
+			MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+				MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+				rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = mfunc(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		break;
+	case MDB_LAST:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		break;
+	case MDB_LAST_DUP:
+		mfunc = mdb_cursor_last;
+		goto mmove;
+	default:
+		DPRINTF(("unhandled/unimplemented cursor operation %u", op));
+		rc = EINVAL;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL)
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Touch all the pages in the cursor stack. Set mc_top.
+ *	Makes sure all the pages are writable, before attempting a write operation.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor to operate on.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_touch(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (mc->mc_dbi >= CORE_DBS && !(*mc->mc_dbflag & (DB_DIRTY|DB_DUPDATA))) {
+		/* Touch DB record of named DB */
+		MDB_cursor mc2;
+		MDB_xcursor mcx;
+		if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(mc->mc_txn, mc->mc_dbi))
+			return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc2, mc->mc_txn, MAIN_DBI, &mcx);
+		rc = mdb_page_search(&mc2, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+		if (rc)
+			 return rc;
+		*mc->mc_dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+	}
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+	if (mc->mc_snum) {
+		do {
+			rc = mdb_page_touch(mc);
+		} while (!rc && ++(mc->mc_top) < mc->mc_snum);
+		mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum-1;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Do not spill pages to disk if txn is getting full, may fail instead */
+#define MDB_NOSPILL	0x8000
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_put(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_env		*env;
+	MDB_node	*leaf = NULL;
+	MDB_page	*fp, *mp, *sub_root = NULL;
+	uint16_t	fp_flags;
+	MDB_val		xdata, *rdata, dkey, olddata;
+	MDB_db dummy;
+	int do_sub = 0, insert_key, insert_data;
+	unsigned int mcount = 0, dcount = 0, nospill;
+	size_t nsize;
+	int rc, rc2;
+	unsigned int nflags;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	if (mc == NULL || key == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	env = mc->mc_txn->mt_env;
+
+	/* Check this first so counter will always be zero on any
+	 * early failures.
+	 */
+	if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+		dcount = data[1].mv_size;
+		data[1].mv_size = 0;
+		if (!F_ISSET(mc->mc_db->md_flags, MDB_DUPFIXED))
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+	}
+
+	nospill = flags & MDB_NOSPILL;
+	flags &= ~MDB_NOSPILL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (key->mv_size-1 >= ENV_MAXKEY(env))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+
+#if SIZE_MAX > MAXDATASIZE
+	if (data->mv_size > ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) ? ENV_MAXKEY(env) : MAXDATASIZE))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+#else
+	if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) && data->mv_size > ENV_MAXKEY(env))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+#endif
+
+	DPRINTF(("==> put db %d key [%s], size %"Z"u, data size %"Z"u",
+		DDBI(mc), DKEY(key), key ? key->mv_size : 0, data->mv_size));
+
+	dkey.mv_size = 0;
+
+	if (flags == MDB_CURRENT) {
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			return EINVAL;
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	} else if (mc->mc_db->md_root == P_INVALID) {
+		/* new database, cursor has nothing to point to */
+		mc->mc_snum = 0;
+		mc->mc_top = 0;
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		rc = MDB_NO_ROOT;
+	} else {
+		int exact = 0;
+		MDB_val d2;
+		if (flags & MDB_APPEND) {
+			MDB_val k2;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, &k2, &d2);
+			if (rc == 0) {
+				rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &k2);
+				if (rc > 0) {
+					rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+					mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+				} else {
+					/* new key is <= last key */
+					rc = MDB_KEYEXIST;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_set(mc, key, &d2, MDB_SET, &exact);
+		}
+		if ((flags & MDB_NOOVERWRITE) && rc == 0) {
+			DPRINTF(("duplicate key [%s]", DKEY(key)));
+			*data = d2;
+			return MDB_KEYEXIST;
+		}
+		if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL)
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+
+	/* Cursor is positioned, check for room in the dirty list */
+	if (!nospill) {
+		if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+			rdata = &xdata;
+			xdata.mv_size = data->mv_size * dcount;
+		} else {
+			rdata = data;
+		}
+		if ((rc2 = mdb_page_spill(mc, key, rdata)))
+			return rc2;
+	}
+
+	if (rc == MDB_NO_ROOT) {
+		MDB_page *np;
+		/* new database, write a root leaf page */
+		DPUTS("allocating new root leaf page");
+		if ((rc2 = mdb_page_new(mc, P_LEAF, 1, &np))) {
+			return rc2;
+		}
+		mdb_cursor_push(mc, np);
+		mc->mc_db->md_root = np->mp_pgno;
+		mc->mc_db->md_depth++;
+		*mc->mc_dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+		if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & (MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_DUPFIXED))
+			== MDB_DUPFIXED)
+			np->mp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+		mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	} else {
+		/* make sure all cursor pages are writable */
+		rc2 = mdb_cursor_touch(mc);
+		if (rc2)
+			return rc2;
+	}
+
+	insert_key = insert_data = rc;
+	if (insert_key) {
+		/* The key does not exist */
+		DPRINTF(("inserting key at index %i", mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+		if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) &&
+			LEAFSIZE(key, data) > env->me_nodemax)
+		{
+			/* Too big for a node, insert in sub-DB.  Set up an empty
+			 * "old sub-page" for prep_subDB to expand to a full page.
+			 */
+			fp_flags = P_LEAF|P_DIRTY;
+			fp = env->me_pbuf;
+			fp->mp_pad = data->mv_size; /* used if MDB_DUPFIXED */
+			fp->mp_lower = fp->mp_upper = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+			olddata.mv_size = PAGEHDRSZ;
+			goto prep_subDB;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* there's only a key anyway, so this is a no-op */
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+			char *ptr;
+			unsigned int ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			if (key->mv_size != ksize)
+				return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+			ptr = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], ksize);
+			memcpy(ptr, key->mv_data, ksize);
+fix_parent:
+			/* if overwriting slot 0 of leaf, need to
+			 * update branch key if there is a parent page
+			 */
+			if (mc->mc_top && !mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) {
+				unsigned short dtop = 1;
+				mc->mc_top--;
+				/* slot 0 is always an empty key, find real slot */
+				while (mc->mc_top && !mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) {
+					mc->mc_top--;
+					dtop++;
+				}
+				if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top])
+					rc2 = mdb_update_key(mc, key);
+				else
+					rc2 = MDB_SUCCESS;
+				mc->mc_top += dtop;
+				if (rc2)
+					return rc2;
+			}
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+
+more:
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		olddata.mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+		olddata.mv_data = NODEDATA(leaf);
+
+		/* DB has dups? */
+		if (F_ISSET(mc->mc_db->md_flags, MDB_DUPSORT)) {
+			/* Prepare (sub-)page/sub-DB to accept the new item,
+			 * if needed.  fp: old sub-page or a header faking
+			 * it.  mp: new (sub-)page.  offset: growth in page
+			 * size.  xdata: node data with new page or DB.
+			 */
+			unsigned	i, offset = 0;
+			mp = fp = xdata.mv_data = env->me_pbuf;
+			mp->mp_pgno = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno;
+
+			/* Was a single item before, must convert now */
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+				MDB_cmp_func *dcmp;
+				/* Just overwrite the current item */
+				if (flags == MDB_CURRENT)
+					goto current;
+				dcmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+				if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && olddata.mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+					dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+				/* does data match? */
+				if (!dcmp(data, &olddata)) {
+					if (flags & (MDB_NODUPDATA|MDB_APPENDDUP))
+						return MDB_KEYEXIST;
+					/* overwrite it */
+					goto current;
+				}
+
+				/* Back up original data item */
+				dkey.mv_size = olddata.mv_size;
+				dkey.mv_data = memcpy(fp+1, olddata.mv_data, olddata.mv_size);
+
+				/* Make sub-page header for the dup items, with dummy body */
+				fp->mp_flags = P_LEAF|P_DIRTY|P_SUBP;
+				fp->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+				xdata.mv_size = PAGEHDRSZ + dkey.mv_size + data->mv_size;
+				if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+					fp->mp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+					fp->mp_pad = data->mv_size;
+					xdata.mv_size += 2 * data->mv_size;	/* leave space for 2 more */
+				} else {
+					xdata.mv_size += 2 * (sizeof(indx_t) + NODESIZE) +
+						(dkey.mv_size & 1) + (data->mv_size & 1);
+				}
+				fp->mp_upper = xdata.mv_size - PAGEBASE;
+				olddata.mv_size = xdata.mv_size; /* pretend olddata is fp */
+			} else if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+				/* Data is on sub-DB, just store it */
+				flags |= F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA;
+				goto put_sub;
+			} else {
+				/* Data is on sub-page */
+				fp = olddata.mv_data;
+				switch (flags) {
+				default:
+					if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+						offset = EVEN(NODESIZE + sizeof(indx_t) +
+							data->mv_size);
+						break;
+					}
+					offset = fp->mp_pad;
+					if (SIZELEFT(fp) < offset) {
+						offset *= 4; /* space for 4 more */
+						break;
+					}
+					/* FALLTHRU: Big enough MDB_DUPFIXED sub-page */
+				case MDB_CURRENT:
+					fp->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+					COPY_PGNO(fp->mp_pgno, mp->mp_pgno);
+					mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = fp;
+					flags |= F_DUPDATA;
+					goto put_sub;
+				}
+				xdata.mv_size = olddata.mv_size + offset;
+			}
+
+			fp_flags = fp->mp_flags;
+			if (NODESIZE + NODEKSZ(leaf) + xdata.mv_size > env->me_nodemax) {
+					/* Too big for a sub-page, convert to sub-DB */
+					fp_flags &= ~P_SUBP;
+prep_subDB:
+					if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+						fp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+						dummy.md_pad = fp->mp_pad;
+						dummy.md_flags = MDB_DUPFIXED;
+						if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+							dummy.md_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY;
+					} else {
+						dummy.md_pad = 0;
+						dummy.md_flags = 0;
+					}
+					dummy.md_depth = 1;
+					dummy.md_branch_pages = 0;
+					dummy.md_leaf_pages = 1;
+					dummy.md_overflow_pages = 0;
+					dummy.md_entries = NUMKEYS(fp);
+					xdata.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+					xdata.mv_data = &dummy;
+					if ((rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, 1, &mp)))
+						return rc;
+					offset = env->me_psize - olddata.mv_size;
+					flags |= F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA;
+					dummy.md_root = mp->mp_pgno;
+					sub_root = mp;
+			}
+			if (mp != fp) {
+				mp->mp_flags = fp_flags | P_DIRTY;
+				mp->mp_pad   = fp->mp_pad;
+				mp->mp_lower = fp->mp_lower;
+				mp->mp_upper = fp->mp_upper + offset;
+				if (fp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+					memcpy(METADATA(mp), METADATA(fp), NUMKEYS(fp) * fp->mp_pad);
+				} else {
+					memcpy((char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE, (char *)fp + fp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE,
+						olddata.mv_size - fp->mp_upper - PAGEBASE);
+					memcpy((char *)(&mp->mp_ptrs), (char *)(&fp->mp_ptrs), NUMKEYS(fp) * sizeof(mp->mp_ptrs[0]));
+					for (i=0; i<NUMKEYS(fp); i++)
+						mp->mp_ptrs[i] += offset;
+				}
+			}
+
+			rdata = &xdata;
+			flags |= F_DUPDATA;
+			do_sub = 1;
+			if (!insert_key)
+				mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+			goto new_sub;
+		}
+current:
+		/* LMDB passes F_SUBDATA in 'flags' to write a DB record */
+		if ((leaf->mn_flags ^ flags) & F_SUBDATA)
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+		/* overflow page overwrites need special handling */
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+			MDB_page *omp;
+			pgno_t pg;
+			int level, ovpages, dpages = OVPAGES(data->mv_size, env->me_psize);
+
+			memcpy(&pg, olddata.mv_data, sizeof(pg));
+			if ((rc2 = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, &level)) != 0)
+				return rc2;
+			ovpages = omp->mp_pages;
+
+			/* Is the ov page large enough? */
+			if (ovpages >= dpages) {
+			  if (!(omp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) &&
+				  (level || (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP)))
+			  {
+				rc = mdb_page_unspill(mc->mc_txn, omp, &omp);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				level = 0;		/* dirty in this txn or clean */
+			  }
+			  /* Is it dirty? */
+			  if (omp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) {
+				/* yes, overwrite it. Note in this case we don't
+				 * bother to try shrinking the page if the new data
+				 * is smaller than the overflow threshold.
+				 */
+				if (level > 1) {
+					/* It is writable only in a parent txn */
+					size_t sz = (size_t) env->me_psize * ovpages, off;
+					MDB_page *np = mdb_page_malloc(mc->mc_txn, ovpages);
+					MDB_ID2 id2;
+					if (!np)
+						return ENOMEM;
+					id2.mid = pg;
+					id2.mptr = np;
+					/* Note - this page is already counted in parent's dirty_room */
+					rc2 = mdb_mid2l_insert(mc->mc_txn->mt_u.dirty_list, &id2);
+					mdb_cassert(mc, rc2 == 0);
+					/* Currently we make the page look as with put() in the
+					 * parent txn, in case the user peeks at MDB_RESERVEd
+					 * or unused parts. Some users treat ovpages specially.
+					 */
+					if (!(flags & MDB_RESERVE)) {
+						/* Skip the part where LMDB will put *data.
+						 * Copy end of page, adjusting alignment so
+						 * compiler may copy words instead of bytes.
+						 */
+						off = (PAGEHDRSZ + data->mv_size) & -sizeof(size_t);
+						memcpy((size_t *)((char *)np + off),
+							(size_t *)((char *)omp + off), sz - off);
+						sz = PAGEHDRSZ;
+					}
+					memcpy(np, omp, sz); /* Copy beginning of page */
+					omp = np;
+				}
+				SETDSZ(leaf, data->mv_size);
+				if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+					data->mv_data = METADATA(omp);
+				else
+					memcpy(METADATA(omp), data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+				return MDB_SUCCESS;
+			  }
+			}
+			if ((rc2 = mdb_ovpage_free(mc, omp)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc2;
+		} else if (data->mv_size == olddata.mv_size) {
+			/* same size, just replace it. Note that we could
+			 * also reuse this node if the new data is smaller,
+			 * but instead we opt to shrink the node in that case.
+			 */
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = olddata.mv_data;
+			else if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_SUB))
+				memcpy(olddata.mv_data, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+			else {
+				memcpy(NODEKEY(leaf), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+				goto fix_parent;
+			}
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+	}
+
+	rdata = data;
+
+new_sub:
+	nflags = flags & NODE_ADD_FLAGS;
+	nsize = IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) ? key->mv_size : mdb_leaf_size(env, key, rdata);
+	if (SIZELEFT(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) < nsize) {
+		if (( flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA )
+			nflags &= ~MDB_APPEND; /* sub-page may need room to grow */
+		if (!insert_key)
+			nflags |= MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE;
+		rc = mdb_page_split(mc, key, rdata, P_INVALID, nflags);
+	} else {
+		/* There is room already in this leaf page. */
+		rc = mdb_node_add(mc, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key, rdata, 0, nflags);
+		if (rc == 0) {
+			/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+			MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+			MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+			unsigned i = mc->mc_top;
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+
+			for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (m3 == mc || m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum || m3->mc_pg[i] != mp) continue;
+				if (m3->mc_ki[i] >= mc->mc_ki[i] && insert_key) {
+					m3->mc_ki[i]++;
+				}
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, i, mp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		/* Now store the actual data in the child DB. Note that we're
+		 * storing the user data in the keys field, so there are strict
+		 * size limits on dupdata. The actual data fields of the child
+		 * DB are all zero size.
+		 */
+		if (do_sub) {
+			int xflags, new_dupdata;
+			size_t ecount;
+put_sub:
+			xdata.mv_size = 0;
+			xdata.mv_data = "";
+			leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (flags & MDB_CURRENT) {
+				xflags = MDB_CURRENT|MDB_NOSPILL;
+			} else {
+				mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+				xflags = (flags & MDB_NODUPDATA) ?
+					MDB_NOOVERWRITE|MDB_NOSPILL : MDB_NOSPILL;
+			}
+			if (sub_root)
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = sub_root;
+			new_dupdata = (int)dkey.mv_size;
+			/* converted, write the original data first */
+			if (dkey.mv_size) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, &dkey, &xdata, xflags);
+				if (rc)
+					goto bad_sub;
+				/* we've done our job */
+				dkey.mv_size = 0;
+			}
+			if (!(leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) || sub_root) {
+				/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+				MDB_cursor *m2;
+				MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+				unsigned i = mc->mc_top;
+				MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (m2 == mc || m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+					if (!(m2->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) continue;
+					if (m2->mc_pg[i] == mp) {
+						if (m2->mc_ki[i] == mc->mc_ki[i]) {
+							mdb_xcursor_init2(m2, mx, new_dupdata);
+						} else if (!insert_key) {
+							XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, i, mp);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			ecount = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries;
+			if (flags & MDB_APPENDDUP)
+				xflags |= MDB_APPEND;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, &xdata, xflags);
+			if (flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+				void *db = NODEDATA(leaf);
+				memcpy(db, &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db, sizeof(MDB_db));
+			}
+			insert_data = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries - ecount;
+		}
+		/* Increment count unless we just replaced an existing item. */
+		if (insert_data)
+			mc->mc_db->md_entries++;
+		if (insert_key) {
+			/* Invalidate txn if we created an empty sub-DB */
+			if (rc)
+				goto bad_sub;
+			/* If we succeeded and the key didn't exist before,
+			 * make sure the cursor is marked valid.
+			 */
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+		}
+		if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+			if (!rc) {
+				mcount++;
+				/* let caller know how many succeeded, if any */
+				data[1].mv_size = mcount;
+				if (mcount < dcount) {
+					data[0].mv_data = (char *)data[0].mv_data + data[0].mv_size;
+					insert_key = insert_data = 0;
+					goto more;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return rc;
+bad_sub:
+		if (rc == MDB_KEYEXIST)	/* should not happen, we deleted that item */
+			rc = MDB_CORRUPTED;
+	}
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_del(MDB_cursor *mc, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (!(flags & MDB_NOSPILL) && (rc = mdb_page_spill(mc, NULL, NULL)))
+		return rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_cursor_touch(mc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp))
+		goto del_key;
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		if (flags & MDB_NODUPDATA) {
+			/* mdb_cursor_del0() will subtract the final entry */
+			mc->mc_db->md_entries -= mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries - 1;
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		} else {
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_SUBDATA)) {
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(leaf);
+			}
+			rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, MDB_NOSPILL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			/* If sub-DB still has entries, we're done */
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries) {
+				if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+					/* update subDB info */
+					void *db = NODEDATA(leaf);
+					memcpy(db, &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db, sizeof(MDB_db));
+				} else {
+					MDB_cursor *m2;
+					/* shrink fake page */
+					mdb_node_shrink(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+					leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+					mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(leaf);
+					/* fix other sub-DB cursors pointed at fake pages on this page */
+					for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+						if (m2 == mc || m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+						if (!(m2->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) continue;
+						if (m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+							XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, mc->mc_top, mp);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				mc->mc_db->md_entries--;
+				return rc;
+			} else {
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+			}
+			/* otherwise fall thru and delete the sub-DB */
+		}
+
+		if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+			/* add all the child DB's pages to the free list */
+			rc = mdb_drop0(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, 0);
+			if (rc)
+				goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+	/* LMDB passes F_SUBDATA in 'flags' to delete a DB record */
+	else if ((leaf->mn_flags ^ flags) & F_SUBDATA) {
+		rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	/* add overflow pages to free list */
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+		MDB_page *omp;
+		pgno_t pg;
+
+		memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(pg));
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, NULL)) ||
+			(rc = mdb_ovpage_free(mc, omp)))
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+del_key:
+	return mdb_cursor_del0(mc);
+
+fail:
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Allocate and initialize new pages for a database.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc a cursor on the database being added to.
+ * @param[in] flags flags defining what type of page is being allocated.
+ * @param[in] num the number of pages to allocate. This is usually 1,
+ * unless allocating overflow pages for a large record.
+ * @param[out] mp Address of a page, or NULL on failure.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_new(MDB_cursor *mc, uint32_t flags, int num, MDB_page **mp)
+{
+	MDB_page	*np;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, num, &np)))
+		return rc;
+	DPRINTF(("allocated new mpage %"Z"u, page size %u",
+	    np->mp_pgno, mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize));
+	np->mp_flags = flags | P_DIRTY;
+	np->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+	np->mp_upper = mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize - PAGEBASE;
+
+	if (IS_BRANCH(np))
+		mc->mc_db->md_branch_pages++;
+	else if (IS_LEAF(np))
+		mc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages++;
+	else if (IS_OVERFLOW(np)) {
+		mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages += num;
+		np->mp_pages = num;
+	}
+	*mp = np;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Calculate the size of a leaf node.
+ * The size depends on the environment's page size; if a data item
+ * is too large it will be put onto an overflow page and the node
+ * size will only include the key and not the data. Sizes are always
+ * rounded up to an even number of bytes, to guarantee 2-byte alignment
+ * of the #MDB_node headers.
+ * @param[in] env The environment handle.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the node.
+ * @param[in] data The data for the node.
+ * @return The number of bytes needed to store the node.
+ */
+static size_t
+mdb_leaf_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	size_t		 sz;
+
+	sz = LEAFSIZE(key, data);
+	if (sz > env->me_nodemax) {
+		/* put on overflow page */
+		sz -= data->mv_size - sizeof(pgno_t);
+	}
+
+	return EVEN(sz + sizeof(indx_t));
+}
+
+/** Calculate the size of a branch node.
+ * The size should depend on the environment's page size but since
+ * we currently don't support spilling large keys onto overflow
+ * pages, it's simply the size of the #MDB_node header plus the
+ * size of the key. Sizes are always rounded up to an even number
+ * of bytes, to guarantee 2-byte alignment of the #MDB_node headers.
+ * @param[in] env The environment handle.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the node.
+ * @return The number of bytes needed to store the node.
+ */
+static size_t
+mdb_branch_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key)
+{
+	size_t		 sz;
+
+	sz = INDXSIZE(key);
+	if (sz > env->me_nodemax) {
+		/* put on overflow page */
+		/* not implemented */
+		/* sz -= key->size - sizeof(pgno_t); */
+	}
+
+	return sz + sizeof(indx_t);
+}
+
+/** Add a node to the page pointed to by the cursor.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] indx The index on the page where the new node should be added.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the new node.
+ * @param[in] data The data for the new node, if any.
+ * @param[in] pgno The page number, if adding a branch node.
+ * @param[in] flags Flags for the node.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure. Possible errors are:
+ * <ul>
+ *	<li>ENOMEM - failed to allocate overflow pages for the node.
+ *	<li>MDB_PAGE_FULL - there is insufficient room in the page. This error
+ *	should never happen since all callers already calculate the
+ *	page's free space before calling this function.
+ * </ul>
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_add(MDB_cursor *mc, indx_t indx,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, pgno_t pgno, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	unsigned int	 i;
+	size_t		 node_size = NODESIZE;
+	ssize_t		 room;
+	indx_t		 ofs;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_page	*ofp = NULL;		/* overflow page */
+	void		*ndata;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, mp->mp_upper >= mp->mp_lower);
+
+	DPRINTF(("add to %s %spage %"Z"u index %i, data size %"Z"u key size %"Z"u [%s]",
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+		IS_SUBP(mp) ? "sub-" : "",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), indx, data ? data->mv_size : 0,
+		key ? key->mv_size : 0, key ? DKEY(key) : "null"));
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		/* Move higher keys up one slot. */
+		int ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad, dif;
+		char *ptr = LEAF2KEY(mp, indx, ksize);
+		dif = NUMKEYS(mp) - indx;
+		if (dif > 0)
+			memmove(ptr+ksize, ptr, dif*ksize);
+		/* insert new key */
+		memcpy(ptr, key->mv_data, ksize);
+
+		/* Just using these for counting */
+		mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+		mp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	room = (ssize_t)SIZELEFT(mp) - (ssize_t)sizeof(indx_t);
+	if (key != NULL)
+		node_size += key->mv_size;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		mdb_cassert(mc, key && data);
+		if (F_ISSET(flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+			/* Data already on overflow page. */
+			node_size += sizeof(pgno_t);
+		} else if (node_size + data->mv_size > mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_nodemax) {
+			int ovpages = OVPAGES(data->mv_size, mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize);
+			int rc;
+			/* Put data on overflow page. */
+			DPRINTF(("data size is %"Z"u, node would be %"Z"u, put data on overflow page",
+			    data->mv_size, node_size+data->mv_size));
+			node_size = EVEN(node_size + sizeof(pgno_t));
+			if ((ssize_t)node_size > room)
+				goto full;
+			if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, P_OVERFLOW, ovpages, &ofp)))
+				return rc;
+			DPRINTF(("allocated overflow page %"Z"u", ofp->mp_pgno));
+			flags |= F_BIGDATA;
+			goto update;
+		} else {
+			node_size += data->mv_size;
+		}
+	}
+	node_size = EVEN(node_size);
+	if ((ssize_t)node_size > room)
+		goto full;
+
+update:
+	/* Move higher pointers up one slot. */
+	for (i = NUMKEYS(mp); i > indx; i--)
+		mp->mp_ptrs[i] = mp->mp_ptrs[i - 1];
+
+	/* Adjust free space offsets. */
+	ofs = mp->mp_upper - node_size;
+	mdb_cassert(mc, ofs >= mp->mp_lower + sizeof(indx_t));
+	mp->mp_ptrs[indx] = ofs;
+	mp->mp_upper = ofs;
+	mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+
+	/* Write the node data. */
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	node->mn_ksize = (key == NULL) ? 0 : key->mv_size;
+	node->mn_flags = flags;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+		SETDSZ(node,data->mv_size);
+	else
+		SETPGNO(node,pgno);
+
+	if (key)
+		memcpy(NODEKEY(node), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		ndata = NODEDATA(node);
+		if (ofp == NULL) {
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, F_BIGDATA))
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, sizeof(pgno_t));
+			else if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = ndata;
+			else
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+		} else {
+			memcpy(ndata, &ofp->mp_pgno, sizeof(pgno_t));
+			ndata = METADATA(ofp);
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = ndata;
+			else
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+full:
+	DPRINTF(("not enough room in page %"Z"u, got %u ptrs",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp)));
+	DPRINTF(("upper-lower = %u - %u = %"Z"d", mp->mp_upper,mp->mp_lower,room));
+	DPRINTF(("node size = %"Z"u", node_size));
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return MDB_PAGE_FULL;
+}
+
+/** Delete the specified node from a page.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the node to delete.
+ * @param[in] ksize The size of a node. Only used if the page is
+ * part of a #MDB_DUPFIXED database.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_node_del(MDB_cursor *mc, int ksize)
+{
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	indx_t	indx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	unsigned int	 sz;
+	indx_t		 i, j, numkeys, ptr;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	char		*base;
+
+	DPRINTF(("delete node %u on %s page %"Z"u", indx,
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", mdb_dbg_pgno(mp)));
+	numkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+	mdb_cassert(mc, indx < numkeys);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		int x = numkeys - 1 - indx;
+		base = LEAF2KEY(mp, indx, ksize);
+		if (x)
+			memmove(base, base + ksize, x * ksize);
+		mp->mp_lower -= sizeof(indx_t);
+		mp->mp_upper += ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	sz = NODESIZE + node->mn_ksize;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+			sz += sizeof(pgno_t);
+		else
+			sz += NODEDSZ(node);
+	}
+	sz = EVEN(sz);
+
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+	for (i = j = 0; i < numkeys; i++) {
+		if (i != indx) {
+			mp->mp_ptrs[j] = mp->mp_ptrs[i];
+			if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] < ptr)
+				mp->mp_ptrs[j] += sz;
+			j++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+	memmove(base + sz, base, ptr - mp->mp_upper);
+
+	mp->mp_lower -= sizeof(indx_t);
+	mp->mp_upper += sz;
+}
+
+/** Compact the main page after deleting a node on a subpage.
+ * @param[in] mp The main page to operate on.
+ * @param[in] indx The index of the subpage on the main page.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_node_shrink(MDB_page *mp, indx_t indx)
+{
+	MDB_node *node;
+	MDB_page *sp, *xp;
+	char *base;
+	indx_t delta, nsize, len, ptr;
+	int i;
+
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	sp = (MDB_page *)NODEDATA(node);
+	delta = SIZELEFT(sp);
+	nsize = NODEDSZ(node) - delta;
+
+	/* Prepare to shift upward, set len = length(subpage part to shift) */
+	if (IS_LEAF2(sp)) {
+		len = nsize;
+		if (nsize & 1)
+			return;		/* do not make the node uneven-sized */
+	} else {
+		xp = (MDB_page *)((char *)sp + delta); /* destination subpage */
+		for (i = NUMKEYS(sp); --i >= 0; )
+			xp->mp_ptrs[i] = sp->mp_ptrs[i] - delta;
+		len = PAGEHDRSZ;
+	}
+	sp->mp_upper = sp->mp_lower;
+	COPY_PGNO(sp->mp_pgno, mp->mp_pgno);
+	SETDSZ(node, nsize);
+
+	/* Shift <lower nodes...initial part of subpage> upward */
+	base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+	memmove(base + delta, base, (char *)sp + len - base);
+
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+	for (i = NUMKEYS(mp); --i >= 0; ) {
+		if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] <= ptr)
+			mp->mp_ptrs[i] += delta;
+	}
+	mp->mp_upper += delta;
+}
+
+/** Initial setup of a sorted-dups cursor.
+ * Sorted duplicates are implemented as a sub-database for the given key.
+ * The duplicate data items are actually keys of the sub-database.
+ * Operations on the duplicate data items are performed using a sub-cursor
+ * initialized when the sub-database is first accessed. This function does
+ * the preliminary setup of the sub-cursor, filling in the fields that
+ * depend only on the parent DB.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be initialized.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init0(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_db = &mx->mx_db;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbx = &mx->mx_dbx;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbflag = &mx->mx_dbflag;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 0;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_SUB;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_name.mv_size = 0;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_dcmp = NULL;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_rel = mc->mc_dbx->md_rel;
+}
+
+/** Final setup of a sorted-dups cursor.
+ *	Sets up the fields that depend on the data from the main cursor.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be initialized.
+ * @param[in] node The data containing the #MDB_db record for the
+ * sorted-dup database.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init1(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *node)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	if (node->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+		memcpy(&mx->mx_db, NODEDATA(node), sizeof(MDB_db));
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_SUB;
+	} else {
+		MDB_page *fp = NODEDATA(node);
+		mx->mx_db.md_pad = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_flags = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_depth = 1;
+		mx->mx_db.md_branch_pages = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_leaf_pages = 1;
+		mx->mx_db.md_overflow_pages = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_entries = NUMKEYS(fp);
+		COPY_PGNO(mx->mx_db.md_root, fp->mp_pgno);
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 1;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_INITIALIZED|C_SUB;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = fp;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+			mx->mx_db.md_flags = MDB_DUPFIXED;
+			mx->mx_db.md_pad = fp->mp_pad;
+			if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+				mx->mx_db.md_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY;
+		}
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("Sub-db -%u root page %"Z"u", mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi,
+		mx->mx_db.md_root));
+	mx->mx_dbflag = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_DUPDATA;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+	if (mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp == mdb_cmp_int && mx->mx_db.md_pad == sizeof(size_t))
+		mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/** Fixup a sorted-dups cursor due to underlying update.
+ *	Sets up some fields that depend on the data from the main cursor.
+ *	Almost the same as init1, but skips initialization steps if the
+ *	xcursor had already been used.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be fixed up.
+ * @param[in] src_mx The xcursor of an up-to-date cursor.
+ * @param[in] new_dupdata True if converting from a non-#F_DUPDATA item.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init2(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_xcursor *src_mx, int new_dupdata)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	if (new_dupdata) {
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 1;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		mx->mx_dbflag = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_DUPDATA;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+		mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = src_mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp;
+#endif
+	} else if (!(mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+		return;
+	}
+	mx->mx_db = src_mx->mx_db;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = src_mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0];
+	DPRINTF(("Sub-db -%u root page %"Z"u", mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi,
+		mx->mx_db.md_root));
+}
+
+/** Initialize a cursor for a given transaction and database. */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_init(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_xcursor *mx)
+{
+	mc->mc_next = NULL;
+	mc->mc_backup = NULL;
+	mc->mc_dbi = dbi;
+	mc->mc_txn = txn;
+	mc->mc_db = &txn->mt_dbs[dbi];
+	mc->mc_dbx = &txn->mt_dbxs[dbi];
+	mc->mc_dbflag = &txn->mt_dbflags[dbi];
+	mc->mc_snum = 0;
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+	mc->mc_pg[0] = 0;
+	mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+	mc->mc_flags = 0;
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+		mdb_tassert(txn, mx != NULL);
+		mc->mc_xcursor = mx;
+		mdb_xcursor_init0(mc);
+	} else {
+		mc->mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	}
+	if (*mc->mc_dbflag & DB_STALE) {
+		mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_ROOTONLY);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_open(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cursor **ret)
+{
+	MDB_cursor	*mc;
+	size_t size = sizeof(MDB_cursor);
+
+	if (!ret || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (dbi == FREE_DBI && !F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT)
+		size += sizeof(MDB_xcursor);
+
+	if ((mc = malloc(size)) != NULL) {
+		mdb_cursor_init(mc, txn, dbi, (MDB_xcursor *)(mc + 1));
+		if (txn->mt_cursors) {
+			mc->mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+			txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc;
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_UNTRACK;
+		}
+	} else {
+		return ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	*ret = mc;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_renew(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (!mc || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, mc->mc_dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if ((mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK) || txn->mt_cursors)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(mc, txn, mc->mc_dbi, mc->mc_xcursor);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Return the count of duplicate data items for the current key */
+int
+mdb_cursor_count(MDB_cursor *mc, size_t *countp)
+{
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc == NULL || countp == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL)
+		return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (!mc->mc_snum)
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_EOF) {
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_EOF;
+	}
+
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+	if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		*countp = 1;
+	} else {
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			return EINVAL;
+
+		*countp = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries;
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void
+mdb_cursor_close(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (mc && !mc->mc_backup) {
+		/* remove from txn, if tracked */
+		if ((mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK) && mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors) {
+			MDB_cursor **prev = &mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi];
+			while (*prev && *prev != mc) prev = &(*prev)->mc_next;
+			if (*prev == mc)
+				*prev = mc->mc_next;
+		}
+		free(mc);
+	}
+}
+
+MDB_txn *
+mdb_cursor_txn(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (!mc) return NULL;
+	return mc->mc_txn;
+}
+
+MDB_dbi
+mdb_cursor_dbi(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	return mc->mc_dbi;
+}
+
+/** Replace the key for a branch node with a new key.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the node to operate on.
+ * @param[in] key The new key to use.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_update_key(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key)
+{
+	MDB_page		*mp;
+	MDB_node		*node;
+	char			*base;
+	size_t			 len;
+	int				 delta, ksize, oksize;
+	indx_t			 ptr, i, numkeys, indx;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	indx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	{
+		MDB_val	k2;
+		char kbuf2[DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE*2+1];
+		k2.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+		k2.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+		DPRINTF(("update key %u (ofs %u) [%s] to [%s] on page %"Z"u",
+			indx, ptr,
+			mdb_dkey(&k2, kbuf2),
+			DKEY(key),
+			mp->mp_pgno));
+	}
+#endif
+
+	/* Sizes must be 2-byte aligned. */
+	ksize = EVEN(key->mv_size);
+	oksize = EVEN(node->mn_ksize);
+	delta = ksize - oksize;
+
+	/* Shift node contents if EVEN(key length) changed. */
+	if (delta) {
+		if (delta > 0 && SIZELEFT(mp) < delta) {
+			pgno_t pgno;
+			/* not enough space left, do a delete and split */
+			DPRINTF(("Not enough room, delta = %d, splitting...", delta));
+			pgno = NODEPGNO(node);
+			mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+			return mdb_page_split(mc, key, NULL, pgno, MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE);
+		}
+
+		numkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+		for (i = 0; i < numkeys; i++) {
+			if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] <= ptr)
+				mp->mp_ptrs[i] -= delta;
+		}
+
+		base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+		len = ptr - mp->mp_upper + NODESIZE;
+		memmove(base - delta, base, len);
+		mp->mp_upper -= delta;
+
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	}
+
+	/* But even if no shift was needed, update ksize */
+	if (node->mn_ksize != key->mv_size)
+		node->mn_ksize = key->mv_size;
+
+	if (key->mv_size)
+		memcpy(NODEKEY(node), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void
+mdb_cursor_copy(const MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst);
+
+/** Perform \b act while tracking temporary cursor \b mn */
+#define WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn, act) do { \
+	MDB_cursor dummy, *tracked, **tp = &(mn).mc_txn->mt_cursors[mn.mc_dbi]; \
+	if ((mn).mc_flags & C_SUB) { \
+		dummy.mc_flags =  C_INITIALIZED; \
+		dummy.mc_xcursor = (MDB_xcursor *)&(mn);	\
+		tracked = &dummy; \
+	} else { \
+		tracked = &(mn); \
+	} \
+	tracked->mc_next = *tp; \
+	*tp = tracked; \
+	{ act; } \
+	*tp = tracked->mc_next; \
+} while (0)
+
+/** Move a node from csrc to cdst.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_move(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst, int fromleft)
+{
+	MDB_node		*srcnode;
+	MDB_val		 key, data;
+	pgno_t	srcpg;
+	MDB_cursor mn;
+	int			 rc;
+	unsigned short flags;
+
+	DKBUF;
+
+	/* Mark src and dst as dirty. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(csrc)) ||
+	    (rc = mdb_page_touch(cdst)))
+		return rc;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+		key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top], key.mv_size);
+		data.mv_size = 0;
+		data.mv_data = NULL;
+		srcpg = 0;
+		flags = 0;
+	} else {
+		srcnode = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]);
+		mdb_cassert(csrc, !((size_t)srcnode & 1));
+		srcpg = NODEPGNO(srcnode);
+		flags = srcnode->mn_flags;
+		if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0 && IS_BRANCH(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+			unsigned int snum = csrc->mc_snum;
+			MDB_node *s2;
+			/* must find the lowest key below src */
+			rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(csrc);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				s2 = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+			}
+			csrc->mc_snum = snum--;
+			csrc->mc_top = snum;
+		} else {
+			key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+			key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+		}
+		data.mv_size = NODEDSZ(srcnode);
+		data.mv_data = NODEDATA(srcnode);
+	}
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	if (IS_BRANCH(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]) && cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] == 0) {
+		unsigned int snum = cdst->mc_snum;
+		MDB_node *s2;
+		MDB_val bkey;
+		/* must find the lowest key below dst */
+		mdb_cursor_copy(cdst, &mn);
+		rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(&mn);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top])) {
+			bkey.mv_size = mn.mc_db->md_pad;
+			bkey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0, bkey.mv_size);
+		} else {
+			s2 = NODEPTR(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0);
+			bkey.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+			bkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+		}
+		mn.mc_snum = snum--;
+		mn.mc_top = snum;
+		mn.mc_ki[snum] = 0;
+		rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &bkey);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("moving %s node %u [%s] on page %"Z"u to node %u on page %"Z"u",
+	    IS_LEAF(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+	    csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top],
+		DKEY(&key),
+	    csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]->mp_pgno,
+	    cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top], cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]->mp_pgno));
+
+	/* Add the node to the destination page.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top], &key, &data, srcpg, flags);
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* Delete the node from the source page.
+	 */
+	mdb_node_del(csrc, key.mv_size);
+
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+		MDB_page *mpd, *mps;
+
+		mps = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+		/* If we're adding on the left, bump others up */
+		if (fromleft) {
+			mpd = cdst->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+			for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || m3->mc_top < csrc->mc_top)
+					continue;
+				if (m3 != cdst &&
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mpd &&
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] >= cdst->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]++;
+				}
+				if (m3 !=csrc &&
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mps &&
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1]++;
+				}
+				if (IS_LEAF(mps))
+					XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, csrc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]);
+			}
+		} else
+		/* Adding on the right, bump others down */
+		{
+			for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (m3 == csrc) continue;
+				if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || m3->mc_top < csrc->mc_top)
+					continue;
+				if (m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mps) {
+					if (!m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+						m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1]--;
+					} else {
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]--;
+					}
+					if (IS_LEAF(mps))
+						XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, csrc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Update the parent separators.
+	 */
+	if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0) {
+		if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1] != 0) {
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				srcnode = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("update separator for source page %"Z"u to [%s]",
+				csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DKEY(&key)));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(csrc, &mn);
+			mn.mc_snum--;
+			mn.mc_top--;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &key));
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+		if (IS_BRANCH(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+			MDB_val	 nullkey;
+			indx_t	ix = csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top];
+			nullkey.mv_size = 0;
+			csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = 0;
+			rc = mdb_update_key(csrc, &nullkey);
+			csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = ix;
+			mdb_cassert(csrc, rc == MDB_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] == 0) {
+		if (cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top-1] != 0) {
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				srcnode = NODEPTR(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("update separator for destination page %"Z"u to [%s]",
+				cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DKEY(&key)));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(cdst, &mn);
+			mn.mc_snum--;
+			mn.mc_top--;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &key));
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+		if (IS_BRANCH(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top])) {
+			MDB_val	 nullkey;
+			indx_t	ix = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+			nullkey.mv_size = 0;
+			cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] = 0;
+			rc = mdb_update_key(cdst, &nullkey);
+			cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] = ix;
+			mdb_cassert(cdst, rc == MDB_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Merge one page into another.
+ *  The nodes from the page pointed to by \b csrc will
+ *	be copied to the page pointed to by \b cdst and then
+ *	the \b csrc page will be freed.
+ * @param[in] csrc Cursor pointing to the source page.
+ * @param[in] cdst Cursor pointing to the destination page.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_merge(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst)
+{
+	MDB_page	*psrc, *pdst;
+	MDB_node	*srcnode;
+	MDB_val		 key, data;
+	unsigned	 nkeys;
+	int			 rc;
+	indx_t		 i, j;
+
+	psrc = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+	pdst = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+
+	DPRINTF(("merging page %"Z"u into %"Z"u", psrc->mp_pgno, pdst->mp_pgno));
+
+	mdb_cassert(csrc, csrc->mc_snum > 1);	/* can't merge root page */
+	mdb_cassert(csrc, cdst->mc_snum > 1);
+
+	/* Mark dst as dirty. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(cdst)))
+		return rc;
+
+	/* get dst page again now that we've touched it. */
+	pdst = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+
+	/* Move all nodes from src to dst.
+	 */
+	j = nkeys = NUMKEYS(pdst);
+	if (IS_LEAF2(psrc)) {
+		key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key.mv_data = METADATA(psrc);
+		for (i = 0; i < NUMKEYS(psrc); i++, j++) {
+			rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, j, &key, NULL, 0, 0);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+			key.mv_data = (char *)key.mv_data + key.mv_size;
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; i < NUMKEYS(psrc); i++, j++) {
+			srcnode = NODEPTR(psrc, i);
+			if (i == 0 && IS_BRANCH(psrc)) {
+				MDB_cursor mn;
+				MDB_node *s2;
+				mdb_cursor_copy(csrc, &mn);
+				mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+				/* must find the lowest key below src */
+				rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(&mn);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				if (IS_LEAF2(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top])) {
+					key.mv_size = mn.mc_db->md_pad;
+					key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+				} else {
+					s2 = NODEPTR(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0);
+					key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+					key.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+				}
+			} else {
+				key.mv_size = srcnode->mn_ksize;
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+
+			data.mv_size = NODEDSZ(srcnode);
+			data.mv_data = NODEDATA(srcnode);
+			rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, j, &key, &data, NODEPGNO(srcnode), srcnode->mn_flags);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("dst page %"Z"u now has %u keys (%.1f%% filled)",
+	    pdst->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(pdst),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(cdst->mc_txn->mt_env, pdst) / 10));
+
+	/* Unlink the src page from parent and add to free list.
+	 */
+	csrc->mc_top--;
+	mdb_node_del(csrc, 0);
+	if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0) {
+		key.mv_size = 0;
+		rc = mdb_update_key(csrc, &key);
+		if (rc) {
+			csrc->mc_top++;
+			return rc;
+		}
+	}
+	csrc->mc_top++;
+
+	psrc = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+	/* If not operating on FreeDB, allow this page to be reused
+	 * in this txn. Otherwise just add to free list.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_page_loose(csrc, psrc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	if (IS_LEAF(psrc))
+		csrc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages--;
+	else
+		csrc->mc_db->md_branch_pages--;
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+		unsigned int top = csrc->mc_top;
+
+		for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+				m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			else
+				m3 = m2;
+			if (m3 == csrc) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_snum < csrc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[top] == psrc) {
+				m3->mc_pg[top] = pdst;
+				m3->mc_ki[top] += nkeys;
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1] = cdst->mc_ki[top-1];
+			} else if (m3->mc_pg[top-1] == csrc->mc_pg[top-1] &&
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1] > csrc->mc_ki[top-1]) {
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1]--;
+			}
+			if (IS_LEAF(psrc))
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, top, m3->mc_pg[top]);
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		unsigned int snum = cdst->mc_snum;
+		uint16_t depth = cdst->mc_db->md_depth;
+		mdb_cursor_pop(cdst);
+		rc = mdb_rebalance(cdst);
+		/* Did the tree height change? */
+		if (depth != cdst->mc_db->md_depth)
+			snum += cdst->mc_db->md_depth - depth;
+		cdst->mc_snum = snum;
+		cdst->mc_top = snum-1;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Copy the contents of a cursor.
+ * @param[in] csrc The cursor to copy from.
+ * @param[out] cdst The cursor to copy to.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_copy(const MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst)
+{
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	cdst->mc_txn = csrc->mc_txn;
+	cdst->mc_dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+	cdst->mc_db  = csrc->mc_db;
+	cdst->mc_dbx = csrc->mc_dbx;
+	cdst->mc_snum = csrc->mc_snum;
+	cdst->mc_top = csrc->mc_top;
+	cdst->mc_flags = csrc->mc_flags;
+
+	for (i=0; i<csrc->mc_snum; i++) {
+		cdst->mc_pg[i] = csrc->mc_pg[i];
+		cdst->mc_ki[i] = csrc->mc_ki[i];
+	}
+}
+
+/** Rebalance the tree after a delete operation.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the page where rebalancing
+ * should begin.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_rebalance(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	int rc, fromleft;
+	unsigned int ptop, minkeys, thresh;
+	MDB_cursor	mn;
+	indx_t oldki;
+
+	if (IS_BRANCH(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		minkeys = 2;
+		thresh = 1;
+	} else {
+		minkeys = 1;
+		thresh = FILL_THRESHOLD;
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("rebalancing %s page %"Z"u (has %u keys, %.1f%% full)",
+	    IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]), NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) / 10));
+
+	if (PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) >= thresh &&
+		NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) >= minkeys) {
+		DPRINTF(("no need to rebalance page %"Z"u, above fill threshold",
+		    mdb_dbg_pgno(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])));
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum < 2) {
+		MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[0];
+		if (IS_SUBP(mp)) {
+			DPUTS("Can't rebalance a subpage, ignoring");
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		if (NUMKEYS(mp) == 0) {
+			DPUTS("tree is completely empty");
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = P_INVALID;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth = 0;
+			mc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages = 0;
+			rc = mdb_midl_append(&mc->mc_txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			/* Adjust cursors pointing to mp */
+			mc->mc_snum = 0;
+			mc->mc_top = 0;
+			mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+			{
+				MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+				MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+						m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+					else
+						m3 = m2;
+					if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum))
+						continue;
+					if (m3->mc_pg[0] == mp) {
+						m3->mc_snum = 0;
+						m3->mc_top = 0;
+						m3->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (IS_BRANCH(mp) && NUMKEYS(mp) == 1) {
+			int i;
+			DPUTS("collapsing root page!");
+			rc = mdb_midl_append(&mc->mc_txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = NODEPGNO(NODEPTR(mp, 0));
+			rc = mdb_page_get(mc, mc->mc_db->md_root, &mc->mc_pg[0], NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth--;
+			mc->mc_db->md_branch_pages--;
+			mc->mc_ki[0] = mc->mc_ki[1];
+			for (i = 1; i<mc->mc_db->md_depth; i++) {
+				mc->mc_pg[i] = mc->mc_pg[i+1];
+				mc->mc_ki[i] = mc->mc_ki[i+1];
+			}
+			{
+				/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+				MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+				MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+						m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+					else
+						m3 = m2;
+					if (m3 == mc) continue;
+					if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+						continue;
+					if (m3->mc_pg[0] == mp) {
+						for (i=0; i<mc->mc_db->md_depth; i++) {
+							m3->mc_pg[i] = m3->mc_pg[i+1];
+							m3->mc_ki[i] = m3->mc_ki[i+1];
+						}
+						m3->mc_snum--;
+						m3->mc_top--;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else
+			DPUTS("root page doesn't need rebalancing");
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	/* The parent (branch page) must have at least 2 pointers,
+	 * otherwise the tree is invalid.
+	 */
+	ptop = mc->mc_top-1;
+	mdb_cassert(mc, NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop]) > 1);
+
+	/* Leaf page fill factor is below the threshold.
+	 * Try to move keys from left or right neighbor, or
+	 * merge with a neighbor page.
+	 */
+
+	/* Find neighbors.
+	 */
+	mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mn);
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+
+	oldki = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	if (mc->mc_ki[ptop] == 0) {
+		/* We're the leftmost leaf in our parent.
+		 */
+		DPUTS("reading right neighbor");
+		mn.mc_ki[ptop]++;
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[ptop], mn.mc_ki[ptop]);
+		rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = 0;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+		fromleft = 0;
+	} else {
+		/* There is at least one neighbor to the left.
+		 */
+		DPUTS("reading left neighbor");
+		mn.mc_ki[ptop]--;
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[ptop], mn.mc_ki[ptop]);
+		rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) - 1;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+		fromleft = 1;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("found neighbor page %"Z"u (%u keys, %.1f%% full)",
+	    mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) / 10));
+
+	/* If the neighbor page is above threshold and has enough keys,
+	 * move one key from it. Otherwise we should try to merge them.
+	 * (A branch page must never have less than 2 keys.)
+	 */
+	if (PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) >= thresh && NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) > minkeys) {
+		rc = mdb_node_move(&mn, mc, fromleft);
+		if (fromleft) {
+			/* if we inserted on left, bump position up */
+			oldki++;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (!fromleft) {
+			rc = mdb_page_merge(&mn, mc);
+		} else {
+			oldki += NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]);
+			mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] += mc->mc_ki[mn.mc_top] + 1;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_page_merge(mc, &mn));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(&mn, mc);
+		}
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+	}
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = oldki;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Complete a delete operation started by #mdb_cursor_del(). */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_del0(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	int rc;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+	indx_t ki;
+	unsigned int nkeys;
+	MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+	MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+	ki = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	mdb_node_del(mc, mc->mc_db->md_pad);
+	mc->mc_db->md_entries--;
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			m3 = (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor : m2;
+			if (! (m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			if (m3 == mc || m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum)
+				continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == ki) {
+					m3->mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+					if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+						/* Sub-cursor referred into dataset which is gone */
+						m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+					}
+					continue;
+				} else if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] > ki) {
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+				}
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, mc->mc_top, mp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	rc = mdb_rebalance(mc);
+
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		/* DB is totally empty now, just bail out.
+		 * Other cursors adjustments were already done
+		 * by mdb_rebalance and aren't needed here.
+		 */
+		if (!mc->mc_snum)
+			return rc;
+
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; !rc && m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			m3 = (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor : m2;
+			if (! (m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			if (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum)
+				continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				/* if m3 points past last node in page, find next sibling */
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) {
+					if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+						rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(m3, 1);
+						if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+							m3->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+							rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+							continue;
+						}
+					}
+					if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+						MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(m3->mc_pg[m3->mc_top], m3->mc_ki[m3->mc_top]);
+						/* If this node has dupdata, it may need to be reinited
+						 * because its data has moved.
+						 * If the xcursor was not initd it must be reinited.
+						 * Else if node points to a subDB, nothing is needed.
+						 * Else (xcursor was initd, not a subDB) needs mc_pg[0] reset.
+						 */
+						if (node->mn_flags & F_DUPDATA) {
+							if (m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+								if (!(node->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA))
+									m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(node);
+							} else {
+								mdb_xcursor_init1(m3, node);
+								m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+							}
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		mc->mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+	}
+
+	if (rc)
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_del(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	if (!key || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags, MDB_DUPSORT)) {
+		/* must ignore any data */
+		data = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mdb_del0(txn, dbi, key, data, 0);
+}
+
+static int
+mdb_del0(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+	MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_xcursor mx;
+	MDB_cursor_op op;
+	MDB_val rdata, *xdata;
+	int		 rc, exact = 0;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	DPRINTF(("====> delete db %u key [%s]", dbi, DKEY(key)));
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+
+	if (data) {
+		op = MDB_GET_BOTH;
+		rdata = *data;
+		xdata = &rdata;
+	} else {
+		op = MDB_SET;
+		xdata = NULL;
+		flags |= MDB_NODUPDATA;
+	}
+	rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc, key, xdata, op, &exact);
+	if (rc == 0) {
+		/* let mdb_page_split know about this cursor if needed:
+		 * delete will trigger a rebalance; if it needs to move
+		 * a node from one page to another, it will have to
+		 * update the parent's separator key(s). If the new sepkey
+		 * is larger than the current one, the parent page may
+		 * run out of space, triggering a split. We need this
+		 * cursor to be consistent until the end of the rebalance.
+		 */
+		mc.mc_flags |= C_UNTRACK;
+		mc.mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+		txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = &mc;
+		rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc, flags);
+		txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc.mc_next;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Split a page and insert a new node.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in,out] mc Cursor pointing to the page and desired insertion index.
+ * The cursor will be updated to point to the actual page and index where
+ * the node got inserted after the split.
+ * @param[in] newkey The key for the newly inserted node.
+ * @param[in] newdata The data for the newly inserted node.
+ * @param[in] newpgno The page number, if the new node is a branch node.
+ * @param[in] nflags The #NODE_ADD_FLAGS for the new node.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_split(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *newkey, MDB_val *newdata, pgno_t newpgno,
+	unsigned int nflags)
+{
+	unsigned int flags;
+	int		 rc = MDB_SUCCESS, new_root = 0, did_split = 0;
+	indx_t		 newindx;
+	pgno_t		 pgno = 0;
+	int	 i, j, split_indx, nkeys, pmax;
+	MDB_env 	*env = mc->mc_txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	MDB_val	 sepkey, rkey, xdata, *rdata = &xdata;
+	MDB_page	*copy = NULL;
+	MDB_page	*mp, *rp, *pp;
+	int ptop;
+	MDB_cursor	mn;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	newindx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+	DPRINTF(("-----> splitting %s page %"Z"u and adding [%s] at index %i/%i",
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", mp->mp_pgno,
+	    DKEY(newkey), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], nkeys));
+
+	/* Create a right sibling. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, mp->mp_flags, 1, &rp)))
+		return rc;
+	rp->mp_pad = mp->mp_pad;
+	DPRINTF(("new right sibling: page %"Z"u", rp->mp_pgno));
+
+	/* Usually when splitting the root page, the cursor
+	 * height is 1. But when called from mdb_update_key,
+	 * the cursor height may be greater because it walks
+	 * up the stack while finding the branch slot to update.
+	 */
+	if (mc->mc_top < 1) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, P_BRANCH, 1, &pp)))
+			goto done;
+		/* shift current top to make room for new parent */
+		for (i=mc->mc_snum; i>0; i--) {
+			mc->mc_pg[i] = mc->mc_pg[i-1];
+			mc->mc_ki[i] = mc->mc_ki[i-1];
+		}
+		mc->mc_pg[0] = pp;
+		mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		mc->mc_db->md_root = pp->mp_pgno;
+		DPRINTF(("root split! new root = %"Z"u", pp->mp_pgno));
+		new_root = mc->mc_db->md_depth++;
+
+		/* Add left (implicit) pointer. */
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_add(mc, 0, NULL, NULL, mp->mp_pgno, 0)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			/* undo the pre-push */
+			mc->mc_pg[0] = mc->mc_pg[1];
+			mc->mc_ki[0] = mc->mc_ki[1];
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = mp->mp_pgno;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth--;
+			goto done;
+		}
+		mc->mc_snum++;
+		mc->mc_top++;
+		ptop = 0;
+	} else {
+		ptop = mc->mc_top-1;
+		DPRINTF(("parent branch page is %"Z"u", mc->mc_pg[ptop]->mp_pgno));
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mn);
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top] = rp;
+	mn.mc_ki[ptop] = mc->mc_ki[ptop]+1;
+
+	if (nflags & MDB_APPEND) {
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = 0;
+		sepkey = *newkey;
+		split_indx = newindx;
+		nkeys = 0;
+	} else {
+
+		split_indx = (nkeys+1) / 2;
+
+		if (IS_LEAF2(rp)) {
+			char *split, *ins;
+			int x;
+			unsigned int lsize, rsize, ksize;
+			/* Move half of the keys to the right sibling */
+			x = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] - split_indx;
+			ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			split = LEAF2KEY(mp, split_indx, ksize);
+			rsize = (nkeys - split_indx) * ksize;
+			lsize = (nkeys - split_indx) * sizeof(indx_t);
+			mp->mp_lower -= lsize;
+			rp->mp_lower += lsize;
+			mp->mp_upper += rsize - lsize;
+			rp->mp_upper -= rsize - lsize;
+			sepkey.mv_size = ksize;
+			if (newindx == split_indx) {
+				sepkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+			} else {
+				sepkey.mv_data = split;
+			}
+			if (x<0) {
+				ins = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], ksize);
+				memcpy(rp->mp_ptrs, split, rsize);
+				sepkey.mv_data = rp->mp_ptrs;
+				memmove(ins+ksize, ins, (split_indx - mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) * ksize);
+				memcpy(ins, newkey->mv_data, ksize);
+				mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+				mp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+			} else {
+				if (x)
+					memcpy(rp->mp_ptrs, split, x * ksize);
+				ins = LEAF2KEY(rp, x, ksize);
+				memcpy(ins, newkey->mv_data, ksize);
+				memcpy(ins+ksize, split + x * ksize, rsize - x * ksize);
+				rp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+				rp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = x;
+			}
+		} else {
+			int psize, nsize, k;
+			/* Maximum free space in an empty page */
+			pmax = env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ;
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				nsize = mdb_leaf_size(env, newkey, newdata);
+			else
+				nsize = mdb_branch_size(env, newkey);
+			nsize = EVEN(nsize);
+
+			/* grab a page to hold a temporary copy */
+			copy = mdb_page_malloc(mc->mc_txn, 1);
+			if (copy == NULL) {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+				goto done;
+			}
+			copy->mp_pgno  = mp->mp_pgno;
+			copy->mp_flags = mp->mp_flags;
+			copy->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+			copy->mp_upper = env->me_psize - PAGEBASE;
+
+			/* prepare to insert */
+			for (i=0, j=0; i<nkeys; i++) {
+				if (i == newindx) {
+					copy->mp_ptrs[j++] = 0;
+				}
+				copy->mp_ptrs[j++] = mp->mp_ptrs[i];
+			}
+
+			/* When items are relatively large the split point needs
+			 * to be checked, because being off-by-one will make the
+			 * difference between success or failure in mdb_node_add.
+			 *
+			 * It's also relevant if a page happens to be laid out
+			 * such that one half of its nodes are all "small" and
+			 * the other half of its nodes are "large." If the new
+			 * item is also "large" and falls on the half with
+			 * "large" nodes, it also may not fit.
+			 *
+			 * As a final tweak, if the new item goes on the last
+			 * spot on the page (and thus, onto the new page), bias
+			 * the split so the new page is emptier than the old page.
+			 * This yields better packing during sequential inserts.
+			 */
+			if (nkeys < 20 || nsize > pmax/16 || newindx >= nkeys) {
+				/* Find split point */
+				psize = 0;
+				if (newindx <= split_indx || newindx >= nkeys) {
+					i = 0; j = 1;
+					k = newindx >= nkeys ? nkeys : split_indx+1+IS_LEAF(mp);
+				} else {
+					i = nkeys; j = -1;
+					k = split_indx-1;
+				}
+				for (; i!=k; i+=j) {
+					if (i == newindx) {
+						psize += nsize;
+						node = NULL;
+					} else {
+						node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE);
+						psize += NODESIZE + NODEKSZ(node) + sizeof(indx_t);
+						if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+							if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+								psize += sizeof(pgno_t);
+							else
+								psize += NODEDSZ(node);
+						}
+						psize = EVEN(psize);
+					}
+					if (psize > pmax || i == k-j) {
+						split_indx = i + (j<0);
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (split_indx == newindx) {
+				sepkey.mv_size = newkey->mv_size;
+				sepkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+			} else {
+				node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[split_indx] + PAGEBASE);
+				sepkey.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+				sepkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("separator is %d [%s]", split_indx, DKEY(&sepkey)));
+
+	/* Copy separator key to the parent.
+	 */
+	if (SIZELEFT(mn.mc_pg[ptop]) < mdb_branch_size(env, &sepkey)) {
+		int snum = mc->mc_snum;
+		mn.mc_snum--;
+		mn.mc_top--;
+		did_split = 1;
+		/* We want other splits to find mn when doing fixups */
+		WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+			rc = mdb_page_split(&mn, &sepkey, NULL, rp->mp_pgno, 0));
+		if (rc)
+			goto done;
+
+		/* root split? */
+		if (mc->mc_snum > snum) {
+			ptop++;
+		}
+		/* Right page might now have changed parent.
+		 * Check if left page also changed parent.
+		 */
+		if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+		    mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+			for (i=0; i<ptop; i++) {
+				mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+				mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+			}
+			mc->mc_pg[ptop] = mn.mc_pg[ptop];
+			if (mn.mc_ki[ptop]) {
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] = mn.mc_ki[ptop] - 1;
+			} else {
+				/* find right page's left sibling */
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] = mn.mc_ki[ptop];
+				mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 0);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		mn.mc_top--;
+		rc = mdb_node_add(&mn, mn.mc_ki[ptop], &sepkey, NULL, rp->mp_pgno, 0);
+		mn.mc_top++;
+	}
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		goto done;
+	}
+	if (nflags & MDB_APPEND) {
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+		rc = mdb_node_add(mc, 0, newkey, newdata, newpgno, nflags);
+		if (rc)
+			goto done;
+		for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++)
+			mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+	} else if (!IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		/* Move nodes */
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+		i = split_indx;
+		j = 0;
+		do {
+			if (i == newindx) {
+				rkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+				rkey.mv_size = newkey->mv_size;
+				if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+					rdata = newdata;
+				} else
+					pgno = newpgno;
+				flags = nflags;
+				/* Update index for the new key. */
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = j;
+			} else {
+				node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE);
+				rkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+				rkey.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+				if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+					xdata.mv_data = NODEDATA(node);
+					xdata.mv_size = NODEDSZ(node);
+					rdata = &xdata;
+				} else
+					pgno = NODEPGNO(node);
+				flags = node->mn_flags;
+			}
+
+			if (!IS_LEAF(mp) && j == 0) {
+				/* First branch index doesn't need key data. */
+				rkey.mv_size = 0;
+			}
+
+			rc = mdb_node_add(mc, j, &rkey, rdata, pgno, flags);
+			if (rc)
+				goto done;
+			if (i == nkeys) {
+				i = 0;
+				j = 0;
+				mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = copy;
+			} else {
+				i++;
+				j++;
+			}
+		} while (i != split_indx);
+
+		nkeys = NUMKEYS(copy);
+		for (i=0; i<nkeys; i++)
+			mp->mp_ptrs[i] = copy->mp_ptrs[i];
+		mp->mp_lower = copy->mp_lower;
+		mp->mp_upper = copy->mp_upper;
+		memcpy(NODEPTR(mp, nkeys-1), NODEPTR(copy, nkeys-1),
+			env->me_psize - copy->mp_upper - PAGEBASE);
+
+		/* reset back to original page */
+		if (newindx < split_indx) {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = mp;
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+			mc->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			/* Make sure mc_ki is still valid.
+			 */
+			if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+				for (i=0; i<=ptop; i++) {
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (nflags & MDB_RESERVE) {
+			node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (!(node->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA))
+				newdata->mv_data = NODEDATA(node);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (newindx >= split_indx) {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+			mc->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			/* Make sure mc_ki is still valid.
+			 */
+			if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+				for (i=0; i<=ptop; i++) {
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+		nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+		for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+				m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			else
+				m3 = m2;
+			if (m3 == mc)
+				continue;
+			if (!(m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			if (new_root) {
+				int k;
+				/* sub cursors may be on different DB */
+				if (m3->mc_pg[0] != mp)
+					continue;
+				/* root split */
+				for (k=new_root; k>=0; k--) {
+					m3->mc_ki[k+1] = m3->mc_ki[k];
+					m3->mc_pg[k+1] = m3->mc_pg[k];
+				}
+				if (m3->mc_ki[0] >= nkeys) {
+					m3->mc_ki[0] = 1;
+				} else {
+					m3->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+				}
+				m3->mc_pg[0] = mc->mc_pg[0];
+				m3->mc_snum++;
+				m3->mc_top++;
+			}
+			if (m3->mc_top >= mc->mc_top && m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= newindx && !(nflags & MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE))
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+					m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] -= nkeys;
+					for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++) {
+						m3->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+						m3->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					}
+				}
+			} else if (!did_split && m3->mc_top >= ptop && m3->mc_pg[ptop] == mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				m3->mc_ki[ptop] >= mc->mc_ki[ptop]) {
+				m3->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			}
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, mc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+		}
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("mp left: %d, rp left: %d", SIZELEFT(mp), SIZELEFT(rp)));
+
+done:
+	if (copy)					/* tmp page */
+		mdb_page_free(env, copy);
+	if (rc)
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_put(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_xcursor mx;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!key || !data || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (flags & ~(MDB_NOOVERWRITE|MDB_NODUPDATA|MDB_RESERVE|MDB_APPEND|MDB_APPENDDUP))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	mc.mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+	txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = &mc;
+	rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, key, data, flags);
+	txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc.mc_next;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef MDB_WBUF
+#define MDB_WBUF	(1024*1024)
+#endif
+#define MDB_EOF		0x10	/**< #mdb_env_copyfd1() is done reading */
+
+	/** State needed for a double-buffering compacting copy. */
+typedef struct mdb_copy {
+	MDB_env *mc_env;
+	MDB_txn *mc_txn;
+	pthread_mutex_t mc_mutex;
+	pthread_cond_t mc_cond;	/**< Condition variable for #mc_new */
+	char *mc_wbuf[2];
+	char *mc_over[2];
+	int mc_wlen[2];
+	int mc_olen[2];
+	pgno_t mc_next_pgno;
+	HANDLE mc_fd;
+	int mc_toggle;			/**< Buffer number in provider */
+	int mc_new;				/**< (0-2 buffers to write) | (#MDB_EOF at end) */
+	/** Error code.  Never cleared if set.  Both threads can set nonzero
+	 *	to fail the copy.  Not mutex-protected, LMDB expects atomic int.
+	 */
+	volatile int mc_error;
+} mdb_copy;
+
+	/** Dedicated writer thread for compacting copy. */
+static THREAD_RET ESECT CALL_CONV
+mdb_env_copythr(void *arg)
+{
+	mdb_copy *my = arg;
+	char *ptr;
+	int toggle = 0, wsize, rc;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, w2, &len, NULL)
+#else
+	int len;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	len = write(fd, ptr, w2); rc = (len >= 0)
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+	sigset_t set;
+	sigemptyset(&set);
+	sigaddset(&set, SIGPIPE);
+	if ((rc = pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL)) != 0)
+		my->mc_error = rc;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	for(;;) {
+		while (!my->mc_new)
+			pthread_cond_wait(&my->mc_cond, &my->mc_mutex);
+		if (my->mc_new == 0 + MDB_EOF) /* 0 buffers, just EOF */
+			break;
+		wsize = my->mc_wlen[toggle];
+		ptr = my->mc_wbuf[toggle];
+again:
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		while (wsize > 0 && !my->mc_error) {
+			DO_WRITE(rc, my->mc_fd, ptr, wsize, len);
+			if (!rc) {
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#if defined(SIGPIPE) && !defined(_WIN32)
+				if (rc == EPIPE) {
+					/* Collect the pending SIGPIPE, otherwise at least OS X
+					 * gives it to the process on thread-exit (ITS#8504).
+					 */
+					int tmp;
+					sigwait(&set, &tmp);
+				}
+#endif
+				break;
+			} else if (len > 0) {
+				rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+				ptr += len;
+				wsize -= len;
+				continue;
+			} else {
+				rc = EIO;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (rc) {
+			my->mc_error = rc;
+		}
+		/* If there's an overflow page tail, write it too */
+		if (my->mc_olen[toggle]) {
+			wsize = my->mc_olen[toggle];
+			ptr = my->mc_over[toggle];
+			my->mc_olen[toggle] = 0;
+			goto again;
+		}
+		my->mc_wlen[toggle] = 0;
+		toggle ^= 1;
+		/* Return the empty buffer to provider */
+		my->mc_new--;
+		pthread_cond_signal(&my->mc_cond);
+	}
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	return (THREAD_RET)0;
+#undef DO_WRITE
+}
+
+	/** Give buffer and/or #MDB_EOF to writer thread, await unused buffer.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] my control structure.
+	 * @param[in] adjust (1 to hand off 1 buffer) | (MDB_EOF when ending).
+	 */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_cthr_toggle(mdb_copy *my, int adjust)
+{
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	my->mc_new += adjust;
+	pthread_cond_signal(&my->mc_cond);
+	while (my->mc_new & 2)		/* both buffers in use */
+		pthread_cond_wait(&my->mc_cond, &my->mc_mutex);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&my->mc_mutex);
+
+	my->mc_toggle ^= (adjust & 1);
+	/* Both threads reset mc_wlen, to be safe from threading errors */
+	my->mc_wlen[my->mc_toggle] = 0;
+	return my->mc_error;
+}
+
+	/** Depth-first tree traversal for compacting copy.
+	 * @param[in] my control structure.
+	 * @param[in,out] pg database root.
+	 * @param[in] flags includes #F_DUPDATA if it is a sorted-duplicate sub-DB.
+	 */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_cwalk(mdb_copy *my, pgno_t *pg, int flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc = {0};
+	MDB_node *ni;
+	MDB_page *mo, *mp, *leaf;
+	char *buf, *ptr;
+	int rc, toggle;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	/* Empty DB, nothing to do */
+	if (*pg == P_INVALID)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	mc.mc_snum = 1;
+	mc.mc_txn = my->mc_txn;
+
+	rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, *pg, &mc.mc_pg[0], NULL);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	rc = mdb_page_search_root(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* Make cursor pages writable */
+	buf = ptr = malloc(my->mc_env->me_psize * mc.mc_snum);
+	if (buf == NULL)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	for (i=0; i<mc.mc_top; i++) {
+		mdb_page_copy((MDB_page *)ptr, mc.mc_pg[i], my->mc_env->me_psize);
+		mc.mc_pg[i] = (MDB_page *)ptr;
+		ptr += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+	}
+
+	/* This is writable space for a leaf page. Usually not needed. */
+	leaf = (MDB_page *)ptr;
+
+	toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+	while (mc.mc_snum > 0) {
+		unsigned n;
+		mp = mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top];
+		n = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+		if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+			if (!IS_LEAF2(mp) && !(flags & F_DUPDATA)) {
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					if (ni->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA) {
+						MDB_page *omp;
+						pgno_t pg;
+
+						/* Need writable leaf */
+						if (mp != leaf) {
+							mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = leaf;
+							mdb_page_copy(leaf, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+							mp = leaf;
+							ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+						}
+
+						memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(pg));
+						memcpy(NODEDATA(ni), &my->mc_next_pgno, sizeof(pgno_t));
+						rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, pg, &omp, NULL);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						if (my->mc_wlen[toggle] >= MDB_WBUF) {
+							rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+							if (rc)
+								goto done;
+							toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						}
+						mo = (MDB_page *)(my->mc_wbuf[toggle] + my->mc_wlen[toggle]);
+						memcpy(mo, omp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+						mo->mp_pgno = my->mc_next_pgno;
+						my->mc_next_pgno += omp->mp_pages;
+						my->mc_wlen[toggle] += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+						if (omp->mp_pages > 1) {
+							my->mc_olen[toggle] = my->mc_env->me_psize * (omp->mp_pages - 1);
+							my->mc_over[toggle] = (char *)omp + my->mc_env->me_psize;
+							rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+							if (rc)
+								goto done;
+							toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						}
+					} else if (ni->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+						MDB_db db;
+
+						/* Need writable leaf */
+						if (mp != leaf) {
+							mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = leaf;
+							mdb_page_copy(leaf, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+							mp = leaf;
+							ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+						}
+
+						memcpy(&db, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(db));
+						my->mc_toggle = toggle;
+						rc = mdb_env_cwalk(my, &db.md_root, ni->mn_flags & F_DUPDATA);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						memcpy(NODEDATA(ni), &db, sizeof(db));
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]++;
+			if (mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top] < n) {
+				pgno_t pg;
+again:
+				ni = NODEPTR(mp, mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]);
+				pg = NODEPGNO(ni);
+				rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, pg, &mp, NULL);
+				if (rc)
+					goto done;
+				mc.mc_top++;
+				mc.mc_snum++;
+				mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top] = 0;
+				if (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+					/* Whenever we advance to a sibling branch page,
+					 * we must proceed all the way down to its first leaf.
+					 */
+					mdb_page_copy(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top], mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+					goto again;
+				} else
+					mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = mp;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		if (my->mc_wlen[toggle] >= MDB_WBUF) {
+			rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+			if (rc)
+				goto done;
+			toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+		}
+		mo = (MDB_page *)(my->mc_wbuf[toggle] + my->mc_wlen[toggle]);
+		mdb_page_copy(mo, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+		mo->mp_pgno = my->mc_next_pgno++;
+		my->mc_wlen[toggle] += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+		if (mc.mc_top) {
+			/* Update parent if there is one */
+			ni = NODEPTR(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top-1], mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top-1]);
+			SETPGNO(ni, mo->mp_pgno);
+			mdb_cursor_pop(&mc);
+		} else {
+			/* Otherwise we're done */
+			*pg = mo->mp_pgno;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+done:
+	free(buf);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+	/** Copy environment with compaction. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd1(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	MDB_meta *mm;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+	mdb_copy my = {0};
+	MDB_txn *txn = NULL;
+	pthread_t thr;
+	pgno_t root, new_root;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (!(my.mc_mutex = CreateMutex(NULL, FALSE, NULL)) ||
+		!(my.mc_cond = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL))) {
+		rc = ErrCode();
+		goto done;
+	}
+	my.mc_wbuf[0] = _aligned_malloc(MDB_WBUF*2, env->me_os_psize);
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0] == NULL) {
+		/* _aligned_malloc() sets errno, but we use Windows error codes */
+		rc = ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY;
+		goto done;
+	}
+#else
+	if ((rc = pthread_mutex_init(&my.mc_mutex, NULL)) != 0)
+		return rc;
+	if ((rc = pthread_cond_init(&my.mc_cond, NULL)) != 0)
+		goto done2;
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMALIGN
+	my.mc_wbuf[0] = memalign(env->me_os_psize, MDB_WBUF*2);
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0] == NULL) {
+		rc = errno;
+		goto done;
+	}
+#else
+	{
+		void *p;
+		if ((rc = posix_memalign(&p, env->me_os_psize, MDB_WBUF*2)) != 0)
+			goto done;
+		my.mc_wbuf[0] = p;
+	}
+#endif
+#endif
+	memset(my.mc_wbuf[0], 0, MDB_WBUF*2);
+	my.mc_wbuf[1] = my.mc_wbuf[0] + MDB_WBUF;
+	my.mc_next_pgno = NUM_METAS;
+	my.mc_env = env;
+	my.mc_fd = fd;
+	rc = THREAD_CREATE(thr, mdb_env_copythr, &my);
+	if (rc)
+		goto done;
+
+	rc = mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, MDB_RDONLY, &txn);
+	if (rc)
+		goto finish;
+
+	mp = (MDB_page *)my.mc_wbuf[0];
+	memset(mp, 0, NUM_METAS * env->me_psize);
+	mp->mp_pgno = 0;
+	mp->mp_flags = P_META;
+	mm = (MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp);
+	mdb_env_init_meta0(env, mm);
+	mm->mm_address = env->me_metas[0]->mm_address;
+
+	mp = (MDB_page *)(my.mc_wbuf[0] + env->me_psize);
+	mp->mp_pgno = 1;
+	mp->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp) = *mm;
+	mm = (MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp);
+
+	/* Set metapage 1 with current main DB */
+	root = new_root = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root;
+	if (root != P_INVALID) {
+		/* Count free pages + freeDB pages.  Subtract from last_pg
+		 * to find the new last_pg, which also becomes the new root.
+		 */
+		MDB_ID freecount = 0;
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+		while ((rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) == 0)
+			freecount += *(MDB_ID *)data.mv_data;
+		if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			goto finish;
+		freecount += txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_branch_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_leaf_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_overflow_pages;
+
+		new_root = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1 - freecount;
+		mm->mm_last_pg = new_root;
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root = new_root;
+	} else {
+		/* When the DB is empty, handle it specially to
+		 * fix any breakage like page leaks from ITS#8174.
+		 */
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags;
+	}
+	if (root != P_INVALID || mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags) {
+		mm->mm_txnid = 1;		/* use metapage 1 */
+	}
+
+	my.mc_wlen[0] = env->me_psize * NUM_METAS;
+	my.mc_txn = txn;
+	rc = mdb_env_cwalk(&my, &root, 0);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS && root != new_root) {
+		rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;	/* page leak or corrupt DB */
+	}
+
+finish:
+	if (rc)
+		my.mc_error = rc;
+	mdb_env_cthr_toggle(&my, 1 | MDB_EOF);
+	rc = THREAD_FINISH(thr);
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+
+done:
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0]) _aligned_free(my.mc_wbuf[0]);
+	if (my.mc_cond)  CloseHandle(my.mc_cond);
+	if (my.mc_mutex) CloseHandle(my.mc_mutex);
+#else
+	free(my.mc_wbuf[0]);
+	pthread_cond_destroy(&my.mc_cond);
+done2:
+	pthread_mutex_destroy(&my.mc_mutex);
+#endif
+	return rc ? rc : my.mc_error;
+}
+
+	/** Copy environment as-is. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd0(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = NULL;
+	mdb_mutexref_t wmutex = NULL;
+	int rc;
+	size_t wsize, w3;
+	char *ptr;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len, w2;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, w2, &len, NULL)
+#else
+	ssize_t len;
+	size_t w2;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	len = write(fd, ptr, w2); rc = (len >= 0)
+#endif
+
+	/* Do the lock/unlock of the reader mutex before starting the
+	 * write txn.  Otherwise other read txns could block writers.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, MDB_RDONLY, &txn);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (env->me_txns) {
+		/* We must start the actual read txn after blocking writers */
+		mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_RESET_TMP);
+
+		/* Temporarily block writers until we snapshot the meta pages */
+		wmutex = env->me_wmutex;
+		if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, wmutex))
+			goto leave;
+
+		rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+		if (rc) {
+			UNLOCK_MUTEX(wmutex);
+			goto leave;
+		}
+	}
+
+	wsize = env->me_psize * NUM_METAS;
+	ptr = env->me_map;
+	w2 = wsize;
+	while (w2 > 0) {
+		DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len);
+		if (!rc) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			break;
+		} else if (len > 0) {
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			ptr += len;
+			w2 -= len;
+			continue;
+		} else {
+			/* Non-blocking or async handles are not supported */
+			rc = EIO;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (wmutex)
+		UNLOCK_MUTEX(wmutex);
+
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	w3 = txn->mt_next_pgno * env->me_psize;
+	{
+		size_t fsize = 0;
+		if ((rc = mdb_fsize(env->me_fd, &fsize)))
+			goto leave;
+		if (w3 > fsize)
+			w3 = fsize;
+	}
+	wsize = w3 - wsize;
+	while (wsize > 0) {
+		if (wsize > MAX_WRITE)
+			w2 = MAX_WRITE;
+		else
+			w2 = wsize;
+		DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len);
+		if (!rc) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			break;
+		} else if (len > 0) {
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			ptr += len;
+			wsize -= len;
+			continue;
+		} else {
+			rc = EIO;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+leave:
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd2(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	if (flags & MDB_CP_COMPACT)
+		return mdb_env_copyfd1(env, fd);
+	else
+		return mdb_env_copyfd0(env, fd);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	return mdb_env_copyfd2(env, fd, 0);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copy2(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	int rc;
+	MDB_name fname;
+	HANDLE newfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+
+	rc = mdb_fname_init(path, env->me_flags | MDB_NOLOCK, &fname);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname, MDB_O_COPY, 0666, &newfd);
+		mdb_fname_destroy(fname);
+	}
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		rc = mdb_env_copyfd2(env, newfd, flags);
+		if (close(newfd) < 0 && rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+			rc = ErrCode();
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copy(MDB_env *env, const char *path)
+{
+	return mdb_env_copy2(env, path, 0);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flag, int onoff)
+{
+	if (flag & ~CHANGEABLE)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (onoff)
+		env->me_flags |= flag;
+	else
+		env->me_flags &= ~flag;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_flags & (CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_userctx(MDB_env *env, void *ctx)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_userctx = ctx;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void * ESECT
+mdb_env_get_userctx(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	return env ? env->me_userctx : NULL;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_assert(MDB_env *env, MDB_assert_func *func)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+	env->me_assert_func = func;
+#endif
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_path(MDB_env *env, const char **arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_path;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_fd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t *arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_fd;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Common code for #mdb_stat() and #mdb_env_stat().
+ * @param[in] env the environment to operate in.
+ * @param[in] db the #MDB_db record containing the stats to return.
+ * @param[out] arg the address of an #MDB_stat structure to receive the stats.
+ * @return 0, this function always succeeds.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_stat0(MDB_env *env, MDB_db *db, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	arg->ms_psize = env->me_psize;
+	arg->ms_depth = db->md_depth;
+	arg->ms_branch_pages = db->md_branch_pages;
+	arg->ms_leaf_pages = db->md_leaf_pages;
+	arg->ms_overflow_pages = db->md_overflow_pages;
+	arg->ms_entries = db->md_entries;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_stat(MDB_env *env, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (env == NULL || arg == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+
+	return mdb_stat0(env, &meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI], arg);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_info(MDB_env *env, MDB_envinfo *arg)
+{
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (env == NULL || arg == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+	arg->me_mapaddr = meta->mm_address;
+	arg->me_last_pgno = meta->mm_last_pg;
+	arg->me_last_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+
+	arg->me_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+	arg->me_maxreaders = env->me_maxreaders;
+	arg->me_numreaders = env->me_txns ? env->me_txns->mti_numreaders : 0;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set the default comparison functions for a database.
+ * Called immediately after a database is opened to set the defaults.
+ * The user can then override them with #mdb_set_compare() or
+ * #mdb_set_dupsort().
+ * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+ * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+ */
+static void
+mdb_default_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi)
+{
+	uint16_t f = txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp =
+		(f & MDB_REVERSEKEY) ? mdb_cmp_memnr :
+		(f & MDB_INTEGERKEY) ? mdb_cmp_cint  : mdb_cmp_memn;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp =
+		!(f & MDB_DUPSORT) ? 0 :
+		((f & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+		 ? ((f & MDB_DUPFIXED)   ? mdb_cmp_int   : mdb_cmp_cint)
+		 : ((f & MDB_REVERSEDUP) ? mdb_cmp_memnr : mdb_cmp_memn));
+}
+
+int mdb_dbi_open(MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi)
+{
+	MDB_val key, data;
+	MDB_dbi i;
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_db dummy;
+	int rc, dbflag, exact;
+	unsigned int unused = 0, seq;
+	char *namedup;
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (flags & ~VALID_FLAGS)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	/* main DB? */
+	if (!name) {
+		*dbi = MAIN_DBI;
+		if (flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS) {
+			uint16_t f2 = flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+			/* make sure flag changes get committed */
+			if ((txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags | f2) != txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags) {
+				txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags |= f2;
+				txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_DIRTY;
+			}
+		}
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, MAIN_DBI);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbxs[MAIN_DBI].md_cmp == NULL) {
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, MAIN_DBI);
+	}
+
+	/* Is the DB already open? */
+	len = strlen(name);
+	for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		if (!txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size) {
+			/* Remember this free slot */
+			if (!unused) unused = i;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (len == txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size &&
+			!strncmp(name, txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data, len)) {
+			*dbi = i;
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If no free slot and max hit, fail */
+	if (!unused && txn->mt_numdbs >= txn->mt_env->me_maxdbs)
+		return MDB_DBS_FULL;
+
+	/* Cannot mix named databases with some mainDB flags */
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags & (MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_INTEGERKEY))
+		return (flags & MDB_CREATE) ? MDB_INCOMPATIBLE : MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	/* Find the DB info */
+	dbflag = DB_NEW|DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID;
+	exact = 0;
+	key.mv_size = len;
+	key.mv_data = (void *)name;
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+	rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_SET, &exact);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		/* make sure this is actually a DB */
+		MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top], mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]);
+		if ((node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) != F_SUBDATA)
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+	} else {
+		if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND || !(flags & MDB_CREATE))
+			return rc;
+		if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+			return EACCES;
+	}
+
+	/* Done here so we cannot fail after creating a new DB */
+	if ((namedup = strdup(name)) == NULL)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		/* MDB_NOTFOUND and MDB_CREATE: Create new DB */
+		data.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+		data.mv_data = &dummy;
+		memset(&dummy, 0, sizeof(dummy));
+		dummy.md_root = P_INVALID;
+		dummy.md_flags = flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+		WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mc,
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, F_SUBDATA));
+		dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+	}
+
+	if (rc) {
+		free(namedup);
+	} else {
+		/* Got info, register DBI in this txn */
+		unsigned int slot = unused ? unused : txn->mt_numdbs;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_name.mv_data = namedup;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_name.mv_size = len;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_rel = NULL;
+		txn->mt_dbflags[slot] = dbflag;
+		/* txn-> and env-> are the same in read txns, use
+		 * tmp variable to avoid undefined assignment
+		 */
+		seq = ++txn->mt_env->me_dbiseqs[slot];
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs[slot] = seq;
+
+		memcpy(&txn->mt_dbs[slot], data.mv_data, sizeof(MDB_db));
+		*dbi = slot;
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, slot);
+		if (!unused) {
+			txn->mt_numdbs++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_stat(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	if (!arg || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] & DB_STALE) {
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_xcursor mx;
+		/* Stale, must read the DB's root. cursor_init does it for us. */
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	}
+	return mdb_stat0(txn->mt_env, &txn->mt_dbs[dbi], arg);
+}
+
+void mdb_dbi_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi)
+{
+	char *ptr;
+	if (dbi < CORE_DBS || dbi >= env->me_maxdbs)
+		return;
+	ptr = env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_data;
+	/* If there was no name, this was already closed */
+	if (ptr) {
+		env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+		env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_size = 0;
+		env->me_dbflags[dbi] = 0;
+		env->me_dbiseqs[dbi]++;
+		free(ptr);
+	}
+}
+
+int mdb_dbi_flags(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, unsigned int *flags)
+{
+	/* We could return the flags for the FREE_DBI too but what's the point? */
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+	*flags = txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Add all the DB's pages to the free list.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor on the DB to free.
+ * @param[in] subs non-Zero to check for sub-DBs in this DB.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_drop0(MDB_cursor *mc, int subs)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+		MDB_node *ni;
+		MDB_cursor mx;
+		unsigned int i;
+
+		/* DUPSORT sub-DBs have no ovpages/DBs. Omit scanning leaves.
+		 * This also avoids any P_LEAF2 pages, which have no nodes.
+		 * Also if the DB doesn't have sub-DBs and has no overflow
+		 * pages, omit scanning leaves.
+		 */
+		if ((mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ||
+			(!subs && !mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages))
+			mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+
+		mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mx);
+		while (mc->mc_snum > 0) {
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+			unsigned n = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					if (ni->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA) {
+						MDB_page *omp;
+						pgno_t pg;
+						memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(pg));
+						rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, NULL);
+						if (rc != 0)
+							goto done;
+						mdb_cassert(mc, IS_OVERFLOW(omp));
+						rc = mdb_midl_append_range(&txn->mt_free_pgs,
+							pg, omp->mp_pages);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages -= omp->mp_pages;
+						if (!mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages && !subs)
+							break;
+					} else if (subs && (ni->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA)) {
+						mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, ni);
+						rc = mdb_drop0(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, 0);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+					}
+				}
+				if (!subs && !mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages)
+					goto pop;
+			} else {
+				if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, n)) != 0)
+					goto done;
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					pgno_t pg;
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					pg = NODEPGNO(ni);
+					/* free it */
+					mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, pg);
+				}
+			}
+			if (!mc->mc_top)
+				break;
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1);
+			if (rc) {
+				if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+					goto done;
+				/* no more siblings, go back to beginning
+				 * of previous level.
+				 */
+pop:
+				mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+				mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+				for (i=1; i<mc->mc_snum; i++) {
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = 0;
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mx.mc_pg[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		/* free it */
+		rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_free_pgs, mc->mc_db->md_root);
+done:
+		if (rc)
+			txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	} else if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int mdb_drop(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, int del)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *mc, *m2;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((unsigned)del > 1 || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return EACCES;
+
+	if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, dbi))
+		return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+
+	rc = mdb_cursor_open(txn, dbi, &mc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_drop0(mc, mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT);
+	/* Invalidate the dropped DB's cursors */
+	for (m2 = txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2 = m2->mc_next)
+		m2->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	/* Can't delete the main DB */
+	if (del && dbi >= CORE_DBS) {
+		rc = mdb_del0(txn, MAIN_DBI, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, NULL, F_SUBDATA);
+		if (!rc) {
+			txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] = DB_STALE;
+			mdb_dbi_close(txn->mt_env, dbi);
+		} else {
+			txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* reset the DB record, mark it dirty */
+		txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] |= DB_DIRTY;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_depth = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_branch_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_leaf_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_overflow_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_entries = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_root = P_INVALID;
+
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_DIRTY;
+	}
+leave:
+	mdb_cursor_close(mc);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_compare(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp = cmp;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_dupsort(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp = cmp;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_relfunc(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_rel_func *rel)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_rel = rel;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_relctx(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, void *ctx)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_relctx = ctx;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_maxkeysize(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	return ENV_MAXKEY(env);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_reader_list(MDB_env *env, MDB_msg_func *func, void *ctx)
+{
+	unsigned int i, rdrs;
+	MDB_reader *mr;
+	char buf[64];
+	int rc = 0, first = 1;
+
+	if (!env || !func)
+		return -1;
+	if (!env->me_txns) {
+		return func("(no reader locks)\n", ctx);
+	}
+	rdrs = env->me_txns->mti_numreaders;
+	mr = env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+	for (i=0; i<rdrs; i++) {
+		if (mr[i].mr_pid) {
+			txnid_t	txnid = mr[i].mr_txnid;
+			sprintf(buf, txnid == (txnid_t)-1 ?
+				"%10d %"Z"x -\n" : "%10d %"Z"x %"Z"u\n",
+				(int)mr[i].mr_pid, (size_t)mr[i].mr_tid, txnid);
+			if (first) {
+				first = 0;
+				rc = func("    pid     thread     txnid\n", ctx);
+				if (rc < 0)
+					break;
+			}
+			rc = func(buf, ctx);
+			if (rc < 0)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (first) {
+		rc = func("(no active readers)\n", ctx);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Insert pid into list if not already present.
+ * return -1 if already present.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_pid_insert(MDB_PID_T *ids, MDB_PID_T pid)
+{
+	/* binary search of pid in list */
+	unsigned base = 0;
+	unsigned cursor = 1;
+	int val = 0;
+	unsigned n = ids[0];
+
+	while( 0 < n ) {
+		unsigned pivot = n >> 1;
+		cursor = base + pivot + 1;
+		val = pid - ids[cursor];
+
+		if( val < 0 ) {
+			n = pivot;
+
+		} else if ( val > 0 ) {
+			base = cursor;
+			n -= pivot + 1;
+
+		} else {
+			/* found, so it's a duplicate */
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if( val > 0 ) {
+		++cursor;
+	}
+	ids[0]++;
+	for (n = ids[0]; n > cursor; n--)
+		ids[n] = ids[n-1];
+	ids[n] = pid;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_reader_check(MDB_env *env, int *dead)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (dead)
+		*dead = 0;
+	return env->me_txns ? mdb_reader_check0(env, 0, dead) : MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** As #mdb_reader_check(). \b rlocked is set if caller locked #me_rmutex. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_reader_check0(MDB_env *env, int rlocked, int *dead)
+{
+	mdb_mutexref_t rmutex = rlocked ? NULL : env->me_rmutex;
+	unsigned int i, j, rdrs;
+	MDB_reader *mr;
+	MDB_PID_T *pids, pid;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS, count = 0;
+
+	rdrs = env->me_txns->mti_numreaders;
+	pids = malloc((rdrs+1) * sizeof(MDB_PID_T));
+	if (!pids)
+		return ENOMEM;
+	pids[0] = 0;
+	mr = env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+	for (i=0; i<rdrs; i++) {
+		pid = mr[i].mr_pid;
+		if (pid && pid != env->me_pid) {
+			if (mdb_pid_insert(pids, pid) == 0) {
+				if (!mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidcheck, pid)) {
+					/* Stale reader found */
+					j = i;
+					if (rmutex) {
+						if ((rc = LOCK_MUTEX0(rmutex)) != 0) {
+							if ((rc = mdb_mutex_failed(env, rmutex, rc)))
+								break;
+							rdrs = 0; /* the above checked all readers */
+						} else {
+							/* Recheck, a new process may have reused pid */
+							if (mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidcheck, pid))
+								j = rdrs;
+						}
+					}
+					for (; j<rdrs; j++)
+							if (mr[j].mr_pid == pid) {
+								DPRINTF(("clear stale reader pid %u txn %"Z"d",
+									(unsigned) pid, mr[j].mr_txnid));
+								mr[j].mr_pid = 0;
+								count++;
+							}
+					if (rmutex)
+						UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	free(pids);
+	if (dead)
+		*dead = count;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+/** Handle #LOCK_MUTEX0() failure.
+ * Try to repair the lock file if the mutex owner died.
+ * @param[in] env	the environment handle
+ * @param[in] mutex	LOCK_MUTEX0() mutex
+ * @param[in] rc	LOCK_MUTEX0() error (nonzero)
+ * @return 0 on success with the mutex locked, or an error code on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_mutex_failed(MDB_env *env, mdb_mutexref_t mutex, int rc)
+{
+	int rlocked, rc2;
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (rc == MDB_OWNERDEAD) {
+		/* We own the mutex. Clean up after dead previous owner. */
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		rlocked = (mutex == env->me_rmutex);
+		if (!rlocked) {
+			/* Keep mti_txnid updated, otherwise next writer can
+			 * overwrite data which latest meta page refers to.
+			 */
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			env->me_txns->mti_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+			/* env is hosed if the dead thread was ours */
+			if (env->me_txn) {
+				env->me_flags |= MDB_FATAL_ERROR;
+				env->me_txn = NULL;
+				rc = MDB_PANIC;
+			}
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("%cmutex owner died, %s", (rlocked ? 'r' : 'w'),
+			(rc ? "this process' env is hosed" : "recovering")));
+		rc2 = mdb_reader_check0(env, rlocked, NULL);
+		if (rc2 == 0)
+			rc2 = mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex);
+		if (rc || (rc = rc2)) {
+			DPRINTF(("LOCK_MUTEX recovery failed, %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+			UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex);
+		}
+	} else {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		rc = ErrCode();
+#endif
+		DPRINTF(("LOCK_MUTEX failed, %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+#endif	/* MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+/** Convert \b src to new wchar_t[] string with room for \b xtra extra chars */
+static int ESECT
+utf8_to_utf16(const char *src, MDB_name *dst, int xtra)
+{
+	int rc, need = 0;
+	wchar_t *result = NULL;
+	for (;;) {					/* malloc result, then fill it in */
+		need = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, src, -1, result, need);
+		if (!need) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			free(result);
+			return rc;
+		}
+		if (!result) {
+			result = malloc(sizeof(wchar_t) * (need + xtra));
+			if (!result)
+				return ENOMEM;
+			continue;
+		}
+		dst->mn_alloced = 1;
+		dst->mn_len = need - 1;
+		dst->mn_val = result;
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+}
+#endif /* defined(_WIN32) */
+/** @} */

ext/lib/midl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/**	@file midl.c
+ *	@brief ldap bdb back-end ID List functions */
+/* $OpenLDAP$ */
+/* This work is part of OpenLDAP Software <http://www.openldap.org/>.
+ *
+ * Copyright 2000-2018 The OpenLDAP Foundation.
+ * Portions Copyright 2001-2018 Howard Chu, Symas Corp.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
+ * Public License.
+ *
+ * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
+ * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
+ * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
+ */
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "midl.h"
+
+/** @defgroup internal	LMDB Internals
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** @defgroup idls	ID List Management
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define CMP(x,y)	 ( (x) < (y) ? -1 : (x) > (y) )
+
+unsigned mdb_midl_search( MDB_IDL ids, MDB_ID id )
+{
+	/*
+	 * binary search of id in ids
+	 * if found, returns position of id
+	 * if not found, returns first position greater than id
+	 */
+	unsigned base = 0;
+	unsigned cursor = 1;
+	int val = 0;
+	unsigned n = ids[0];
+
+	while( 0 < n ) {
+		unsigned pivot = n >> 1;
+		cursor = base + pivot + 1;
+		val = CMP( ids[cursor], id );
+
+		if( val < 0 ) {
+			n = pivot;
+
+		} else if ( val > 0 ) {
+			base = cursor;
+			n -= pivot + 1;
+
+		} else {
+			return cursor;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if( val > 0 ) {
+		++cursor;
+	}
+	return cursor;
+}
+
+#if 0	/* superseded by append/sort */
+int mdb_midl_insert( MDB_IDL ids, MDB_ID id )
+{
+	unsigned x, i;
+
+	x = mdb_midl_search( ids, id );
+	assert( x > 0 );
+
+	if( x < 1 ) {
+		/* internal error */
+		return -2;
+	}
+
+	if ( x <= ids[0] && ids[x] == id ) {
+		/* duplicate */
+		assert(0);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if ( ++ids[0] >= MDB_IDL_DB_MAX ) {
+		/* no room */
+		--ids[0];
+		return -2;
+
+	} else {
+		/* insert id */
+		for (i=ids[0]; i>x; i--)
+			ids[i] = ids[i-1];
+		ids[x] = id;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+MDB_IDL mdb_midl_alloc(int num)
+{
+	MDB_IDL ids = malloc((num+2) * sizeof(MDB_ID));
+	if (ids) {
+		*ids++ = num;
+		*ids = 0;
+	}
+	return ids;
+}
+
+void mdb_midl_free(MDB_IDL ids)
+{
+	if (ids)
+		free(ids-1);
+}
+
+void mdb_midl_shrink( MDB_IDL *idp )
+{
+	MDB_IDL ids = *idp;
+	if (*(--ids) > MDB_IDL_UM_MAX &&
+		(ids = realloc(ids, (MDB_IDL_UM_MAX+2) * sizeof(MDB_ID))))
+	{
+		*ids++ = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX;
+		*idp = ids;
+	}
+}
+
+static int mdb_midl_grow( MDB_IDL *idp, int num )
+{
+	MDB_IDL idn = *idp-1;
+	/* grow it */
+	idn = realloc(idn, (*idn + num + 2) * sizeof(MDB_ID));
+	if (!idn)
+		return ENOMEM;
+	*idn++ += num;
+	*idp = idn;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int mdb_midl_need( MDB_IDL *idp, unsigned num )
+{
+	MDB_IDL ids = *idp;
+	num += ids[0];
+	if (num > ids[-1]) {
+		num = (num + num/4 + (256 + 2)) & -256;
+		if (!(ids = realloc(ids-1, num * sizeof(MDB_ID))))
+			return ENOMEM;
+		*ids++ = num - 2;
+		*idp = ids;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int mdb_midl_append( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_ID id )
+{
+	MDB_IDL ids = *idp;
+	/* Too big? */
+	if (ids[0] >= ids[-1]) {
+		if (mdb_midl_grow(idp, MDB_IDL_UM_MAX))
+			return ENOMEM;
+		ids = *idp;
+	}
+	ids[0]++;
+	ids[ids[0]] = id;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int mdb_midl_append_list( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_IDL app )
+{
+	MDB_IDL ids = *idp;
+	/* Too big? */
+	if (ids[0] + app[0] >= ids[-1]) {
+		if (mdb_midl_grow(idp, app[0]))
+			return ENOMEM;
+		ids = *idp;
+	}
+	memcpy(&ids[ids[0]+1], &app[1], app[0] * sizeof(MDB_ID));
+	ids[0] += app[0];
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int mdb_midl_append_range( MDB_IDL *idp, MDB_ID id, unsigned n )
+{
+	MDB_ID *ids = *idp, len = ids[0];
+	/* Too big? */
+	if (len + n > ids[-1]) {
+		if (mdb_midl_grow(idp, n | MDB_IDL_UM_MAX))
+			return ENOMEM;
+		ids = *idp;
+	}
+	ids[0] = len + n;
+	ids += len;
+	while (n)
+		ids[n--] = id++;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void mdb_midl_xmerge( MDB_IDL idl, MDB_IDL merge )
+{
+	MDB_ID old_id, merge_id, i = merge[0], j = idl[0], k = i+j, total = k;
+	idl[0] = (MDB_ID)-1;		/* delimiter for idl scan below */
+	old_id = idl[j];
+	while (i) {
+		merge_id = merge[i--];
+		for (; old_id < merge_id; old_id = idl[--j])
+			idl[k--] = old_id;
+		idl[k--] = merge_id;
+	}
+	idl[0] = total;
+}
+
+/* Quicksort + Insertion sort for small arrays */
+
+#define SMALL	8
+#define	MIDL_SWAP(a,b)	{ itmp=(a); (a)=(b); (b)=itmp; }
+
+void
+mdb_midl_sort( MDB_IDL ids )
+{
+	/* Max possible depth of int-indexed tree * 2 items/level */
+	int istack[sizeof(int)*CHAR_BIT * 2];
+	int i,j,k,l,ir,jstack;
+	MDB_ID a, itmp;
+
+	ir = (int)ids[0];
+	l = 1;
+	jstack = 0;
+	for(;;) {
+		if (ir - l < SMALL) {	/* Insertion sort */
+			for (j=l+1;j<=ir;j++) {
+				a = ids[j];
+				for (i=j-1;i>=1;i--) {
+					if (ids[i] >= a) break;
+					ids[i+1] = ids[i];
+				}
+				ids[i+1] = a;
+			}
+			if (jstack == 0) break;
+			ir = istack[jstack--];
+			l = istack[jstack--];
+		} else {
+			k = (l + ir) >> 1;	/* Choose median of left, center, right */
+			MIDL_SWAP(ids[k], ids[l+1]);
+			if (ids[l] < ids[ir]) {
+				MIDL_SWAP(ids[l], ids[ir]);
+			}
+			if (ids[l+1] < ids[ir]) {
+				MIDL_SWAP(ids[l+1], ids[ir]);
+			}
+			if (ids[l] < ids[l+1]) {
+				MIDL_SWAP(ids[l], ids[l+1]);
+			}
+			i = l+1;
+			j = ir;
+			a = ids[l+1];
+			for(;;) {
+				do i++; while(ids[i] > a);
+				do j--; while(ids[j] < a);
+				if (j < i) break;
+				MIDL_SWAP(ids[i],ids[j]);
+			}
+			ids[l+1] = ids[j];
+			ids[j] = a;
+			jstack += 2;
+			if (ir-i+1 >= j-l) {
+				istack[jstack] = ir;
+				istack[jstack-1] = i;
+				ir = j-1;
+			} else {
+				istack[jstack] = j-1;
+				istack[jstack-1] = l;
+				l = i;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+unsigned mdb_mid2l_search( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID id )
+{
+	/*
+	 * binary search of id in ids
+	 * if found, returns position of id
+	 * if not found, returns first position greater than id
+	 */
+	unsigned base = 0;
+	unsigned cursor = 1;
+	int val = 0;
+	unsigned n = (unsigned)ids[0].mid;
+
+	while( 0 < n ) {
+		unsigned pivot = n >> 1;
+		cursor = base + pivot + 1;
+		val = CMP( id, ids[cursor].mid );
+
+		if( val < 0 ) {
+			n = pivot;
+
+		} else if ( val > 0 ) {
+			base = cursor;
+			n -= pivot + 1;
+
+		} else {
+			return cursor;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if( val > 0 ) {
+		++cursor;
+	}
+	return cursor;
+}
+
+int mdb_mid2l_insert( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID2 *id )
+{
+	unsigned x, i;
+
+	x = mdb_mid2l_search( ids, id->mid );
+
+	if( x < 1 ) {
+		/* internal error */
+		return -2;
+	}
+
+	if ( x <= ids[0].mid && ids[x].mid == id->mid ) {
+		/* duplicate */
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	if ( ids[0].mid >= MDB_IDL_UM_MAX ) {
+		/* too big */
+		return -2;
+
+	} else {
+		/* insert id */
+		ids[0].mid++;
+		for (i=(unsigned)ids[0].mid; i>x; i--)
+			ids[i] = ids[i-1];
+		ids[x] = *id;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int mdb_mid2l_append( MDB_ID2L ids, MDB_ID2 *id )
+{
+	/* Too big? */
+	if (ids[0].mid >= MDB_IDL_UM_MAX) {
+		return -2;
+	}
+	ids[0].mid++;
+	ids[ids[0].mid] = *id;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** @} */
+/** @} */

ext/lib/tpl.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2489 @@
+/*
+Copyright (c) 2005-2013, Troy D. Hanson     http://troydhanson.github.com/tpl/
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS
+IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER
+OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
+EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
+PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
+PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
+NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+*/
+
+#define TPL_VERSION 1.6
+
+static const char id[]="$Id: tpl.c 192 2009-04-24 10:35:30Z thanson $";
+
+
+#include <stdlib.h>  /* malloc */
+#include <stdarg.h>  /* va_list */
+#include <string.h>  /* memcpy, memset, strchr */
+#include <stdio.h>   /* printf (tpl_hook.oops default function) */
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <unistd.h>     /* for ftruncate */
+#else
+#include <io.h>
+#define ftruncate(x,y) _chsize(x,y)
+#endif
+#include <sys/types.h>  /* for 'open' */
+#include <sys/stat.h>   /* for 'open' */
+#include <fcntl.h>      /* for 'open' */
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <inttypes.h>   /* uint32_t, uint64_t, etc */
+#else
+typedef unsigned short ushort;
+typedef __int16 int16_t;
+typedef __int32 int32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int16 uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned __int32 uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef S_ISREG
+#define S_ISREG(mode)  (((mode) & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG)
+#endif
+
+#if ( defined __CYGWIN__ || defined __MINGW32__ || defined _WIN32 )
+#include "win/mman.h"   /* mmap */
+#else
+#include <sys/mman.h>   /* mmap */
+#endif
+
+#include "tpl.h"
+
+#define TPL_GATHER_BUFLEN 8192
+#define TPL_MAGIC "tpl"
+
+/* macro to add a structure to a doubly-linked list */
+#define DL_ADD(head,add)                                        \
+    do {                                                        \
+        if (head) {                                             \
+            (add)->prev = (head)->prev;                         \
+            (head)->prev->next = (add);                         \
+            (head)->prev = (add);                               \
+            (add)->next = NULL;                                 \
+        } else {                                                \
+            (head)=(add);                                       \
+            (head)->prev = (head);                              \
+            (head)->next = NULL;                                \
+        }                                                       \
+    } while (0);
+
+#define fatal_oom() tpl_hook.fatal("out of memory\n")
+
+/* bit flags (internal). preceded by the external flags in tpl.h */
+#define TPL_WRONLY         (1 << 9)  /* app has initiated tpl packing  */
+#define TPL_RDONLY         (1 << 10)  /* tpl was loaded (for unpacking) */
+#define TPL_XENDIAN        (1 << 11)  /* swap endianness when unpacking */
+#define TPL_OLD_STRING_FMT (1 << 12) /* tpl has strings in 1.2 format */
+
+/* values for the flags byte that appears after the magic prefix */
+#define TPL_SUPPORTED_BITFLAGS 3
+#define TPL_FL_BIGENDIAN   (1 << 0)
+#define TPL_FL_NULLSTRINGS (1 << 1)
+
+/* char values for node type */
+#define TPL_TYPE_ROOT   0
+#define TPL_TYPE_INT32  1
+#define TPL_TYPE_UINT32 2
+#define TPL_TYPE_BYTE   3
+#define TPL_TYPE_STR    4
+#define TPL_TYPE_ARY    5
+#define TPL_TYPE_BIN    6
+#define TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE 7
+#define TPL_TYPE_INT64  8
+#define TPL_TYPE_UINT64 9
+#define TPL_TYPE_INT16  10
+#define TPL_TYPE_UINT16 11
+#define TPL_TYPE_POUND  12
+
+/* error codes */
+#define ERR_NOT_MINSIZE        (-1)
+#define ERR_MAGIC_MISMATCH     (-2)
+#define ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ    (-3)
+#define ERR_FMT_INVALID        (-4)
+#define ERR_FMT_MISSING_NUL    (-5)
+#define ERR_FMT_MISMATCH       (-6)
+#define ERR_FLEN_MISMATCH      (-7)
+#define ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ2   (-8)
+#define ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ3   (-9)
+#define ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ4   (-10)
+#define ERR_UNSUPPORTED_FLAGS  (-11)
+
+/* access to A(...) nodes by index */
+typedef struct tpl_pidx {
+    struct tpl_node *node;
+    struct tpl_pidx *next,*prev;
+} tpl_pidx;
+
+/* A(...) node datum */
+typedef struct tpl_atyp {
+    uint32_t num;    /* num elements */
+    size_t sz;       /* size of each backbone's datum */
+    struct tpl_backbone *bb,*bbtail; 
+    void *cur;                       
+} tpl_atyp;
+
+/* backbone to extend A(...) lists dynamically */
+typedef struct tpl_backbone {
+    struct tpl_backbone *next;
+    /* when this structure is malloc'd, extra space is alloc'd at the
+     * end to store the backbone "datum", and data points to it. */
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901
+    char *data;  
+#else
+    char data[];
+#endif
+} tpl_backbone;
+
+/* mmap record */
+typedef struct tpl_mmap_rec {
+    int fd;
+    void *text;
+    size_t text_sz;
+} tpl_mmap_rec;
+
+/* root node datum */
+typedef struct tpl_root_data {
+    int flags;
+    tpl_pidx *pidx;
+    tpl_mmap_rec mmap;
+    char *fmt;
+    int *fxlens, num_fxlens;
+} tpl_root_data;
+
+/* node type to size mapping */
+struct tpl_type_t {
+    char c;
+    int sz;
+};
+
+
+/* Internal prototypes */
+static tpl_node *tpl_node_new(tpl_node *parent);
+static tpl_node *tpl_find_i(tpl_node *n, int i);
+static void *tpl_cpv(void *datav, const void *data, size_t sz);
+static void *tpl_extend_backbone(tpl_node *n);
+static char *tpl_fmt(tpl_node *r);
+static void *tpl_dump_atyp(tpl_node *n, tpl_atyp* at, void *dv);
+static size_t tpl_ser_osz(tpl_node *n);
+static void tpl_free_atyp(tpl_node *n,tpl_atyp *atyp);
+static int tpl_dump_to_mem(tpl_node *r, void *addr, size_t sz);
+static int tpl_mmap_file(char *filename, tpl_mmap_rec *map_rec);
+static int tpl_mmap_output_file(char *filename, size_t sz, void **text_out);
+static int tpl_cpu_bigendian(void);
+static int tpl_needs_endian_swap(void *);
+static void tpl_byteswap(void *word, int len);
+static void tpl_fatal(const char *fmt, ...);
+static int tpl_serlen(tpl_node *r, tpl_node *n, void *dv, size_t *serlen);
+static int tpl_unpackA0(tpl_node *r);
+static int tpl_oops(const char *fmt, ...);
+static int tpl_gather_mem( char *buf, size_t len, tpl_gather_t **gs, tpl_gather_cb *cb, void *data);
+static int tpl_gather_nonblocking( int fd, tpl_gather_t **gs, tpl_gather_cb *cb, void *data);
+static int tpl_gather_blocking(int fd, void **img, size_t *sz);
+
+/* This is used internally to help calculate padding when a 'double' 
+ * follows a smaller datatype in a structure. Normally under gcc
+ * on x86, d will be aligned at +4, however use of -malign-double
+ * causes d to be aligned at +8 (this is actually faster on x86).
+ * Also SPARC and x86_64 seem to align always on +8. 
+ */
+struct tpl_double_alignment_detector {
+    char a;
+    double d;  /* some platforms align this on +4, others on +8 */
+};
+
+/* this is another case where alignment varies. mac os x/gcc was observed
+ * to align the int64_t at +4 under -m32 and at +8 under -m64 */
+struct tpl_int64_alignment_detector {
+    int i;
+    int64_t j;  /* some platforms align this on +4, others on +8 */
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+  size_t inter_elt_len; /* padded inter-element len; i.e. &a[1].field - &a[0].field */
+  tpl_node *iter_start_node; /* node to jump back to, as we start each new iteration */
+  size_t iternum; /* current iteration number (total req'd. iter's in n->num) */
+} tpl_pound_data;
+
+/* Hooks for customizing tpl mem alloc, error handling, etc. Set defaults. */
+tpl_hook_t tpl_hook = {
+    /* .oops =       */ tpl_oops,
+    /* .malloc =     */ malloc,
+    /* .realloc =    */ realloc,
+    /* .free =       */ free,
+    /* .fatal =      */ tpl_fatal,
+    /* .gather_max = */ 0 /* max tpl size (bytes) for tpl_gather */
+};
+
+static const char tpl_fmt_chars[] = "AS($)BiucsfIUjv#"; /* valid format chars */
+static const char tpl_S_fmt_chars[] = "iucsfIUjv#$()"; /* valid within S(...) */
+static const char tpl_datapeek_ok_chars[] = "iucsfIUjv"; /* valid in datapeek */
+static const struct tpl_type_t tpl_types[] = {
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_ROOT] =   */  {'r', 0},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_INT32] =  */  {'i', sizeof(int32_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_UINT32] = */  {'u', sizeof(uint32_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_BYTE] =   */  {'c', sizeof(char)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_STR] =    */  {'s', sizeof(char*)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_ARY] =    */  {'A', 0},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_BIN] =    */  {'B', 0},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE] = */  {'f', 8}, /* not sizeof(double) as that varies */
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_INT64] =  */  {'I', sizeof(int64_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_UINT64] = */  {'U', sizeof(uint64_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_INT16] =  */  {'j', sizeof(int16_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_UINT16] = */  {'v', sizeof(uint16_t)},
+    /* [TPL_TYPE_POUND] =  */  {'#', 0},
+};
+
+/* default error-reporting function. Just writes to stderr. */
+static int tpl_oops(const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap,fmt);
+    vfprintf(stderr,fmt,ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+static tpl_node *tpl_node_new(tpl_node *parent) {
+    tpl_node *n;
+    if ((n=tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_node))) == NULL) {
+        fatal_oom();
+    }
+    n->addr=NULL;
+    n->data=NULL;
+    n->num=1;
+    n->ser_osz=0;
+    n->children=NULL;
+    n->next=NULL;
+    n->parent=parent;
+    return n;
+}
+
+/* Used in S(..) formats to pack several fields from a structure based on 
+ * only the structure address. We need to calculate field addresses 
+ * manually taking into account the size of the fields and intervening padding.
+ * The wrinkle is that double is not normally aligned on x86-32 but the
+ * -malign-double compiler option causes it to be. Double are aligned
+ * on Sparc, and apparently on 64 bit x86. We use a helper structure 
+ * to detect whether double is aligned in this compilation environment.
+ */
+char *calc_field_addr(tpl_node *parent, int type,char *struct_addr, int ordinal) {
+    tpl_node *prev;
+    int offset;
+    int align_sz;
+
+    if (ordinal == 1) return struct_addr;  /* first field starts on structure address */
+
+    /* generate enough padding so field addr is divisible by it's align_sz. 4, 8, etc */
+    prev = parent->children->prev; 
+    switch(type) {
+      case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+        align_sz = sizeof(struct tpl_double_alignment_detector) > 12 ? 8 : 4; 
+        break;
+      case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+      case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+        align_sz = sizeof(struct tpl_int64_alignment_detector) > 12 ? 8 : 4; 
+        break;
+      default:
+        align_sz = tpl_types[type].sz;
+        break;
+    }
+    offset = ((uintptr_t)prev->addr - (uintptr_t)struct_addr)
+            + (tpl_types[prev->type].sz * prev->num);
+    offset = (offset + align_sz - 1) / align_sz * align_sz;
+    return struct_addr + offset;
+}
+
+TPL_API tpl_node *tpl_map(char *fmt,...) {
+  va_list ap;
+  tpl_node *tn;
+
+  va_start(ap,fmt);
+  tn = tpl_map_va(fmt, ap);
+  va_end(ap);
+  return tn;
+}
+
+TPL_API tpl_node *tpl_map_va(char *fmt, va_list ap) {
+    int lparen_level=0,expect_lparen=0,t=0,in_structure=0,ordinal=0;
+    int in_nested_structure=0;
+    char *c, *peek, *struct_addr=NULL, *struct_next;
+    tpl_node *root,*parent,*n=NULL,*preceding,*iter_start_node=NULL,
+             *struct_widest_node=NULL, *np; tpl_pidx *pidx;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    int *fxlens, num_fxlens, pound_num, pound_prod, applies_to_struct;
+    int contig_fxlens[10]; /* temp space for contiguous fxlens */
+    int num_contig_fxlens, i, j;
+    ptrdiff_t inter_elt_len=0; /* padded element length of contiguous structs in array */
+
+
+    root = tpl_node_new(NULL);
+    root->type = TPL_TYPE_ROOT; 
+    root->data = (tpl_root_data*)tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_root_data));
+    if (!root->data) fatal_oom();
+    memset((tpl_root_data*)root->data,0,sizeof(tpl_root_data));
+
+    /* set up root nodes special ser_osz to reflect overhead of preamble */
+    root->ser_osz =  sizeof(uint32_t); /* tpl leading length */
+    root->ser_osz += strlen(fmt) + 1;  /* fmt + NUL-terminator */
+    root->ser_osz += 4;                /* 'tpl' magic prefix + flags byte */
+
+    parent=root;
+
+    c=fmt;
+    while (*c != '\0') {
+        switch (*c) {
+            case 'c':
+            case 'i':
+            case 'u':
+            case 'j':
+            case 'v':
+            case 'I':
+            case 'U':
+            case 'f':
+                if      (*c=='c') t=TPL_TYPE_BYTE;
+                else if (*c=='i') t=TPL_TYPE_INT32;
+                else if (*c=='u') t=TPL_TYPE_UINT32;
+                else if (*c=='j') t=TPL_TYPE_INT16;
+                else if (*c=='v') t=TPL_TYPE_UINT16;
+                else if (*c=='I') t=TPL_TYPE_INT64;
+                else if (*c=='U') t=TPL_TYPE_UINT64;
+                else if (*c=='f') t=TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE;
+
+                if (expect_lparen) goto fail;
+                n = tpl_node_new(parent);
+                n->type = t;
+                if (in_structure) {
+                    if (ordinal == 1) {
+                      /* for S(...)# iteration. Apply any changes to case 's' too!!! */
+                      iter_start_node = n; 
+                      struct_widest_node = n;
+                    }
+                    if (tpl_types[n->type].sz > tpl_types[struct_widest_node->type].sz) {
+                      struct_widest_node = n;
+                    }
+                    n->addr = calc_field_addr(parent,n->type,struct_addr,ordinal++);
+                } else n->addr = (void*)va_arg(ap,void*);
+                n->data = tpl_hook.malloc(tpl_types[t].sz);
+                if (!n->data) fatal_oom();
+                if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) 
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += tpl_types[t].sz;
+                DL_ADD(parent->children,n);
+                break;
+            case 's':
+                if (expect_lparen) goto fail;
+                n = tpl_node_new(parent);
+                n->type = TPL_TYPE_STR;
+                if (in_structure) {
+                    if (ordinal == 1) {
+                      iter_start_node = n; /* for S(...)# iteration */
+                      struct_widest_node = n;
+                    }
+                    if (tpl_types[n->type].sz > tpl_types[struct_widest_node->type].sz) {
+                      struct_widest_node = n;
+                    }
+                    n->addr = calc_field_addr(parent,n->type,struct_addr,ordinal++);
+                } else n->addr = (void*)va_arg(ap,void*);
+                n->data = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(char*));
+                if (!n->data) fatal_oom();
+                *(char**)(n->data) = NULL;
+                if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) 
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += sizeof(void*);
+                DL_ADD(parent->children,n);
+                break;
+            case '#':
+                /* apply a 'num' to preceding atom */
+                if (!parent->children) goto fail;
+                preceding = parent->children->prev; /* first child's prev is 'last child'*/
+                t = preceding->type;
+                applies_to_struct = (*(c-1) == ')') ? 1 : 0;
+                if (!applies_to_struct) {
+                  if (!(t == TPL_TYPE_BYTE   || t == TPL_TYPE_INT32 ||
+                        t == TPL_TYPE_UINT32 || t == TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE ||
+                        t == TPL_TYPE_UINT64 || t == TPL_TYPE_INT64 || 
+                        t == TPL_TYPE_UINT16 || t == TPL_TYPE_INT16 || 
+                        t == TPL_TYPE_STR )) goto fail;
+                }
+                /* count up how many contiguous # and form their product */
+                pound_prod=1;
+                num_contig_fxlens=0;
+                for(peek=c; *peek == '#'; peek++) {
+                  pound_num = va_arg(ap, int);
+                  if (pound_num < 1) {
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("non-positive iteration count %d\n", pound_num);
+                  }
+                  if (num_contig_fxlens >= (sizeof(contig_fxlens)/sizeof(contig_fxlens[0]))) {
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("contiguous # exceeds hardcoded limit\n");
+                  }
+                  contig_fxlens[num_contig_fxlens++] = pound_num;
+                  pound_prod *= pound_num;
+                }
+                /* increment c to skip contiguous # so its points to last one */
+                c = peek-1;
+                /* differentiate atom-# from struct-# by noting preceding rparen */
+                if (applies_to_struct) { /* insert # node to induce looping */
+                  n = tpl_node_new(parent);
+                  n->type = TPL_TYPE_POUND;
+                  n->num = pound_prod;
+                  n->data = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_pound_data));
+                  if (!n->data) fatal_oom();
+                  pd = (tpl_pound_data*)n->data;
+                  pd->inter_elt_len = inter_elt_len;
+                  pd->iter_start_node = iter_start_node; 
+                  pd->iternum = 0;
+                  DL_ADD(parent->children,n);
+                  /* multiply the 'num' and data space on each atom in the structure */
+                  for(np = iter_start_node; np != n; np = np->next) {
+                    if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+                      ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += 
+                         tpl_types[np->type].sz * (np->num * (n->num - 1));
+                    }
+                    np->data = tpl_hook.realloc(np->data, tpl_types[np->type].sz * 
+                                                          np->num * n->num);
+                    if (!np->data) fatal_oom();
+                    memset(np->data, 0, tpl_types[np->type].sz * np->num * n->num);
+                  }
+                } else { /* simple atom-# form does not require a loop */
+                  preceding->num = pound_prod;
+                  preceding->data = tpl_hook.realloc(preceding->data, 
+                      tpl_types[t].sz * preceding->num);
+                  if (!preceding->data) fatal_oom();
+                  memset(preceding->data,0,tpl_types[t].sz * preceding->num);
+                  if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+                      ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += tpl_types[t].sz * 
+                                                            (preceding->num-1);
+                  }
+                }
+                root->ser_osz += (sizeof(uint32_t) * num_contig_fxlens);
+
+                j = ((tpl_root_data*)root->data)->num_fxlens; /* before incrementing */
+                (((tpl_root_data*)root->data)->num_fxlens) += num_contig_fxlens;
+                num_fxlens = ((tpl_root_data*)root->data)->num_fxlens; /* new value */
+                fxlens = ((tpl_root_data*)root->data)->fxlens;
+                fxlens = tpl_hook.realloc(fxlens, sizeof(int) * num_fxlens);
+                if (!fxlens) fatal_oom();
+                ((tpl_root_data*)root->data)->fxlens = fxlens;
+                for(i=0; i < num_contig_fxlens; i++) fxlens[j++] = contig_fxlens[i];
+
+                break;
+            case 'B':
+                if (expect_lparen) goto fail;
+                if (in_structure) goto fail;
+                n = tpl_node_new(parent);
+                n->type = TPL_TYPE_BIN;
+                n->addr = (tpl_bin*)va_arg(ap,void*);
+                n->data = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_bin*));
+                if (!n->data) fatal_oom();
+                *((tpl_bin**)n->data) = NULL;
+                if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) 
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += sizeof(tpl_bin);
+                DL_ADD(parent->children,n);
+                break;
+            case 'A':
+                if (in_structure) goto fail;
+                n = tpl_node_new(parent);
+                n->type = TPL_TYPE_ARY;
+                DL_ADD(parent->children,n);
+                parent = n;
+                expect_lparen=1;
+                pidx = (tpl_pidx*)tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_pidx));
+                if (!pidx) fatal_oom();
+                pidx->node = n;
+                pidx->next = NULL;
+                DL_ADD(((tpl_root_data*)(root->data))->pidx,pidx);
+                /* set up the A's tpl_atyp */
+                n->data = (tpl_atyp*)tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_atyp));
+                if (!n->data) fatal_oom();
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->num = 0;
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->sz = 0;
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bb = NULL;
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bbtail = NULL;
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->cur = NULL;
+                if (n->parent->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) 
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(n->parent->data))->sz += sizeof(void*);
+                break;
+            case 'S':
+                if (in_structure) goto fail;
+                expect_lparen=1;
+                ordinal=1;  /* index upcoming atoms in S(..) */
+                in_structure=1+lparen_level; /* so we can tell where S fmt ends */
+                struct_addr = (char*)va_arg(ap,void*);
+                break;
+            case '$': /* nested structure */
+                if (!in_structure) goto fail;
+                expect_lparen=1;
+                in_nested_structure++;
+                break;
+            case ')':
+                lparen_level--;
+                if (lparen_level < 0) goto fail;
+                if (*(c-1) == '(') goto fail;
+                if (in_nested_structure) in_nested_structure--;
+                else if (in_structure && (in_structure-1 == lparen_level)) {
+                  /* calculate delta between contiguous structures in array */
+                  struct_next = calc_field_addr(parent, struct_widest_node->type, 
+                                                struct_addr, ordinal++);
+                  inter_elt_len = struct_next - struct_addr;
+                  in_structure=0;
+                }
+                else parent = parent->parent; /* rparen ends A() type, not S() type */
+                break;
+            case '(':
+                if (!expect_lparen) goto fail;
+                expect_lparen=0;
+                lparen_level++;
+                break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.oops("unsupported option %c\n", *c);
+                goto fail;
+        }
+        c++;
+    }
+    if (lparen_level != 0) goto fail;
+
+    /* copy the format string, save for convenience */
+    ((tpl_root_data*)(root->data))->fmt = tpl_hook.malloc(strlen(fmt)+1);
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(root->data))->fmt == NULL) 
+        fatal_oom();
+    memcpy(((tpl_root_data*)(root->data))->fmt,fmt,strlen(fmt)+1);
+
+    return root;
+
+fail:
+    tpl_hook.oops("failed to parse %s\n", fmt);
+    tpl_free(root);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static int tpl_unmap_file( tpl_mmap_rec *mr) {
+
+    if ( munmap( mr->text, mr->text_sz ) == -1 ) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("Failed to munmap: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    }
+    close(mr->fd);
+    mr->text = NULL;
+    mr->text_sz = 0;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void tpl_free_keep_map(tpl_node *r) {
+    int mmap_bits = (TPL_RDONLY|TPL_FILE);
+    int ufree_bits = (TPL_MEM|TPL_UFREE);
+    tpl_node *nxtc,*c;
+    int find_next_node=0,looking,i;
+    size_t sz;
+
+    /* For mmap'd files, or for 'ufree' memory images , do appropriate release */
+    if ((((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & mmap_bits) == mmap_bits) {
+        tpl_unmap_file( &((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap); 
+    } else if ((((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & ufree_bits) == ufree_bits) {
+        tpl_hook.free( ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text );
+    }
+
+    c = r->children;
+    if (c) {
+        while(c->type != TPL_TYPE_ROOT) {    /* loop until we come back to root node */
+            switch (c->type) {
+                case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                    /* free any binary buffer hanging from tpl_bin */
+                    if ( *((tpl_bin**)(c->data)) ) {
+                        if ( (*((tpl_bin**)(c->data)))->addr ) {
+                            tpl_hook.free( (*((tpl_bin**)(c->data)))->addr );
+                        }
+                        *((tpl_bin**)c->data) = NULL; /* reset tpl_bin */
+                    }
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                    /* free any packed (copied) string */
+                    for(i=0; i < c->num; i++) {
+                      char *str = ((char**)c->data)[i];
+                      if (str) {
+                        tpl_hook.free(str);
+                        ((char**)c->data)[i] = NULL;
+                      }
+                    }
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                    c->ser_osz = 0; /* zero out the serialization output size */
+
+                    sz = ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->sz;  /* save sz to use below */
+                    tpl_free_atyp(c,c->data);
+
+                    /* make new atyp */
+                    c->data = (tpl_atyp*)tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_atyp));
+                    if (!c->data) fatal_oom();
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->num = 0;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->sz = sz;  /* restore bb datum sz */
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->bb = NULL;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->bbtail = NULL;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->cur = NULL;
+
+                    c = c->children; 
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            if (find_next_node) {
+                find_next_node=0;
+                looking=1;
+                while(looking) {
+                    if (c->next) {
+                        nxtc=c->next;
+                        c=nxtc;
+                        looking=0;
+                    } else {
+                        if (c->type == TPL_TYPE_ROOT) break; /* root node */
+                        else {
+                            nxtc=c->parent;
+                            c=nxtc;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags = 0;  /* reset flags */
+}
+
+TPL_API void tpl_free(tpl_node *r) {
+    int mmap_bits = (TPL_RDONLY|TPL_FILE);
+    int ufree_bits = (TPL_MEM|TPL_UFREE);
+    tpl_node *nxtc,*c;
+    int find_next_node=0,looking,num,i;
+    tpl_pidx *pidx,*pidx_nxt;
+
+    /* For mmap'd files, or for 'ufree' memory images , do appropriate release */
+    if ((((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & mmap_bits) == mmap_bits) {
+        tpl_unmap_file( &((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap); 
+    } else if ((((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & ufree_bits) == ufree_bits) {
+        tpl_hook.free( ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text );
+    }
+
+    c = r->children;
+    if (c) {
+        while(c->type != TPL_TYPE_ROOT) {    /* loop until we come back to root node */
+            switch (c->type) {
+                case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                    /* free any binary buffer hanging from tpl_bin */
+                    if ( *((tpl_bin**)(c->data)) ) {
+                        if ( (*((tpl_bin**)(c->data)))->sz != 0 ) {
+                            tpl_hook.free( (*((tpl_bin**)(c->data)))->addr );
+                        }
+                        tpl_hook.free(*((tpl_bin**)c->data)); /* free tpl_bin */
+                    }
+                    tpl_hook.free(c->data);  /* free tpl_bin* */
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                    /* free any packed (copied) string */
+                    num = 1;
+                    nxtc = c->next;
+                    while (nxtc) {
+                        if (nxtc->type == TPL_TYPE_POUND) {
+                            num = nxtc->num;
+                        }
+                        nxtc = nxtc->next;
+                    }
+                    for (i = 0; i < c->num * num; i++) {
+                        char *str = ((char**)c->data)[i];
+                        if (str) {
+                            tpl_hook.free(str);
+                            ((char**)c->data)[i] = NULL;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    tpl_hook.free(c->data);
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                    tpl_hook.free(c->data);
+                    find_next_node=1;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                    tpl_free_atyp(c,c->data);
+                    if (c->children) c = c->children; /* normal case */
+                    else find_next_node=1; /* edge case, handle bad format A() */
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+
+            if (find_next_node) {
+                find_next_node=0;
+                looking=1;
+                while(looking) {
+                    if (c->next) {
+                        nxtc=c->next;
+                        tpl_hook.free(c);
+                        c=nxtc;
+                        looking=0;
+                    } else {
+                        if (c->type == TPL_TYPE_ROOT) break; /* root node */
+                        else {
+                            nxtc=c->parent;
+                            tpl_hook.free(c);
+                            c=nxtc;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* free root */
+    for(pidx=((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->pidx; pidx; pidx=pidx_nxt) {
+        pidx_nxt = pidx->next;
+        tpl_hook.free(pidx);
+    }
+    tpl_hook.free(((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->fmt);
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->num_fxlens > 0) {
+        tpl_hook.free(((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->fxlens);
+    }
+    tpl_hook.free(r->data);  /* tpl_root_data */
+    tpl_hook.free(r);
+}
+
+
+/* Find the i'th packable ('A' node) */
+static tpl_node *tpl_find_i(tpl_node *n, int i) {
+    int j=0;
+    tpl_pidx *pidx;
+    if (n->type != TPL_TYPE_ROOT) return NULL;
+    if (i == 0) return n;  /* packable 0 is root */
+    for(pidx=((tpl_root_data*)(n->data))->pidx; pidx; pidx=pidx->next) {
+        if (++j == i) return pidx->node;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void *tpl_cpv(void *datav, const void *data, size_t sz) {
+    if (sz>0) memcpy(datav,data,sz);
+    return (void*)((uintptr_t)datav + sz);
+}
+
+static void *tpl_extend_backbone(tpl_node *n) {
+    tpl_backbone *bb;
+    bb = (tpl_backbone*)tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_backbone) +
+      ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->sz );  /* datum hangs on coattails of bb */
+    if (!bb) fatal_oom();
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ < 199901
+    bb->data = (char*)((uintptr_t)bb + sizeof(tpl_backbone)); 
+#endif
+    memset(bb->data,0,((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->sz);
+    bb->next = NULL;
+    /* Add the new backbone to the tail, also setting head if necessary  */
+    if (((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bb == NULL) {
+        ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bb = bb;
+        ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bbtail = bb;
+    } else {
+        ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bbtail->next = bb;
+        ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->bbtail = bb;
+    }
+
+    ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->num++;
+    return bb->data;
+}
+
+/* Get the format string corresponding to a given tpl (root node) */
+static char *tpl_fmt(tpl_node *r) {
+    return ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->fmt;
+}
+
+/* Get the fmt # lengths as a contiguous buffer of ints (length num_fxlens) */
+static int *tpl_fxlens(tpl_node *r, int *num_fxlens) {
+    *num_fxlens = ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->num_fxlens;
+    return ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->fxlens;
+}
+
+/* called when serializing an 'A' type node into a buffer which has
+ * already been set up with the proper space. The backbone is walked
+ * which was obtained from the tpl_atyp header passed in. 
+ */
+static void *tpl_dump_atyp(tpl_node *n, tpl_atyp* at, void *dv) {
+    tpl_backbone *bb;
+    tpl_node *c;
+    void *datav;
+    uint32_t slen;
+    tpl_bin *binp;
+    char *strp;
+    tpl_atyp *atypp;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    int i;
+    size_t itermax;
+
+    /* handle 'A' nodes */
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&at->num,sizeof(uint32_t));  /* array len */
+    for(bb=at->bb; bb; bb=bb->next) {
+        datav = bb->data;
+        c=n->children;
+        while(c) {
+            switch (c->type) {
+                case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,datav,tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num);
+                    datav = (void*)((uintptr_t)datav + tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num);
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                    /* dump the buffer length followed by the buffer */
+                    memcpy(&binp,datav,sizeof(tpl_bin*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                    slen = binp->sz;
+                    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&slen,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,binp->addr,slen);
+                    datav = (void*)((uintptr_t)datav + sizeof(tpl_bin*));
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                    /* dump the string length followed by the string */
+                    for(i=0; i < c->num; i++) {
+                      memcpy(&strp,datav,sizeof(char*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                      slen = strp ? (strlen(strp)+1) : 0;
+                      dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&slen,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                      if (slen > 1) dv = tpl_cpv(dv,strp,slen-1);
+                      datav = (void*)((uintptr_t)datav + sizeof(char*));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                    memcpy(&atypp,datav,sizeof(tpl_atyp*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                    dv = tpl_dump_atyp(c,atypp,dv);
+                    datav = (void*)((uintptr_t)datav + sizeof(void*));
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                    /* iterate over the preceding nodes */
+                    pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                    itermax = c->num;
+                    if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                      c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                      continue;
+                    } else { /* loop complete. */
+                      pd->iternum = 0;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+            c=c->next;
+        }
+    }
+    return dv;
+}
+
+/* figure the serialization output size needed for tpl whose root is n*/
+static size_t tpl_ser_osz(tpl_node *n) {
+    tpl_node *c, *np;
+    size_t sz, itermax;
+    tpl_bin *binp;
+    char *strp;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    int i;
+
+    /* handle the root node ONLY (subtree's ser_osz have been bubbled-up) */
+    if (n->type != TPL_TYPE_ROOT) {
+        tpl_hook.fatal("internal error: tpl_ser_osz on non-root node\n");
+    }
+
+    sz = n->ser_osz;    /* start with fixed overhead, already stored */
+    c=n->children;
+    while (c) {
+        switch (c->type) {
+            case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                sz += tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num;
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                sz += sizeof(uint32_t);  /* binary buf len */
+                memcpy(&binp,c->data,sizeof(tpl_bin*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                sz += binp->sz; 
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                for(i=0; i < c->num; i++) {
+                  sz += sizeof(uint32_t);  /* string len */
+                  memcpy(&strp,&((char**)c->data)[i],sizeof(char*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                  sz += strp ? strlen(strp) : 0;
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                sz += sizeof(uint32_t);  /* array len */
+                sz += c->ser_osz;        /* bubbled-up child array ser_osz */
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                /* iterate over the preceding nodes */
+                itermax = c->num;
+                pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                  for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) + 
+                                (tpl_types[np->type].sz * np->num);
+                  }
+                  c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                  continue;
+                } else { /* loop complete. */
+                  pd->iternum = 0;
+                  for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) - ((itermax-1) * 
+                                                     tpl_types[np->type].sz * 
+                                                     np->num);
+                  }
+                }
+                break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                break;
+        }
+        c=c->next;
+    }
+    return sz;
+}
+
+
+TPL_API int tpl_dump(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    char *filename, *bufv;
+    void **addr_out,*buf, *pa_addr;
+    int fd,rc=0;
+    size_t sz,*sz_out, pa_sz;
+    struct stat sbuf;
+
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_RDONLY) {  /* unusual */
+        tpl_hook.oops("error: tpl_dump called for a loaded tpl\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    sz = tpl_ser_osz(r); /* compute the size needed to serialize  */
+
+    va_start(ap,mode);
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) {
+        filename = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        fd = tpl_mmap_output_file(filename, sz, &buf);
+        if (fd == -1) rc = -1;
+        else {
+            rc = tpl_dump_to_mem(r,buf,sz);
+            if (msync(buf,sz,MS_SYNC) == -1) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("msync failed on fd %d: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
+            }
+            if (munmap(buf, sz) == -1) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("munmap failed on fd %d: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
+            }
+            close(fd);
+        }
+    } else if (mode & TPL_FD) {
+        fd = va_arg(ap, int);
+        if ( (buf = tpl_hook.malloc(sz)) == NULL) fatal_oom();
+        tpl_dump_to_mem(r,buf,sz);
+        bufv = buf;
+        do {
+            rc = write(fd,bufv,sz);
+            if (rc > 0) {
+                sz -= rc;
+                bufv += rc;
+            } else if (rc == -1) {
+                if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN) continue;
+                tpl_hook.oops("error writing to fd %d: %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
+                /* attempt to rewind partial write to a regular file */
+                if (fstat(fd,&sbuf) == 0 && S_ISREG(sbuf.st_mode)) {
+                  if (ftruncate(fd,sbuf.st_size - (bufv-(char*)buf)) == -1) {
+                    tpl_hook.oops("can't rewind: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                  }
+                }
+                free(buf);
+                return -1;
+            }
+        } while (sz > 0);
+        free(buf);
+        rc = 0;
+    } else if (mode & TPL_MEM) {
+        if (mode & TPL_PREALLOCD) { /* caller allocated */
+          pa_addr = (void*)va_arg(ap, void*);
+          pa_sz = va_arg(ap, size_t);
+          if (pa_sz < sz) {
+              tpl_hook.oops("tpl_dump: buffer too small, need %d bytes\n", sz);
+              return -1;
+          }
+          rc=tpl_dump_to_mem(r,pa_addr,sz);
+        } else { /* we allocate */
+          addr_out = (void**)va_arg(ap, void*);
+          sz_out = va_arg(ap, size_t*);
+          if ( (buf = tpl_hook.malloc(sz)) == NULL) fatal_oom();
+          *sz_out = sz;
+          *addr_out = buf;
+          rc=tpl_dump_to_mem(r,buf,sz);
+        }
+    } else if (mode & TPL_GETSIZE) {
+        sz_out = va_arg(ap, size_t*);
+        *sz_out = sz;
+    } else {
+        tpl_hook.oops("unsupported tpl_dump mode %d\n", mode);
+        rc=-1;
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* This function expects the caller to have set up a memory buffer of 
+ * adequate size to hold the serialized tpl. The sz parameter must be
+ * the result of tpl_ser_osz(r).
+ */
+static int tpl_dump_to_mem(tpl_node *r,void *addr,size_t sz) {
+    uint32_t slen, sz32;
+    int *fxlens, num_fxlens, i;
+    void *dv;
+    char *fmt,flags;
+    tpl_node *c, *np;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    size_t itermax;
+
+    fmt = tpl_fmt(r);
+    flags = 0;
+    if (tpl_cpu_bigendian()) flags |= TPL_FL_BIGENDIAN;
+    if (strchr(fmt,'s')) flags |= TPL_FL_NULLSTRINGS;
+    sz32 = sz; 
+
+    dv = addr;
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,TPL_MAGIC,3);         /* copy tpl magic prefix */
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&flags,1);            /* copy flags byte */
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&sz32,sizeof(uint32_t));/* overall length (inclusive) */
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,fmt,strlen(fmt)+1);   /* copy format with NUL-term */
+    fxlens = tpl_fxlens(r,&num_fxlens);
+    dv = tpl_cpv(dv,fxlens,num_fxlens*sizeof(uint32_t));/* fmt # lengths */
+
+    /* serialize the tpl content, iterating over direct children of root */
+    c = r->children;
+    while (c) {
+        switch (c->type) {
+            case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                dv = tpl_cpv(dv,c->data,tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num);
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                slen = (*(tpl_bin**)(c->data))->sz;
+                dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&slen,sizeof(uint32_t));  /* buffer len */
+                dv = tpl_cpv(dv,(*(tpl_bin**)(c->data))->addr,slen); /* buf */
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                for(i=0; i < c->num; i++) {
+                  char *str = ((char**)c->data)[i];
+                  slen = str ? strlen(str)+1 : 0;
+                  dv = tpl_cpv(dv,&slen,sizeof(uint32_t));  /* string len */
+                  if (slen>1) dv = tpl_cpv(dv,str,slen-1); /*string*/
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                dv = tpl_dump_atyp(c,(tpl_atyp*)c->data,dv);
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                 pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                 itermax = c->num;
+                 if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+
+                   /* in start or midst of loop. advance data pointers. */
+                   for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) + 
+                                (tpl_types[np->type].sz * np->num);
+                   }
+                   /* do next iteration */
+                   c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                   continue;
+
+                 } else { /* loop complete. */
+                 
+                   /* reset iteration index and addr/data pointers. */
+                   pd->iternum = 0;
+                   for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) - ((itermax-1) * 
+                                                     tpl_types[np->type].sz * 
+                                                     np->num);
+                   }
+
+                 }
+                 break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                break;
+        }
+        c = c->next;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int tpl_cpu_bigendian() {
+   unsigned i = 1;
+   char *c;
+   c = (char*)&i;
+   return (c[0] == 1 ? 0 : 1);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * algorithm for sanity-checking a tpl image:
+ * scan the tpl whilst not exceeding the buffer size (bufsz) ,
+ * formulating a calculated (expected) size of the tpl based
+ * on walking its data. When calcsize has been calculated it
+ * should exactly match the buffer size (bufsz) and the internal
+ * recorded size (intlsz)
+ */
+static int tpl_sanity(tpl_node *r, int excess_ok) {
+    uint32_t intlsz;
+    int found_nul=0,rc, octothorpes=0, num_fxlens, *fxlens, flen;
+    void *d, *dv;
+    char intlflags, *fmt, c, *mapfmt;
+    size_t bufsz, serlen;
+
+    d = ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text;
+    bufsz = ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text_sz;
+
+    dv = d;
+    if (bufsz < (4 + sizeof(uint32_t) + 1)) return ERR_NOT_MINSIZE; /* min sz: magic+flags+len+nul */
+    if (memcmp(dv,TPL_MAGIC, 3) != 0) return ERR_MAGIC_MISMATCH; /* missing tpl magic prefix */
+    if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(dv)) ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags |= TPL_XENDIAN;
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 3);
+    memcpy(&intlflags,dv,sizeof(char));  /* extract flags */
+    if (intlflags & ~TPL_SUPPORTED_BITFLAGS) return ERR_UNSUPPORTED_FLAGS;
+    /* TPL1.3 stores strings with a "length+1" prefix to discern NULL strings from
+       empty strings from non-empty strings; TPL1.2 only handled the latter two. 
+       So we need to be mindful of which string format we're reading from. */
+    if (!(intlflags & TPL_FL_NULLSTRINGS)) {
+      ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags |= TPL_OLD_STRING_FMT;
+    }
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 1);
+    memcpy(&intlsz,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));  /* extract internal size */
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN) tpl_byteswap(&intlsz, sizeof(uint32_t));
+    if (!excess_ok && (intlsz != bufsz)) return ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ;  /* inconsisent buffer/internal size */
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+    /* dv points to the start of the format string. Look for nul w/in buf sz */
+    fmt = (char*)dv;
+    while ((uintptr_t)dv-(uintptr_t)d < bufsz && !found_nul) {
+        if ( (c = *(char*)dv) != '\0') {
+            if (strchr(tpl_fmt_chars,c) == NULL) 
+               return ERR_FMT_INVALID;  /* invalid char in format string */
+            if ( (c = *(char*)dv) == '#') octothorpes++;
+            dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 1);
+        }
+        else found_nul = 1;
+    }
+    if (!found_nul) return ERR_FMT_MISSING_NUL;  /* runaway format string */
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 1);   /* advance to octothorpe lengths buffer */
+    
+    /* compare the map format to the format of this tpl image */
+    mapfmt = tpl_fmt(r);
+    rc = strcmp(mapfmt,fmt);
+    if (rc != 0) return ERR_FMT_MISMATCH; 
+
+    /* compare octothorpe lengths in image to the mapped values */
+    if ((((uintptr_t)dv + (octothorpes * 4)) - (uintptr_t)d) > bufsz) return ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ4;
+    fxlens = tpl_fxlens(r,&num_fxlens);  /* mapped fxlens */
+    while(num_fxlens--) {
+        memcpy(&flen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t)); /* stored flen */
+        if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN) tpl_byteswap(&flen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        if (flen != *fxlens) return ERR_FLEN_MISMATCH;
+        dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+        fxlens++;
+    }
+
+    /* dv now points to beginning of data */
+    rc = tpl_serlen(r,r,dv,&serlen);  /* get computed serlen of data part */
+    if (rc == -1) return ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ2; /* internal inconsistency in tpl image */
+    serlen += ((uintptr_t)dv - (uintptr_t)d);   /* add back serlen of preamble part */
+    if (excess_ok && (bufsz < serlen)) return ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ3;  
+    if (!excess_ok && (serlen != bufsz)) return ERR_INCONSISTENT_SZ3;  /* buffer/internal sz exceeds serlen */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static void *tpl_find_data_start(void *d) {
+    int octothorpes=0;
+    d = (void*)((uintptr_t)d + 4); /* skip TPL_MAGIC and flags byte */
+    d = (void*)((uintptr_t)d + 4); /* skip int32 overall len */
+    while(*(char*)d != '\0') {
+        if (*(char*)d == '#') octothorpes++;
+        d = (void*)((uintptr_t)d + 1);
+    }
+    d = (void*)((uintptr_t)d +  1);  /* skip NUL */
+    d = (void*)((uintptr_t)d +  (octothorpes * sizeof(uint32_t)));  /* skip # array lens */
+    return d;
+}
+
+static int tpl_needs_endian_swap(void *d) {
+    char *c;
+    int cpu_is_bigendian;
+    c = (char*)d;
+    cpu_is_bigendian = tpl_cpu_bigendian();
+    return ((c[3] & TPL_FL_BIGENDIAN) == cpu_is_bigendian) ? 0 : 1;
+}
+
+static size_t tpl_size_for(char c) {
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i < sizeof(tpl_types)/sizeof(tpl_types[0]); i++) {
+    if (tpl_types[i].c == c) return tpl_types[i].sz;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+TPL_API char* tpl_peek(int mode, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    int xendian=0,found_nul=0,old_string_format=0;
+    char *filename=NULL, *datapeek_f=NULL, *datapeek_c, *datapeek_s;
+    void *addr=NULL, *dv, *datapeek_p=NULL;
+    size_t sz=0, fmt_len, first_atom, num_fxlens=0;
+    uint32_t datapeek_ssz, datapeek_csz, datapeek_flen;
+    tpl_mmap_rec mr = {0,NULL,0};
+    char *fmt,*fmt_cpy=NULL,c;
+    uint32_t intlsz, **fxlens=NULL, *num_fxlens_out=NULL, *fxlensv;
+
+    va_start(ap,mode);
+    if ((mode & TPL_FXLENS) && (mode & TPL_DATAPEEK)) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("TPL_FXLENS and TPL_DATAPEEK mutually exclusive\n");
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) filename = va_arg(ap,char *);
+    else if (mode & TPL_MEM) {
+        addr = va_arg(ap,void *);
+        sz = va_arg(ap,size_t);
+    } else {
+        tpl_hook.oops("unsupported tpl_peek mode %d\n", mode);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+    if (mode & TPL_DATAPEEK) {
+        datapeek_f = va_arg(ap, char*);
+    }
+    if (mode & TPL_FXLENS) {
+        num_fxlens_out = va_arg(ap,uint32_t *);
+        fxlens = va_arg(ap,uint32_t **);
+        *num_fxlens_out = 0;
+        *fxlens = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) {
+        if (tpl_mmap_file(filename, &mr) != 0) {
+            tpl_hook.oops("tpl_peek failed for file %s\n", filename);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        addr = mr.text;
+        sz = mr.text_sz;
+    }
+
+    dv = addr;
+    if (sz < (4 + sizeof(uint32_t) + 1)) goto fail; /* min sz */
+    if (memcmp(dv,TPL_MAGIC, 3) != 0) goto fail; /* missing tpl magic prefix */
+    if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(dv)) xendian=1;
+    if ((((char*)dv)[3] & TPL_FL_NULLSTRINGS)==0) old_string_format=1;
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 4);
+    memcpy(&intlsz,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));  /* extract internal size */
+    if (xendian) tpl_byteswap(&intlsz, sizeof(uint32_t));
+    if (intlsz != sz) goto fail;  /* inconsisent buffer/internal size */
+    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+    /* dv points to the start of the format string. Look for nul w/in buf sz */
+    fmt = (char*)dv;
+    while ((uintptr_t)dv-(uintptr_t)addr < sz && !found_nul) {
+        if ( (c = *(char*)dv) == '\0') {
+            found_nul = 1;
+        } else if (c == '#') {
+          num_fxlens++;
+        }
+        dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + 1);
+    }
+    if (!found_nul) goto fail;  /* runaway format string */
+    fmt_len = (char*)dv - fmt;  /* include space for \0 */
+    fmt_cpy = tpl_hook.malloc(fmt_len);
+    if (fmt_cpy == NULL) {
+        fatal_oom();
+    }
+    memcpy(fmt_cpy, fmt, fmt_len);
+
+    /* retrieve the octothorpic lengths if requested */
+    if (num_fxlens > 0) {
+      if (sz < ((uintptr_t)dv + (num_fxlens * sizeof(uint32_t)) - (uintptr_t)addr)) {
+        goto fail;
+      }
+    }
+    if ((mode & TPL_FXLENS) && (num_fxlens > 0)) {
+      *fxlens = tpl_hook.malloc(num_fxlens * sizeof(uint32_t));
+      if (*fxlens == NULL) tpl_hook.fatal("out of memory");
+      *num_fxlens_out = num_fxlens;
+      fxlensv = *fxlens;
+      while(num_fxlens--) {
+          memcpy(fxlensv,dv,sizeof(uint32_t)); 
+          if (xendian) tpl_byteswap(fxlensv, sizeof(uint32_t));
+          dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+          fxlensv++;
+      }
+    }
+    /* if caller requested, peek into the specified data elements */
+    if (mode & TPL_DATAPEEK) {
+
+       first_atom = strspn(fmt, "S()"); /* skip any leading S() */
+
+       datapeek_flen = strlen(datapeek_f);
+       if (strspn(datapeek_f, tpl_datapeek_ok_chars) < datapeek_flen) {
+         tpl_hook.oops("invalid TPL_DATAPEEK format: %s\n", datapeek_f);
+         tpl_hook.free(fmt_cpy); fmt_cpy = NULL; /* fail */
+         goto fail;
+       }
+
+       if (strncmp( &fmt[first_atom], datapeek_f, datapeek_flen) != 0) {
+         tpl_hook.oops("TPL_DATAPEEK format mismatches tpl iamge\n");
+         tpl_hook.free(fmt_cpy); fmt_cpy = NULL; /* fail */
+         goto fail;
+       }
+
+       /* advance to data start, then copy out requested elements */
+       dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv +  (num_fxlens * sizeof(uint32_t)));  
+       for(datapeek_c = datapeek_f; *datapeek_c != '\0'; datapeek_c++) {
+         datapeek_p = va_arg(ap, void*);
+         if (*datapeek_c == 's') {  /* special handling for strings */
+           if ((uintptr_t)dv-(uintptr_t)addr + sizeof(uint32_t) > sz) {
+             tpl_hook.oops("tpl_peek: tpl has insufficient length\n");
+             tpl_hook.free(fmt_cpy); fmt_cpy = NULL; /* fail */
+             goto fail;
+           }
+           memcpy(&datapeek_ssz,dv,sizeof(uint32_t)); /* get slen */
+           if (xendian) tpl_byteswap(&datapeek_ssz, sizeof(uint32_t));
+           if (old_string_format) datapeek_ssz++;
+           dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t)); /* adv. to str */
+           if (datapeek_ssz == 0) datapeek_s = NULL;
+           else {
+             if ((uintptr_t)dv-(uintptr_t)addr + datapeek_ssz-1 > sz) {
+               tpl_hook.oops("tpl_peek: tpl has insufficient length\n");
+               tpl_hook.free(fmt_cpy); fmt_cpy = NULL; /* fail */
+               goto fail;
+             }
+             datapeek_s = tpl_hook.malloc(datapeek_ssz);
+             if (datapeek_s == NULL) fatal_oom();
+             memcpy(datapeek_s, dv, datapeek_ssz-1);
+             datapeek_s[datapeek_ssz-1] = '\0';
+             dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + datapeek_ssz-1);
+           }
+           *(char**)datapeek_p = datapeek_s;
+         } else {
+           datapeek_csz = tpl_size_for(*datapeek_c);
+           if ((uintptr_t)dv-(uintptr_t)addr + datapeek_csz > sz) {
+             tpl_hook.oops("tpl_peek: tpl has insufficient length\n");
+             tpl_hook.free(fmt_cpy); fmt_cpy = NULL; /* fail */
+             goto fail;
+           }
+           memcpy(datapeek_p, dv, datapeek_csz);
+           if (xendian) tpl_byteswap(datapeek_p, datapeek_csz);
+           dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + datapeek_csz);
+         }
+       }
+    }
+
+fail:
+    va_end(ap);
+    if ((mode & TPL_FILE) && mr.text != NULL) tpl_unmap_file( &mr );
+    return fmt_cpy;
+}
+
+/* tpl_jot(TPL_FILE, "file.tpl", "si", &s, &i); */
+/* tpl_jot(TPL_MEM, &buf, &sz, "si", &s, &i); */
+/* tpl_jot(TPL_FD, fd, "si", &s, &i); */
+TPL_API int tpl_jot(int mode, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    char *filename, *fmt;
+    size_t *sz;
+    int fd, rc=0;
+    void **buf;
+    tpl_node *tn;
+
+    va_start(ap,mode);
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) {
+      filename = va_arg(ap,char*);
+      fmt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+      tn = tpl_map_va(fmt, ap);
+      if (tn == NULL) { rc=-1; goto fail;}
+      tpl_pack(tn, 0);
+      rc = tpl_dump(tn, TPL_FILE, filename);
+      tpl_free(tn);
+    } else if (mode & TPL_MEM) {
+      buf = va_arg(ap,void*);
+      sz = va_arg(ap,size_t*);
+      fmt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+      tn = tpl_map_va(fmt,ap);
+      if (tn == NULL) { rc=-1; goto fail;}
+      tpl_pack(tn,0);
+      rc = tpl_dump(tn, TPL_MEM, buf, sz);
+      tpl_free(tn);
+    } else if (mode & TPL_FD) {
+      fd = va_arg(ap,int);
+      fmt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+      tn = tpl_map_va(fmt,ap);
+      if (tn == NULL) { rc=-1; goto fail;}
+      tpl_pack(tn,0);
+      rc = tpl_dump(tn, TPL_FD, fd);
+      tpl_free(tn);
+    } else {
+      tpl_hook.fatal("invalid tpl_jot mode\n");
+    }
+
+fail:
+    va_end(ap);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+TPL_API int tpl_load(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    int rc=0,fd=0;
+    char *filename=NULL;
+    void *addr;
+    size_t sz;
+
+    va_start(ap,mode);
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) filename = va_arg(ap,char *);
+    else if (mode & TPL_MEM) {
+        addr = va_arg(ap,void *);
+        sz = va_arg(ap,size_t);
+    } else if (mode & TPL_FD) {
+        fd = va_arg(ap,int);
+    } else {
+        tpl_hook.oops("unsupported tpl_load mode %d\n", mode);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    if (r->type != TPL_TYPE_ROOT) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("error: tpl_load to non-root node\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & (TPL_WRONLY|TPL_RDONLY)) {
+        /* already packed or loaded, so reset it as if newly mapped */
+        tpl_free_keep_map(r);
+    }
+    if (mode & TPL_FILE) {
+        if (tpl_mmap_file(filename, &((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap) != 0) {
+            tpl_hook.oops("tpl_load failed for file %s\n", filename);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        if ( (rc = tpl_sanity(r, (mode & TPL_EXCESS_OK))) != 0) {
+            if (rc == ERR_FMT_MISMATCH) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("%s: format signature mismatch\n", filename);
+            } else if (rc == ERR_FLEN_MISMATCH) { 
+                tpl_hook.oops("%s: array lengths mismatch\n", filename);
+            } else { 
+                tpl_hook.oops("%s: not a valid tpl file\n", filename); 
+            }
+            tpl_unmap_file( &((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap );
+            return -1;
+        }
+        ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags = (TPL_FILE | TPL_RDONLY);
+    } else if (mode & TPL_MEM) {
+        ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text = addr;
+        ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text_sz = sz;
+        if ( (rc = tpl_sanity(r, (mode & TPL_EXCESS_OK))) != 0) {
+            if (rc == ERR_FMT_MISMATCH) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("format signature mismatch\n");
+            } else { 
+                tpl_hook.oops("not a valid tpl file\n"); 
+            }
+            return -1;
+        }
+        ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags = (TPL_MEM | TPL_RDONLY);
+        if (mode & TPL_UFREE) ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags |= TPL_UFREE;
+    } else if (mode & TPL_FD) {
+        /* if fd read succeeds, resulting mem img is used for load */
+        if (tpl_gather(TPL_GATHER_BLOCKING,fd,&addr,&sz) > 0) {
+            return tpl_load(r, TPL_MEM|TPL_UFREE, addr, sz);
+        } else return -1;
+    } else {
+        tpl_hook.oops("invalid tpl_load mode %d\n", mode);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    /* this applies to TPL_MEM or TPL_FILE */
+    if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text))
+        ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags |= TPL_XENDIAN;
+    tpl_unpackA0(r);   /* prepare root A nodes for use */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+TPL_API int tpl_Alen(tpl_node *r, int i) {
+    tpl_node *n;
+
+    n = tpl_find_i(r,i);
+    if (n == NULL) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("invalid index %d to tpl_unpack\n", i);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (n->type != TPL_TYPE_ARY) return -1;
+    return ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->num;
+}
+
+static void tpl_free_atyp(tpl_node *n, tpl_atyp *atyp) {
+    tpl_backbone *bb,*bbnxt;
+    tpl_node *c;
+    void *dv;
+    tpl_bin *binp;
+    tpl_atyp *atypp;
+    char *strp;
+    size_t itermax;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    int i;
+
+    bb = atyp->bb;
+    while (bb) {
+        bbnxt = bb->next;
+        dv = bb->data;
+        c=n->children; 
+        while (c) {
+            switch (c->type) {
+                case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz*c->num);
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                    memcpy(&binp,dv,sizeof(tpl_bin*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                    if (binp->addr) tpl_hook.free( binp->addr ); /* free buf */
+                    tpl_hook.free(binp);  /* free tpl_bin */
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(tpl_bin*));
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                    for(i=0; i < c->num; i++) {
+                      memcpy(&strp,dv,sizeof(char*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                      if (strp) tpl_hook.free(strp); /* free string */
+                      dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(char*));
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                    /* iterate over the preceding nodes */
+                    itermax = c->num;
+                    pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                    if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                      c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                      continue;
+                    } else { /* loop complete. */
+                      pd->iternum = 0;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                    memcpy(&atypp,dv,sizeof(tpl_atyp*)); /* cp to aligned */
+                    tpl_free_atyp(c,atypp);  /* free atyp */
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(void*));
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+            c=c->next;
+        }
+        tpl_hook.free(bb);
+        bb = bbnxt;
+    }
+    tpl_hook.free(atyp);
+}
+
+/* determine (by walking) byte length of serialized r/A node at address dv 
+ * returns 0 on success, or -1 if the tpl isn't trustworthy (fails consistency)
+ */
+static int tpl_serlen(tpl_node *r, tpl_node *n, void *dv, size_t *serlen) {
+    uint32_t slen;
+    int num=0,fidx;
+    tpl_node *c;
+    size_t len=0, alen, buf_past, itermax;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+
+    buf_past = ((uintptr_t)((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text + 
+                      ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text_sz);
+
+    if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ROOT) num = 1;
+    else if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+        if ((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t) > buf_past) return -1;
+        memcpy(&num,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+        if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+             tpl_byteswap(&num, sizeof(uint32_t));
+        dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+        len += sizeof(uint32_t);
+    } else tpl_hook.fatal("internal error in tpl_serlen\n");
+
+    while (num-- > 0) {
+        c=n->children; 
+        while (c) {
+            switch (c->type) {
+                case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+                case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+                case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                    for(fidx=0; fidx < c->num; fidx++) {  /* octothorpe support */
+                        if ((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz > buf_past) return -1;
+                        dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz);
+                        len += tpl_types[c->type].sz;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                    len += sizeof(uint32_t);
+                    if ((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t) > buf_past) return -1;
+                    memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                        tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                    len += slen;
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                    if ((uintptr_t)dv + slen > buf_past) return -1;
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen);
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                    for(fidx=0; fidx < c->num; fidx++) {  /* octothorpe support */
+                      len += sizeof(uint32_t);
+                      if ((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t) > buf_past) return -1;
+                      memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                      if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                          tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                      if (!(((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_OLD_STRING_FMT))
+                         slen = (slen>1) ? (slen-1) : 0;
+                      len += slen;
+                      dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                      if ((uintptr_t)dv + slen > buf_past) return -1;
+                      dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen);
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                    if ( tpl_serlen(r,c,dv, &alen) == -1) return -1;
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + alen);
+                    len += alen;
+                    break;
+                case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                    /* iterate over the preceding nodes */
+                    itermax = c->num;
+                    pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                    if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                      c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                      continue;
+                    } else { /* loop complete. */
+                      pd->iternum = 0;
+                    }
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                    break;
+            }
+            c=c->next;
+        }
+    }
+    *serlen = len;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int tpl_mmap_output_file(char *filename, size_t sz, void **text_out) {
+    void *text;
+    int fd,perms;
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    perms = S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP|S_IRGRP|S_IROTH;  /* ug+w o+r */
+    fd=open(filename,O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_RDWR,perms);
+#else
+	perms = _S_IWRITE;
+    fd=_open(filename,_O_CREAT|_O_TRUNC|_O_RDWR,perms);
+#endif
+
+    if ( fd == -1 ) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("Couldn't open file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    text = mmap(0, sz, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
+    if (text == MAP_FAILED) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("Failed to mmap %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (ftruncate(fd,sz) == -1) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("ftruncate failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        munmap( text, sz );
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    *text_out = text;
+    return fd;
+}
+
+static int tpl_mmap_file(char *filename, tpl_mmap_rec *mr) {
+    struct stat stat_buf;
+
+    if ( (mr->fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY)) == -1 ) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("Couldn't open file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ( fstat(mr->fd, &stat_buf) == -1) {
+        close(mr->fd);
+        tpl_hook.oops("Couldn't stat file %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    mr->text_sz = (size_t)stat_buf.st_size;  
+    mr->text = mmap(0, stat_buf.st_size, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, mr->fd, 0);
+    if (mr->text == MAP_FAILED) {
+        close(mr->fd);
+        tpl_hook.oops("Failed to mmap %s: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+TPL_API int tpl_pack(tpl_node *r, int i) {
+    tpl_node *n, *child, *np;
+    void *datav=NULL;
+    size_t sz, itermax;
+    uint32_t slen;
+    char *str;
+    tpl_bin *bin;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    int fidx;
+
+    n = tpl_find_i(r,i);
+    if (n == NULL) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("invalid index %d to tpl_pack\n", i);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_RDONLY) {
+        /* convert to an writeable tpl, initially empty */
+        tpl_free_keep_map(r);
+    }
+
+    ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags |= TPL_WRONLY;
+
+    if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) datav = tpl_extend_backbone(n);
+    child = n->children;
+    while(child) {
+        switch(child->type) {
+            case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                /* no need to use fidx iteration here; we can copy multiple values in one memcpy */
+                memcpy(child->data,child->addr,tpl_types[child->type].sz * child->num);
+                if (datav) datav = tpl_cpv(datav,child->data,tpl_types[child->type].sz * child->num);
+                if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) n->ser_osz += tpl_types[child->type].sz * child->num;
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                /* copy the buffer to be packed */ 
+                slen = ((tpl_bin*)child->addr)->sz;
+                if (slen >0) {
+                    str = tpl_hook.malloc(slen);
+                    if (!str) fatal_oom();
+                    memcpy(str,((tpl_bin*)child->addr)->addr,slen);
+                } else str = NULL;
+                /* and make a tpl_bin to point to it */
+                bin = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_bin));
+                if (!bin) fatal_oom();
+                bin->addr = str;
+                bin->sz = slen;
+                /* now pack its pointer, first deep freeing any pre-existing bin */
+                if (*(tpl_bin**)(child->data) != NULL) {
+                    if ((*(tpl_bin**)(child->data))->sz != 0) {
+                            tpl_hook.free( (*(tpl_bin**)(child->data))->addr );
+                    }
+                    tpl_hook.free(*(tpl_bin**)(child->data));  
+                }
+                memcpy(child->data,&bin,sizeof(tpl_bin*));
+                if (datav) {
+                    datav = tpl_cpv(datav, &bin, sizeof(tpl_bin*));
+                    *(tpl_bin**)(child->data) = NULL;  
+                }
+                if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+                    n->ser_osz += sizeof(uint32_t); /* binary buf len word */
+                    n->ser_osz += bin->sz;          /* binary buf */
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                for(fidx=0; fidx < child->num; fidx++) {
+                  /* copy the string to be packed. slen includes \0. this 
+                     block also works if the string pointer is NULL. */
+                  char *caddr = ((char**)child->addr)[fidx];
+                  char **cdata = &((char**)child->data)[fidx];
+                  slen = caddr ?  (strlen(caddr) + 1) : 0;
+                  if (slen) {
+                    str = tpl_hook.malloc(slen);
+                    if (!str) fatal_oom();
+                    memcpy(str,caddr,slen); /* include \0 */
+                  } else {
+                    str = NULL;
+                  } 
+                  /* now pack its pointer, first freeing any pre-existing string */
+                  if (*cdata != NULL) {
+                      tpl_hook.free(*cdata);  
+                  }
+                  memcpy(cdata,&str,sizeof(char*));
+                  if (datav) {
+                      datav = tpl_cpv(datav, &str, sizeof(char*));
+                      *cdata = NULL;  
+                  }
+                  if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+                      n->ser_osz += sizeof(uint32_t); /* string len word */
+                      if (slen>1) n->ser_osz += slen-1;/* string (without nul) */
+                  }
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                /* copy the child's tpl_atype* and reset it to empty */
+                if (datav) {
+                    sz = ((tpl_atyp*)(child->data))->sz;
+                    datav = tpl_cpv(datav, &child->data, sizeof(void*));
+                    child->data = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_atyp));
+                    if (!child->data) fatal_oom();
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(child->data))->num = 0;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(child->data))->sz = sz;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(child->data))->bb = NULL;
+                    ((tpl_atyp*)(child->data))->bbtail = NULL;
+                }
+                /* parent is array? then bubble up child array's ser_osz */
+                if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+                    n->ser_osz += sizeof(uint32_t); /* array len word */
+                    n->ser_osz += child->ser_osz;   /* child array ser_osz */
+                    child->ser_osz = 0;             /* reset child array ser_osz */
+                }
+                break;
+
+            case TPL_TYPE_POUND: 
+                /* we need to iterate n times over preceding nodes in S(...). 
+                 * we may be in the midst of an iteration each time or starting. */
+                 pd = (tpl_pound_data*)child->data;
+                 itermax = child->num;
+
+                 /* itermax is total num of iterations needed  */
+                 /* pd->iternum is current iteration index  */
+                 /* pd->inter_elt_len is element-to-element len of contiguous structs */
+                 /* pd->iter_start_node is where we jump to at each iteration. */
+
+                 if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+
+                   /* in start or midst of loop. advance addr/data pointers. */
+                   for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != child; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) + 
+                          (tpl_types[np->type].sz * np->num);
+                     np->addr = (char*)(np->addr) + pd->inter_elt_len;
+                   }
+                   /* do next iteration */
+                   child = pd->iter_start_node;
+                   continue;
+
+                 } else { /* loop complete. */
+                 
+                   /* reset iteration index and addr/data pointers. */
+                   pd->iternum = 0;
+                   for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != child; np = np->next) {
+                     np->data = (char*)(np->data) - ((itermax-1) *
+                                                      tpl_types[np->type].sz * 
+                                                      np->num);
+                     np->addr = (char*)(np->addr) - ((itermax-1) * pd->inter_elt_len);
+                   }
+
+                 }
+                break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                break;
+        }
+        child=child->next;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+TPL_API int tpl_unpack(tpl_node *r, int i) {
+    tpl_node *n, *c, *np;
+    uint32_t slen;
+    int rc=1, fidx;
+    char *str;
+    void *dv=NULL, *caddr;
+    size_t A_bytes, itermax;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+    void *img;
+    size_t sz;
+
+
+    /* handle unusual case of tpl_pack,tpl_unpack without an 
+     * intervening tpl_dump. do a dump/load implicitly. */
+    if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_WRONLY) {
+        if (tpl_dump(r,TPL_MEM,&img,&sz) != 0) return -1;
+        if (tpl_load(r,TPL_MEM|TPL_UFREE,img,sz) != 0) {
+            tpl_hook.free(img);
+            return -1;
+        };
+    }
+
+    n = tpl_find_i(r,i);
+    if (n == NULL) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("invalid index %d to tpl_unpack\n", i);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* either root node or an A node */
+    if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ROOT) {
+        dv = tpl_find_data_start( ((tpl_root_data*)(n->data))->mmap.text );
+    } else if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) {
+        if (((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->num <= 0) return 0; /* array consumed */
+        else rc = ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->num--;
+        dv = ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->cur;
+        if (!dv) tpl_hook.fatal("must unpack parent of node before node itself\n");
+    }
+
+    c = n->children;
+    while (c) {
+        switch (c->type) {
+            case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                /* unpack elements of cross-endian octothorpic array individually */
+                if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN) {
+                    for(fidx=0; fidx < c->num; fidx++) {
+                        caddr = (void*)((uintptr_t)c->addr + (fidx * tpl_types[c->type].sz));
+                        memcpy(caddr,dv,tpl_types[c->type].sz);
+                        tpl_byteswap(caddr, tpl_types[c->type].sz);
+                        dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    /* bulk unpack ok if not cross-endian */
+                    memcpy(c->addr, dv, tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num);
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz * c->num);
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                    tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (slen > 0) {
+                    str = (char*)tpl_hook.malloc(slen);
+                    if (!str) fatal_oom();
+                } else str=NULL;
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (slen>0) memcpy(str,dv,slen);
+                memcpy(&(((tpl_bin*)c->addr)->addr),&str,sizeof(void*));
+                memcpy(&(((tpl_bin*)c->addr)->sz),&slen,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen);
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                for(fidx=0; fidx < c->num; fidx++) {
+                  memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                      tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_OLD_STRING_FMT)
+                    slen += 1;
+                  dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (slen) {  /* slen includes \0 */
+                    str = (char*)tpl_hook.malloc(slen);
+                    if (!str) fatal_oom();
+                    if (slen>1) memcpy(str,dv,slen-1);
+                    str[slen-1] = '\0'; /* nul terminate */
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen-1);
+                  } else str=NULL;
+                  memcpy(&((char**)c->addr)[fidx],&str,sizeof(char*));
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                /* iterate over preceding nodes */
+                pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                itermax = c->num;
+                if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                  /* in start or midst of loop. advance addr/data pointers. */
+                  for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                    np->addr = (char*)(np->addr) + pd->inter_elt_len;
+                  }
+                  /* do next iteration */
+                  c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                  continue;
+
+                } else { /* loop complete. */
+                
+                  /* reset iteration index and addr/data pointers. */
+                  pd->iternum = 0;
+                  for(np=pd->iter_start_node; np != c; np = np->next) {
+                    np->addr = (char*)(np->addr) - ((itermax-1) * pd->inter_elt_len);
+                  }
+
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                if (tpl_serlen(r,c,dv, &A_bytes) == -1) 
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("internal error in unpack\n");
+                memcpy( &((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->num, dv, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                    tpl_byteswap(&((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->num, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->cur = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv+sizeof(uint32_t));
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + A_bytes);
+                break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                break;
+        }
+
+        c = c->next;
+    }
+    if (n->type == TPL_TYPE_ARY) ((tpl_atyp*)(n->data))->cur = dv; /* next element */
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* Specialized function that unpacks only the root's A nodes, after tpl_load  */
+static int tpl_unpackA0(tpl_node *r) {
+    tpl_node *n, *c;
+    uint32_t slen;
+    int rc=1,fidx,i;
+    void *dv;
+    size_t A_bytes, itermax;
+    tpl_pound_data *pd;
+
+    n = r;
+    dv = tpl_find_data_start( ((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->mmap.text);
+
+    c=n->children;
+    while (c)  {
+        switch (c->type) {
+            case TPL_TYPE_BYTE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_DOUBLE:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT32:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT64:
+            case TPL_TYPE_INT16:
+            case TPL_TYPE_UINT16:
+                for(fidx=0;fidx < c->num; fidx++) {
+                    dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + tpl_types[c->type].sz);
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_BIN:
+                memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                    tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen);
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_STR:
+                for(i=0; i<c->num; i++) {
+                  memcpy(&slen,dv,sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                      tpl_byteswap(&slen, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_OLD_STRING_FMT)
+                    slen += 1;
+                  dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + sizeof(uint32_t));
+                  if (slen>1) dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + slen-1);
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_POUND:
+                /* iterate over the preceding nodes */
+                itermax = c->num;
+                pd = (tpl_pound_data*)c->data;
+                if (++(pd->iternum) < itermax) {
+                  c = pd->iter_start_node;
+                  continue;
+                } else { /* loop complete. */
+                  pd->iternum = 0;
+                }
+                break;
+            case TPL_TYPE_ARY:
+                if ( tpl_serlen(r,c,dv, &A_bytes) == -1) 
+                    tpl_hook.fatal("internal error in unpackA0\n");
+                memcpy( &((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->num, dv, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                if (((tpl_root_data*)(r->data))->flags & TPL_XENDIAN)
+                    tpl_byteswap(&((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->num, sizeof(uint32_t));
+                ((tpl_atyp*)(c->data))->cur = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv+sizeof(uint32_t));
+                dv = (void*)((uintptr_t)dv + A_bytes);
+                break;
+            default:
+                tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported format character\n");
+                break;
+        }
+        c=c->next;
+    }
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* In-place byte order swapping of a word of length "len" bytes */
+static void tpl_byteswap(void *word, int len) {
+    int i;
+    char c, *w;
+    w = (char*)word;
+    for(i=0; i<len/2; i++) {
+        c = w[i];
+        w[i] = w[len-1-i];
+        w[len-1-i] = c;
+    }
+}
+
+static void tpl_fatal(const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    char exit_msg[100];
+
+    va_start(ap,fmt);
+    vsnprintf(exit_msg, 100, fmt, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    tpl_hook.oops("%s", exit_msg);
+    exit(-1);
+}
+
+TPL_API int tpl_gather(int mode, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    int fd,rc=0;
+    size_t *szp,sz;
+    void **img,*addr,*data;
+    tpl_gather_t **gs;
+    tpl_gather_cb *cb;
+
+    va_start(ap,mode);
+    switch (mode) {
+        case TPL_GATHER_BLOCKING:
+            fd = va_arg(ap,int);
+            img = va_arg(ap,void*);
+            szp = va_arg(ap,size_t*);
+            rc = tpl_gather_blocking(fd,img,szp);
+            break;
+        case TPL_GATHER_NONBLOCKING:
+            fd = va_arg(ap,int);
+            gs = (tpl_gather_t**)va_arg(ap,void*);
+            cb = (tpl_gather_cb*)va_arg(ap,tpl_gather_cb*);
+            data = va_arg(ap,void*);
+            rc = tpl_gather_nonblocking(fd,gs,cb,data);
+            break;
+        case TPL_GATHER_MEM:
+            addr = va_arg(ap,void*);
+            sz = va_arg(ap,size_t);
+            gs = (tpl_gather_t**)va_arg(ap,void*);
+            cb = (tpl_gather_cb*)va_arg(ap,tpl_gather_cb*);
+            data = va_arg(ap,void*);
+            rc = tpl_gather_mem(addr,sz,gs,cb,data);
+            break;
+        default:
+            tpl_hook.fatal("unsupported tpl_gather mode %d\n",mode);
+            break;
+    }
+    va_end(ap);
+    return rc;
+}
+
+/* dequeue a tpl by reading until one full tpl image is obtained.
+ * We take care not to read past the end of the tpl.
+ * This is intended as a blocking call i.e. for use with a blocking fd.
+ * It can be given a non-blocking fd, but the read spins if we have to wait.
+ */
+static int tpl_gather_blocking(int fd, void **img, size_t *sz) {
+    char preamble[8];
+    int i=0, rc;
+    uint32_t tpllen;
+
+    do { 
+        rc = read(fd,&preamble[i],8-i);
+        i += (rc>0) ? rc : 0;
+    } while ((rc==-1 && (errno==EINTR||errno==EAGAIN)) || (rc>0 && i<8));
+
+    if (rc<0) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather_fd_blocking failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        return -1;
+    } else if (rc == 0) {
+        /* tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather_fd_blocking: eof\n"); */
+        return 0;
+    } else if (i != 8) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("internal error\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (preamble[0] == 't' && preamble[1] == 'p' && preamble[2] == 'l') {
+        memcpy(&tpllen,&preamble[4],4);
+        if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(preamble)) tpl_byteswap(&tpllen,4);
+    } else {
+        tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather_fd_blocking: non-tpl input\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* malloc space for remainder of tpl image (overall length tpllen) 
+     * and read it in
+     */
+    if (tpl_hook.gather_max > 0 && 
+        tpllen > tpl_hook.gather_max) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("tpl exceeds max length %d\n", 
+            tpl_hook.gather_max);
+        return -2;
+    }
+    *sz = tpllen;
+    if ( (*img = tpl_hook.malloc(tpllen)) == NULL) {
+        fatal_oom();
+    }
+
+    memcpy(*img,preamble,8);  /* copy preamble to output buffer */
+    i=8;
+    do { 
+        rc = read(fd,&((*(char**)img)[i]),tpllen-i);
+        i += (rc>0) ? rc : 0;
+    } while ((rc==-1 && (errno==EINTR||errno==EAGAIN)) || (rc>0 && i<tpllen));
+
+    if (rc<0) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather_fd_blocking failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        tpl_hook.free(*img);
+        return -1;
+    } else if (rc == 0) {
+        /* tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather_fd_blocking: eof\n"); */
+        tpl_hook.free(*img);
+        return 0;
+    } else if (i != tpllen) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("internal error\n");
+        tpl_hook.free(*img);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 1;
+}
+
+/* Used by select()-driven apps which want to gather tpl images piecemeal */
+/* the file descriptor must be non-blocking for this functino to work. */
+static int tpl_gather_nonblocking( int fd, tpl_gather_t **gs, tpl_gather_cb *cb, void *data) {
+    char buf[TPL_GATHER_BUFLEN], *img, *tpl;
+    int rc, keep_looping, cbrc=0;
+    size_t catlen;
+    uint32_t tpllen;
+
+    while (1) {
+        rc = read(fd,buf,TPL_GATHER_BUFLEN);
+        if (rc == -1) {
+            if (errno == EINTR) continue;  /* got signal during read, ignore */
+            if (errno == EAGAIN) return 1; /* nothing to read right now */
+            else {
+                tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                if (*gs) {
+                    tpl_hook.free((*gs)->img);
+                    tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+                    *gs = NULL;
+                }
+                return -1;                 /* error, caller should close fd  */
+            }
+        } else if (rc == 0) {
+            if (*gs) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("tpl_gather: partial tpl image precedes EOF\n");
+                tpl_hook.free((*gs)->img);
+                tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+                *gs = NULL;
+            }
+            return 0;                      /* EOF, caller should close fd */
+        } else {
+            /* concatenate any partial tpl from last read with new buffer */
+            if (*gs) {
+                catlen = (*gs)->len + rc;
+                if (tpl_hook.gather_max > 0 && 
+                    catlen > tpl_hook.gather_max) {
+                    tpl_hook.free( (*gs)->img );
+                    tpl_hook.free( (*gs) );
+                    *gs = NULL;
+                    tpl_hook.oops("tpl exceeds max length %d\n", 
+                        tpl_hook.gather_max);
+                    return -2;              /* error, caller should close fd */
+                }
+                if ( (img = tpl_hook.realloc((*gs)->img, catlen)) == NULL) {
+                    fatal_oom();
+                }
+                memcpy(img + (*gs)->len, buf, rc);
+                tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+                *gs = NULL;
+            } else {
+                img = buf;
+                catlen = rc;
+            }
+            /* isolate any full tpl(s) in img and invoke cb for each */
+            tpl = img;
+            keep_looping = (tpl+8 < img+catlen) ? 1 : 0;
+            while (keep_looping) {
+                if (strncmp("tpl", tpl, 3) != 0) {
+                    tpl_hook.oops("tpl prefix invalid\n");
+                    if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img);
+                    tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+                    *gs = NULL;
+                    return -3; /* error, caller should close fd */
+                }
+                memcpy(&tpllen,&tpl[4],4);
+                if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(tpl)) tpl_byteswap(&tpllen,4);
+                if (tpl+tpllen <= img+catlen) {
+                    cbrc = (cb)(tpl,tpllen,data);  /* invoke cb for tpl image */
+                    tpl += tpllen;                 /* point to next tpl image */
+                    if (cbrc < 0) keep_looping = 0;
+                    else keep_looping = (tpl+8 < img+catlen) ? 1 : 0;
+                } else keep_looping=0;
+            } 
+            /* check if app callback requested closure of tpl source */
+            if (cbrc < 0) {
+                tpl_hook.oops("tpl_fd_gather aborted by app callback\n");
+                if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img);
+                if (*gs) tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+                *gs = NULL;
+                return -4;
+            }
+            /* store any leftover, partial tpl fragment for next read */
+            if (tpl == img && img != buf) {  
+                /* consumed nothing from img!=buf */
+                if ( (*gs = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_gather_t))) == NULL ) {
+                    fatal_oom();
+                }
+                (*gs)->img = tpl;
+                (*gs)->len = catlen;
+            } else if (tpl < img+catlen) {  
+                /* consumed 1+ tpl(s) from img!=buf or 0 from img==buf */
+                if ( (*gs = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_gather_t))) == NULL ) {
+                    fatal_oom();
+                }
+                if ( ((*gs)->img = tpl_hook.malloc(img+catlen - tpl)) == NULL ) {
+                    fatal_oom();
+                }
+                (*gs)->len = img+catlen - tpl;
+                memcpy( (*gs)->img, tpl, img+catlen - tpl);
+                /* free partially consumed concat buffer if used */
+                if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img); 
+            } else {                        /* tpl(s) fully consumed */
+                /* free consumed concat buffer if used */
+                if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img); 
+            }
+        }
+    } 
+}
+
+/* gather tpl piecemeal from memory buffer (not fd) e.g., from a lower-level api */
+static int tpl_gather_mem( char *buf, size_t len, tpl_gather_t **gs, tpl_gather_cb *cb, void *data) {
+    char *img, *tpl;
+    int keep_looping, cbrc=0;
+    size_t catlen;
+    uint32_t tpllen;
+
+    /* concatenate any partial tpl from last read with new buffer */
+    if (*gs) {
+        catlen = (*gs)->len + len;
+        if (tpl_hook.gather_max > 0 && 
+            catlen > tpl_hook.gather_max) {
+            tpl_hook.free( (*gs)->img );
+            tpl_hook.free( (*gs) );
+            *gs = NULL;
+            tpl_hook.oops("tpl exceeds max length %d\n", 
+                tpl_hook.gather_max);
+            return -2;              /* error, caller should stop accepting input from source*/
+        }
+        if ( (img = tpl_hook.realloc((*gs)->img, catlen)) == NULL) {
+            fatal_oom();
+        }
+        memcpy(img + (*gs)->len, buf, len);
+        tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+        *gs = NULL;
+    } else {
+        img = buf;
+        catlen = len;
+    }
+    /* isolate any full tpl(s) in img and invoke cb for each */
+    tpl = img;
+    keep_looping = (tpl+8 < img+catlen) ? 1 : 0;
+    while (keep_looping) {
+        if (strncmp("tpl", tpl, 3) != 0) {
+            tpl_hook.oops("tpl prefix invalid\n");
+            if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img);
+            tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+            *gs = NULL;
+            return -3; /* error, caller should stop accepting input from source*/
+        }
+        memcpy(&tpllen,&tpl[4],4);
+        if (tpl_needs_endian_swap(tpl)) tpl_byteswap(&tpllen,4);
+        if (tpl+tpllen <= img+catlen) {
+            cbrc = (cb)(tpl,tpllen,data);  /* invoke cb for tpl image */
+            tpl += tpllen;               /* point to next tpl image */
+            if (cbrc < 0) keep_looping = 0;
+            else keep_looping = (tpl+8 < img+catlen) ? 1 : 0;
+        } else keep_looping=0;
+    } 
+    /* check if app callback requested closure of tpl source */
+    if (cbrc < 0) {
+        tpl_hook.oops("tpl_mem_gather aborted by app callback\n");
+        if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img);
+        if (*gs) tpl_hook.free(*gs);
+        *gs = NULL;
+        return -4;
+    }
+    /* store any leftover, partial tpl fragment for next read */
+    if (tpl == img && img != buf) {  
+        /* consumed nothing from img!=buf */
+        if ( (*gs = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_gather_t))) == NULL ) {
+            fatal_oom();
+        }
+        (*gs)->img = tpl;
+        (*gs)->len = catlen;
+    } else if (tpl < img+catlen) {  
+        /* consumed 1+ tpl(s) from img!=buf or 0 from img==buf */
+        if ( (*gs = tpl_hook.malloc(sizeof(tpl_gather_t))) == NULL ) {
+            fatal_oom();
+        }
+        if ( ((*gs)->img = tpl_hook.malloc(img+catlen - tpl)) == NULL ) {
+            fatal_oom();
+        }
+        (*gs)->len = img+catlen - tpl;
+        memcpy( (*gs)->img, tpl, img+catlen - tpl);
+        /* free partially consumed concat buffer if used */
+        if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img); 
+    } else {                        /* tpl(s) fully consumed */
+        /* free consumed concat buffer if used */
+        if (img != buf) tpl_hook.free(img); 
+    }
+    return 1;
+}

fcrepo

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+gunicorn -c python:lakesuperior.wsgi lakesuperior.server:fcrepo

lakesuperior/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from os import path
 
 
 version = '1.0 alpha'
-release = '1.0.0a17'
+release = '1.0.0a18'
 
 basedir = path.dirname(path.realpath(__file__))
 """

lakesuperior/api/admin.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.config_parser import parse_config
 from lakesuperior.migrator import Migrator
 from lakesuperior.store.ldp_nr.default_layout import DefaultLayout as FileLayout
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
 
 __doc__ = """
 Admin API.
@@ -23,8 +22,8 @@ def stats():
     :return: Store statistics, resource statistics.
     """
     import lakesuperior.env_setup
-    repo_stats = {'rsrc_stats': env.app_globals.rdfly.count_rsrc()}
-    with TxnManager(env.app_globals.rdf_store) as txn:
+    with env.app_globals.rdf_store.txn_ctx():
+        repo_stats = {'rsrc_stats': env.app_globals.rdfly.count_rsrc()}
         repo_stats['store_stats'] = env.app_globals.rdf_store.stats()
 
     return repo_stats
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ def stats():
 
 def migrate(src, dest, start_pts=None, list_file=None, **kwargs):
     """
-    Migrate an LDP repository to a new LAKEsuperior instance.
+    Migrate an LDP repository to a new Lakesuperior instance.
 
     See :py:meth:`Migrator.__init__`.
     """
@@ -53,5 +52,5 @@ def integrity_check():
     At the moment this is limited to referential integrity. Other checks can
     be added and triggered by different argument flags.
     """
-    with TxnManager(env.app_globals.rdfly.store):
+    with env.app_globals.rdfly.store.txn_ctx():
         return set(env.app_globals.rdfly.find_refint_violations())

lakesuperior/api/query.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from rdflib import URIRef
 from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_mgr as nsm
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import LmdbStore, TxnManager
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ def triple_match(s=None, p=None, o=None, return_full=False):
     :return: Matching resource URIs if ``return_full`` is false, or
         matching triples otherwise.
     """
-    with TxnManager(rdf_store) as txn:
+    with rdf_store.txn_ctx():
         matches = rdf_store.triples((s, p, o), None)
         # Strip contexts and de-duplicate.
         qres = (
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ def term_query(terms, or_logic=False):
     '''.format(qry_terms)
     logger.debug('Query: {}'.format(qry_str))
 
-    with TxnManager(rdf_store) as txn:
+    with rdf_store.txn_ctx():
         qres = rdfly.raw_query(qry_str)
         return {row[0] for row in qres}
 
@@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ def sparql_query(qry_str, fmt):
     :rtype: BytesIO
     :return: Serialized SPARQL results.
     """
-    with TxnManager(rdf_store) as txn:
+    with rdf_store.txn_ctx():
         qres = rdfly.raw_query(qry_str)
         out_stream = BytesIO(qres.serialize(format=fmt))
 

lakesuperior/api/resource.py

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from lakesuperior.exceptions import (
 from lakesuperior import env, thread_env
 from lakesuperior.globals import RES_DELETED, RES_UPDATED
 from lakesuperior.model.ldp_factory import LDP_NR_TYPE, LdpFactory
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import SimpleGraph
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ def transaction(write=False):
             thread_env.timestamp = arrow.utcnow()
             thread_env.timestamp_term = Literal(
                     thread_env.timestamp, datatype=XSD.dateTime)
-            with TxnManager(env.app_globals.rdf_store, write=write) as txn:
+            with env.app_globals.rdf_store.txn_ctx(write):
                 ret = fn(*args, **kwargs)
             if len(env.app_globals.changelog):
                 job = Thread(target=_process_queue)
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ def get_version(uid, ver_uid):
 
 
 @transaction(True)
-def create(parent, slug, **kwargs):
+def create(parent, slug=None, **kwargs):
     r"""
     Mint a new UID and create a resource.
 
@@ -269,8 +269,8 @@ def update_delta(uid, remove_trp, add_trp):
         add, as 3-tuples of RDFLib terms.
     """
     rsrc = LdpFactory.from_stored(uid)
-    remove_trp = rsrc.check_mgd_terms(remove_trp)
-    add_trp = rsrc.check_mgd_terms(add_trp)
+    remove_trp = rsrc.check_mgd_terms(SimpleGraph(remove_trp))
+    add_trp = rsrc.check_mgd_terms(SimpleGraph(add_trp))
 
     return rsrc.modify(RES_UPDATED, remove_trp, add_trp)
 
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ def delete(uid, soft=True, inbound=True):
     # to break them.
     refint = env.app_globals.rdfly.config['referential_integrity']
     inbound = True if refint else inbound
-    repr_opts = {'incl_inbound' : True} if refint else {}
+    repr_opts = {'incl_inbound' : True} if inbound else {}
 
     rsrc = LdpFactory.from_stored(uid, repr_opts, strict=soft)
     if soft:

lakesuperior/app.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import logging
+import multiprocessing
 
 from flask import Flask
 
@@ -21,7 +22,8 @@ def create_app(app_conf):
     app = Flask(__name__)
     app.config.update(app_conf)
 
-    logger.info('Starting LAKEsuperior HTTP server.')
+    pid = multiprocessing.current_process().pid
+    logger.info('Starting Lakesuperior HTTP server with PID: {}.'.format(pid))
 
     app.register_blueprint(main)
     app.register_blueprint(ldp, url_prefix='/ldp', url_defaults={

lakesuperior/config_parser.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import logging
 import sys
 
 from os import chdir, environ, getcwd, path
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ import yaml
 
 import lakesuperior
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 default_config_dir = environ.get(
         'FCREPO_CONFIG_DIR',
@@ -77,6 +79,11 @@ def parse_config(config_dir=None):
             handler['filename'] = path.realpath(handler['filename'])
     chdir(oldwd)
 
+    logger.info('Graph store location: {}'.format(
+        _config['application']['store']['ldp_rs']['location']))
+    logger.info('Binary store location: {}'.format(
+        _config['application']['store']['ldp_nr']['location']))
+
     return _config
 
 

lakesuperior/cy_include/cylmdb.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+from libc.stdint cimport uint64_t
+from posix.types cimport mode_t
+
+cdef extern from '<sys/types.h>':
+    pass
+
+
+cdef extern from 'lmdb.h':
+    ctypedef mode_t mdb_mode_t
+    ctypedef int mdb_filehandle_t
+    ctypedef unsigned int MDB_dbi
+
+    ctypedef enum MDB_cursor_op:
+        MDB_FIRST,
+        MDB_FIRST_DUP,
+        MDB_GET_BOTH,
+        MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE,
+        MDB_GET_CURRENT,
+        MDB_GET_MULTIPLE,
+        MDB_LAST,
+        MDB_LAST_DUP,
+        MDB_NEXT,
+        MDB_NEXT_DUP,
+        MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE,
+        MDB_NEXT_NODUP,
+        MDB_PREV,
+        MDB_PREV_DUP,
+        MDB_PREV_NODUP,
+        MDB_SET,
+        MDB_SET_KEY,
+        MDB_SET_RANGE,
+        MDB_PREV_MULTIPLE
+
+    ctypedef struct MDB_env:
+        pass
+    ctypedef struct MDB_txn:
+        pass
+    ctypedef struct MDB_cursor:
+        pass
+
+    ctypedef int MDB_msg_func(const char *msg, void *ctx)
+    ctypedef int MDB_cmp_func(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+    ctypedef void MDB_rel_func(
+            MDB_val *item, void *oldptr, void *newptr, void *relctx)
+    ctypedef void MDB_assert_func(MDB_env *env, const char *msg)
+
+    int MDB_VERSION_MAJOR
+    int MDB_VERSION_MINOR
+    int MDB_VERSION_PATCH
+    int MDB_VERINT(int a, int b, int c)
+    int MDB_VERSION_FULL
+    char MDB_VERSION_DATE
+    char MDB_VERSTR(int a, int b, int c, int d)
+    char MDB_VERFOO(int a, int b, int c, int d)
+    char MDB_VERSION_STRING
+
+    int MDB_FIXEDMAP
+    int MDB_NOSUBDIR
+    int MDB_NOSYNC
+    int MDB_RDONLY
+    int MDB_NOMETASYNC
+    int MDB_WRITEMAP
+    int MDB_MAPASYNC
+    int MDB_NOTLS
+    int MDB_NOLOCK
+    int MDB_NORDAHEAD
+    int MDB_NOMEMINIT
+
+    int MDB_REVERSEKEY
+    int MDB_DUPSORT
+    int MDB_INTEGERKEY
+    int MDB_DUPFIXED
+    int MDB_INTEGERDUP
+    int MDB_REVERSEDUP
+    int MDB_CREATE
+
+    int MDB_NOOVERWRITE
+    int MDB_NODUPDATA
+    int MDB_CURRENT
+    int MDB_RESERVE
+    int MDB_APPEND
+    int MDB_APPENDDUP
+    int MDB_MULTIPLE
+    int MDB_CP_COMPACT
+
+    int MDB_SUCCESS
+    int MDB_KEYEXIST
+    int MDB_NOTFOUND
+    int MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND
+    int MDB_CORRUPTED
+    int MDB_PANIC
+    int MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH
+    int MDB_INVALID
+    int MDB_MAP_FULL
+    int MDB_DBS_FULL
+    int MDB_READERS_FULL
+    int MDB_TLS_FULL
+    int MDB_TXN_FULL
+    int MDB_CURSOR_FULL
+    int MDB_PAGE_FULL
+    int MDB_MAP_RESIZED
+    int MDB_INCOMPATIBLE
+    int MDB_BAD_RSLOT
+    int MDB_BAD_TXN
+    int MDB_BAD_VALSIZE
+    int MDB_BAD_DBI
+    int MDB_LAST_ERRCODE
+
+    struct MDB_val:
+        size_t mv_size
+        void *mv_data
+
+    struct MDB_stat:
+        unsigned int ms_psize
+        unsigned int ms_depth
+        size_t ms_branch_pages
+        size_t ms_leaf_pages
+        size_t ms_overflow_pages
+        size_t ms_entries
+
+    struct MDB_envinfo:
+        void *me_mapaddr
+        size_t me_mapsize
+        size_t me_last_pgno
+        size_t me_last_txnid
+        unsigned int me_maxreaders
+        unsigned int me_numreaders
+
+    char *mdb_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch)
+    char *mdb_strerror(int err)
+    int  mdb_env_create(MDB_env **env)
+    int  mdb_env_open(
+            MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags,
+            mdb_mode_t mode)
+    int  mdb_env_copy(MDB_env *env, const char *path)
+    int  mdb_env_copyfd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd)
+    int  mdb_env_copy2(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags)
+    int  mdb_env_copyfd2(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t fd, unsigned int flags)
+    int  mdb_env_stat(MDB_env *env, MDB_stat *stat)
+    int  mdb_env_info(MDB_env *env, MDB_envinfo *stat)
+    int  mdb_env_sync(MDB_env *env, int force)
+    void mdb_env_close(MDB_env *env)
+    int  mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flags, int onoff)
+    int  mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flags, int onoff)
+    int  mdb_env_get_path(MDB_env *env, const char **path)
+    int  mdb_env_get_fd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t *fd)
+    int  mdb_env_set_mapsize(MDB_env *env, size_t size)
+    int  mdb_env_set_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int readers)
+    int  mdb_env_get_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *readers)
+    int  mdb_env_set_maxdbs(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbs)
+    int  mdb_env_get_maxkeysize(MDB_env *env)
+    int  mdb_env_set_userctx(MDB_env *env, void *ctx)
+    void *mdb_env_get_userctx(MDB_env *env)
+
+    int  mdb_env_set_assert(MDB_env *env, MDB_assert_func *func)
+    int  mdb_txn_begin(
+            MDB_env *env, MDB_txn *parent, unsigned int flags, MDB_txn **txn)
+    MDB_env *mdb_txn_env(MDB_txn *txn)
+    size_t mdb_txn_id(MDB_txn *txn)
+    int  mdb_txn_commit(MDB_txn *txn)
+    void mdb_txn_abort(MDB_txn *txn)
+    void mdb_txn_reset(MDB_txn *txn)
+    int  mdb_txn_renew(MDB_txn *txn)
+
+    int  mdb_open(
+            MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi)
+    void mdb_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi)
+    int  mdb_dbi_open(
+            MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi)
+    int  mdb_stat(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_stat *stat)
+    int mdb_dbi_flags(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, unsigned int *flags)
+    void mdb_dbi_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi)
+    int  mdb_drop(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, int del_)
+    int  mdb_set_compare(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+    int  mdb_set_dupsort(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+    int  mdb_set_relfunc(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_rel_func *rel)
+    int  mdb_set_relctx(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, void *ctx)
+    int  mdb_get(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+    int  mdb_put(
+            MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+            unsigned int flags)
+    int  mdb_del(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+    int  mdb_cursor_open(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cursor **cursor)
+    void mdb_cursor_close(MDB_cursor *cursor)
+    int  mdb_cursor_renew(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_cursor *cursor)
+    MDB_txn *mdb_cursor_txn(MDB_cursor *cursor)
+    MDB_dbi mdb_cursor_dbi(MDB_cursor *cursor)
+    int  mdb_cursor_get(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+        MDB_cursor_op op)
+    int  mdb_cursor_put(MDB_cursor *cursor, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+        unsigned int flags)
+    int  mdb_cursor_del(MDB_cursor *cursor, unsigned int flags)
+    int  mdb_cursor_count(MDB_cursor *cursor, size_t *countp)
+    int  mdb_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+    int  mdb_dcmp(
+            MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+
+    int mdb_reader_list(MDB_env *env, MDB_msg_func *func, void *ctx)
+    int mdb_reader_check(MDB_env *env, int *dead)

lakesuperior/cy_include/cytpl.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from cpython.string cimport va_list
+from libc.stdint cimport uint32_t
+
+
+cdef extern from 'tpl.h':
+    ctypedef int tpl_print_fcn(const char *fmt, ...)
+    ctypedef void *tpl_malloc_fcn(size_t sz)
+    ctypedef void *tpl_realloc_fcn(void *ptr, size_t sz)
+    ctypedef void tpl_free_fcn(void *ptr)
+    ctypedef void tpl_fatal_fcn(const char *fmt, ...)
+
+    cdef:
+        int TPL_FILE
+        int TPL_MEM
+        int TPL_PREALLOCD
+        int TPL_EXCESS_OK
+        int TPL_FD
+        int TPL_UFREE
+        int TPL_DATAPEEK
+        int TPL_FXLENS
+        int TPL_GETSIZE
+
+        struct tpl_hook_t:
+            tpl_print_fcn *oops
+            tpl_malloc_fcn *malloc
+            tpl_realloc_fcn *realloc
+            tpl_free_fcn *free
+            tpl_fatal_fcn *fatal
+            size_t gather_max
+
+        struct tpl_node:
+            int type
+            void *addr
+            void *data
+            int num
+            size_t ser_osz
+            tpl_node *children
+            tpl_node *next
+            tpl_node *prev
+            tpl_node *parent
+
+        struct tpl_bin:
+            void *addr
+            uint32_t sz
+
+        struct tpl_gather_t:
+            char *img
+            int len
+
+    ctypedef int tpl_gather_cb(void *img, size_t sz, void *data)
+
+    # Protoypes.
+    tpl_node *tpl_map(char *fmt,...)
+    void tpl_free(tpl_node *r)
+    int tpl_pack(tpl_node *r, int i)
+    int tpl_unpack(tpl_node *r, int i)
+    int tpl_dump(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...)
+    int tpl_load(tpl_node *r, int mode, ...)
+    int tpl_Alen(tpl_node *r, int i)
+    char* tpl_peek(int mode, ...)
+    int tpl_gather( int mode, ...)
+    int tpl_jot(int mode, ...)
+
+    tpl_node *tpl_map_va(char *fmt, va_list ap)
+

lakesuperior/endpoints/ldp.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from flask import (
         request, send_file)
 from rdflib import Graph, plugin, parser#, serializer
 
+from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.api import resource as rsrc_api
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_mgr as nsm
@@ -25,8 +26,6 @@ from lakesuperior.model.ldp_factory import LdpFactory
 from lakesuperior.model.ldp_nr import LdpNr
 from lakesuperior.model.ldp_rs import LdpRs
 from lakesuperior.model.ldpr import Ldpr
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.metadata_store import MetadataStore
 from lakesuperior.toolbox import Toolbox
 
 
@@ -235,11 +234,8 @@ def post_resource(parent_uid):
     Add a new resource in a new URI.
     """
     rsp_headers = std_headers
-    try:
-        slug = request.headers['Slug']
-        logger.debug('Slug: {}'.format(slug))
-    except KeyError:
-        slug = None
+    slug = request.headers.get('Slug')
+    logger.debug('Slug: {}'.format(slug))
 
     handling, disposition = set_post_put_params()
     stream, mimetype = _bistream_from_req()
@@ -275,7 +271,6 @@ def post_resource(parent_uid):
                 .format(uri)
 
     rsp_headers.update(hdr)
-    rsp_headers.update(_digest_headers(nsc['fcres'][uid]))
 
     return uri, 201, rsp_headers
 
@@ -330,7 +325,6 @@ def put_resource(uid):
     else:
         rsp_code = 204
         rsp_body = ''
-    rsp_headers.update(_digest_headers(nsc['fcres'][uid]))
 
     return rsp_body, rsp_code, rsp_headers
 
@@ -633,20 +627,15 @@ def _headers_from_metadata(rsrc, out_fmt='text/turtle'):
 
     digest = rsrc.metadata.value(rsrc.uri, nsc['premis'].hasMessageDigest)
     # Only add ETag and digest if output is not RDF.
-    if digest and out_fmt == 'non_rdf':
+    if digest:
         digest_components = digest.split(':')
         cksum_hex = digest_components[-1]
         cksum = bytearray.fromhex(cksum_hex)
         digest_algo = digest_components[-2]
-        etag_str = (
-                'W/"{}"'.format(cksum_hex)
-                if nsc['ldp'].RDFSource in rsrc.ldp_types
-                else cksum_hex)
-        rsp_headers['ETag'] = etag_str,
+        etag_str = cksum_hex
+        rsp_headers['ETag'] = etag_str
         rsp_headers['Digest'] = '{}={}'.format(
                 digest_algo.upper(), b64encode(cksum).decode('ascii'))
-    else:
-        rsp_headers.update(_digest_headers(rsrc.uri))
 
 
     last_updated_term = rsrc.metadata.value(nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified)
@@ -663,17 +652,3 @@ def _headers_from_metadata(rsrc, out_fmt='text/turtle'):
 
     return rsp_headers
 
-
-def _digest_headers(uri):
-    """
-    Get an LDP-RS resource digest and create header tags.
-
-    The ``Digest`` and ``ETag`` headers are created.
-    """
-    headers = {}
-    digest = MetadataStore().get_checksum(uri)
-    headers['Digest'] = 'SHA256={}'.format(b64encode(digest).decode('ascii'))
-    headers['ETag'] = 'W/{}'.format(digest.hex())
-
-    return headers
-

lakesuperior/endpoints/templates/base.html

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
         <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
         <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
 
-        <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %} :: LAKEsuperior</title>
+        <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %} :: Lakesuperior</title>
 
         <link href="{{url_for('ldp.static', filename='assets/css/bootstrap.min.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">
         <link href="{{url_for('ldp.static', filename='assets/css/bootstrap-theme.min.css')}}" rel="stylesheet">

lakesuperior/endpoints/templates/index.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {% extends 'base.html' %}
-{% block title %}LAKEsuperior{% endblock %}
+{% block title %}Lakesuperior{% endblock %}
 {% block content %}
     <p>Release {{ release }}</p>
     <blockquote>

lakesuperior/endpoints/templates/navbar.html

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light">
-  <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">LAKEsuperior</a>
+  <a class="navbar-brand" href="/">Lakesuperior</a>
   <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
     <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
   </button>

lakesuperior/etc.defaults/gunicorn.yml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ data_dir: .
 #listen_port: 8000
 #workers: 4
 #worker_class: 'gevent'
-#max_requests: 512
+#max_requests: 0
 
 #user: ''
 #group: ''

lakesuperior/globals.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import logging
 
 from collections import deque
 from importlib import import_module
+from os import path
 
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 
@@ -64,6 +65,9 @@ class AppGlobals:
         nonrdfly_cls = getattr(nonrdfly_mod, self.camelcase(nonrdfly_mod_name))
         #logger.info('Non-RDF layout: {}'.format(nonrdfly_mod_name))
 
+        ## Initialize metadata store.
+        #from lakesuperior.store.metadata_store import MetadataStore
+
         # Set up messaging.
         self._messenger  = Messenger(app_conf['messaging'])
 
@@ -71,6 +75,8 @@ class AppGlobals:
         self._config = config
         self._rdfly = rdfly_cls(app_conf['store']['ldp_rs'])
         self._nonrdfly = nonrdfly_cls(app_conf['store']['ldp_nr'])
+        #self._md_store = MetadataStore(path.join(
+        #        app_conf['data_dir'], 'metadata'), create=True)
         self._changelog = deque()
 
 
@@ -113,13 +119,23 @@ class AppGlobals:
 
     @property
     def nonrdfly(self):
-        return self._nonrdfly
         """
         Current non-RDF (binary contents) layout.
 
         This is an instance of
         :class:`~lakesuperior.store.ldp_nr.base_non_rdf_layout.BaseNonRdfLayout`.
         """
+        return self._nonrdfly
+
+    #@property
+    #def md_store(self):
+    #    """
+    #    Metadata store (LMDB).
+
+    #    This is an instance of
+    #    :class:`~lakesuperior.store.metadata_store.MetadataStore`.
+    #    """
+    #    return self._md_store
 
     @property
     def messenger(self):

lakesuperior/lsup_admin.py

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.api import admin as admin_api
 from lakesuperior.config_parser import config
 from lakesuperior.globals import AppGlobals
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
 
 __doc__="""
 Utility to perform core maintenance tasks via console command-line.
@@ -59,10 +58,8 @@ def bootstrap():
         click.echo('Aborting.')
         sys.exit(1)
 
-    click.echo('Initializing graph store at {}'.format(rdfly.store.path))
-    with TxnManager(env.app_globals.rdf_store, write=True) as txn:
-        rdfly.bootstrap()
-        rdfly.store.close()
+    click.echo('Initializing graph store at {}'.format(rdfly.store.env_path))
+    rdfly.bootstrap()
     click.echo('Graph store initialized.')
 
     click.echo('Initializing binary store at {}'.format(nonrdfly.root))
@@ -188,10 +185,10 @@ def cleanup():
 @click_log.simple_verbosity_option(logger)
 def migrate(src, dest, start, list_file, zero_binaries, skip_errors):
     """
-    Migrate an LDP repository to LAKEsuperior.
+    Migrate an LDP repository to Lakesuperior.
 
     This utility creates a fully functional LAKEshore repository from an
-    existing repository. The source repo can be LAKEsuperior or
+    existing repository. The source repo can be Lakesuperior or
     another LDP-compatible implementation.
 
     A folder will be created in the location indicated by ``dest``. If the

lakesuperior/migrator.py

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 from lakesuperior.exceptions import InvalidResourceError
 from lakesuperior.globals import AppGlobals, ROOT_UID
 from lakesuperior.config_parser import parse_config
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
 
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ class Migrator:
         self.nonrdfly = env.app_globals.nonrdfly
 
         if clear:
-            with TxnManager(env.app_globals.rdf_store, write=True) as txn:
+            with env.app_globals.rdf_store.txn_mgr(True) as txn:
                 self.rdfly.bootstrap()
                 self.rdfly.store.close()
             env.app_globals.nonrdfly.bootstrap()
@@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ class Migrator:
         """
         Migrate the database.
 
-        This method creates a fully functional and configured LAKEsuperior
+        This method creates a fully functional and configured Lakesuperior
         data set contained in a folder from an LDP repository.
 
         :param start_pts: List of starting points to retrieve
@@ -247,7 +246,7 @@ class Migrator:
         gr = Graph(identifier=iuri).parse(data=data, format='turtle')
 
         # Store raw graph data. No checks.
-        with TxnManager(self.rdfly.store, True):
+        with self.rdfly.store.txn_mgr(True):
             self.rdfly.modify_rsrc(uid, add_trp=set(gr))
 
         # Grab binary and set new resource parameters.
@@ -281,7 +280,7 @@ class Migrator:
         for pred, obj in gr.predicate_objects():
             #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
             obj_uid = obj.replace(ibase, '')
-            with TxnManager(self.rdfly.store, True):
+            with self.rdfly.store.txn_mgr(True):
                 conditions = bool(
                     isinstance(obj, URIRef)
                     and obj.startswith(iuri)

lakesuperior/model/ldp_factory.py

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 from lakesuperior.exceptions import (
         IncompatibleLdpTypeError, InvalidResourceError, ResourceExistsError,
         ResourceNotExistsError, TombstoneError)
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import Imr
 
 
 LDP_NR_TYPE = nsc['ldp'].NonRDFSource
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class LdpFactory:
             raise InvalidResourceError(uid)
         if rdfly.ask_rsrc_exists(uid):
             raise ResourceExistsError(uid)
-        rsrc = Ldpc(uid, provided_imr=Graph(identifier=nsc['fcres'][uid]))
+        rsrc = Ldpc(uid, provided_imr=Imr(uri=nsc['fcres'][uid]))
 
         return rsrc
 
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ class LdpFactory:
 
         This factory method creates and returns an instance of an LDPR subclass
         based on information that needs to be queried from the underlying
-        graph store.
+        g"http://api.edu/location/id/1234/thumbnail"raph store.
 
         N.B. The resource must exist.
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ class LdpFactory:
         """
         # This will blow up if strict is True and the resource is a tombstone.
         rsrc_meta = rdfly.get_metadata(uid, strict=strict)
-        rdf_types = set(rsrc_meta[nsc['fcres'][uid] : RDF.type])
+        rdf_types = rsrc_meta[nsc['fcres'][uid] : RDF.type]
 
         if LDP_NR_TYPE in rdf_types:
             logger.info('Resource is a LDP-NR.')
@@ -99,12 +100,14 @@ class LdpFactory:
         """
         uri = nsc['fcres'][uid]
         if rdf_data:
-            graph = Graph().parse(
-                data=rdf_data, format=rdf_fmt, publicID=nsc['fcres'][uid])
+            data = set(Graph().parse(
+                data=rdf_data, format=rdf_fmt, publicID=nsc['fcres'][uid]))
+        elif graph:
+            data = set(graph)
+        else:
+            data = set()
 
-        provided_imr = Graph(identifier=uri)
-        if graph:
-            provided_imr += graph
+        provided_imr = Imr(uri=uri, data=data)
         #logger.debug('Provided graph: {}'.format(
         #        pformat(set(provided_imr))))
 
@@ -115,9 +118,9 @@ class LdpFactory:
                     'Binary stream must be provided if mimetype is specified.')
 
             # Determine whether it is a basic, direct or indirect container.
-            if Ldpr.MBR_RSRC_URI in provided_imr.predicates() and \
-                    Ldpr.MBR_REL_URI in provided_imr.predicates():
-                if Ldpr.INS_CNT_REL_URI in provided_imr.predicates():
+            if provided_imr[ : Ldpr.MBR_RSRC_URI : ] and \
+                    provided_imr[ : Ldpr.MBR_REL_URI : ]:
+                if provided_imr[ : Ldpr.INS_CNT_REL_URI : ]:
                     cls = LdpIc
                 else:
                     cls = LdpDc

lakesuperior/model/ldp_nr.py

@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class LdpNr(Ldpr):
 
         :rtype: str
         """
-        cksum_term = self.imr.value(self.uri, nsc['premis'].hasMessageDigest)
+        cksum_term = self.imr.value(nsc['premis'].hasMessageDigest)
         cksum = str(cksum_term.replace('urn:sha1:',''))
         return nonrdfly.__class__.local_path(
                 nonrdfly.root, cksum, nonrdfly.bl, nonrdfly.bc)
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ class LdpNr(Ldpr):
 
     ## PROTECTED METHODS ##
 
-    def _add_srv_mgd_triples(self, create=False):
+    def _add_srv_mgd_triples(self, *args, **kwargs):
         """
         Add all metadata for the RDF representation of the LDP-NR.
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class LdpNr(Ldpr):
         :param defaultdict disposition: The ``Content-Disposition`` header
             content, parsed through ``parse_rfc7240``.
         """
-        super()._add_srv_mgd_triples(create)
+        super()._add_srv_mgd_triples(*args, **kwargs)
 
         # File size.
         logger.debug('Data stream size: {}'.format(self.size))

lakesuperior/model/ldpr.py

@@ -4,7 +4,10 @@ import re
 from abc import ABCMeta
 from collections import defaultdict
 from hashlib import sha256
-from threading import Thread
+# The threading and multiprocessing options below can be toggled by commenting
+# either one.
+#from threading import Thread as _Defer
+from multiprocessing import Process as _Defer
 from urllib.parse import urldefrag
 from uuid import uuid4
 
@@ -23,8 +26,8 @@ from lakesuperior.dictionaries.srv_mgd_terms import (
 from lakesuperior.exceptions import (
     InvalidResourceError, RefIntViolationError, ResourceNotExistsError,
     ServerManagedTermError, TombstoneError)
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import SimpleGraph, Imr
 from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.rsrc_centric_layout import VERS_CONT_LABEL
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.metadata_store import MetadataStore
 from lakesuperior.toolbox import Toolbox
 
 
@@ -155,18 +158,18 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         # Disable all internal checks e.g. for raw I/O.
 
 
-    @property
-    def rsrc(self):
-        """
-        The RDFLib resource representing this LDPR. This is a live
-        representation of the stored data if present.
+    #@property
+    #def rsrc(self):
+    #    """
+    #    The RDFLib resource representing this LDPR. This is a live
+    #    representation of the stored data if present.
 
-        :rtype: rdflib.Resource
-        """
-        if not hasattr(self, '_rsrc'):
-            self._rsrc = rdfly.ds.resource(self.uri)
+    #    :rtype: rdflib.Resource
+    #    """
+    #    if not hasattr(self, '_rsrc'):
+    #        self._rsrc = rdfly.ds.resource(self.uri)
 
-        return self._rsrc
+    #    return self._rsrc
 
 
     @property
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         >>> rsrc = rsrc_api.get('/')
         >>> rsrc.imr.identifier
         rdflib.term.URIRef('info:fcres/')
-        >>> rsrc.imr.value(rsrc.imr.identifier, nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified)
+        >>> rsrc.imr.value(nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified)
         rdflib.term.Literal(
             '2018-04-03T05:20:33.774746+00:00',
             datatype=rdflib.term.URIRef(
@@ -196,9 +199,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         if not hasattr(self, '_imr'):
             if hasattr(self, '_imr_options'):
                 logger.debug(
-                    'Getting RDF representation for resource {}'
-                    .format(self.uid))
-                #logger.debug('IMR options:{}'.format(self._imr_options))
+                    'Getting RDF triples for resource {}'.format(self.uid))
                 imr_options = self._imr_options
             else:
                 imr_options = {}
@@ -209,15 +210,14 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
 
     @imr.setter
-    def imr(self, v):
+    def imr(self, data):
         """
         Replace in-memory buffered resource.
 
         :param v: New set of triples to populate the IMR with.
         :type v: set or rdflib.Graph
         """
-        self._imr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
-        self._imr += v
+        self._imr = Imr(self.uri, data=set(data))
 
 
     @imr.deleter
@@ -250,8 +250,8 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         Set resource metadata.
         """
-        if not isinstance(rsrc, Resource):
-            raise TypeError('Provided metadata is not a Resource object.')
+        if not isinstance(rsrc, Imr):
+            raise TypeError('Provided metadata is not an Imr object.')
         self._metadata = rsrc
 
 
@@ -279,50 +279,6 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         return out_gr
 
 
-    @property
-    def canonical_graph(self):
-        """
-        "Canonical" representation of a resource.
-
-        TODO: There is no agreement yet on what a "canonical" representation
-        of an LDP resource should be. This is a PoC method that assumes such
-        representation to include all triples that would be retrieved with a
-        GET request to the resource, including the ones with a different
-        subject than the resource URI.
-
-        :rtype: rdflib.compare.IsomorphicGraph
-        """
-        # First verify that the instance IMR options correspond to the
-        # "canonical" representation.
-        if (
-                hasattr(self, '_imr_options')
-                and self._imr_options.get('incl_srv_mgd')
-                and not self._imr_options.get('incl_inbound')
-                and self._imr_options.get('incl_children')):
-            gr = self.imr
-        else:
-            gr = rdfly.get_imr(
-                    self.uid, incl_inbound=False, incl_children=True)
-        return to_isomorphic(gr)
-
-
-    @property
-    def rsrc_digest(self):
-        """
-        Cryptographic digest (SHA256) of a resource.
-
-        :rtype: bytes
-        """
-        # This RDFLib function seems to be based on an in-depth study of the
-        # topic of graph checksums; however the output is odd because it
-        # returns an arbitrarily long int that cannot be converted to bytes.
-        # The output is being converted to a proper # SHA256 checksum. This is
-        # a temporary fix. See https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/issues/825
-        checksum = self.canonical_graph.graph_digest()
-
-        return sha256(str(checksum).encode('ascii')).digest()
-
-
     @property
     def version_info(self):
         """
@@ -332,7 +288,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             try:
                 self._version_info = rdfly.get_version_info(self.uid)
             except ResourceNotExistsError as e:
-                self._version_info = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
+                self._version_info = Imr(uri=self.uri)
 
         return self._version_info
 
@@ -340,13 +296,15 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @property
     def version_uids(self):
         """
-        Return a generator of version UIDs (relative to their parent resource).
+        Return a set of version UIDs relative to their parent resource.
         """
-        gen = self.version_info[
-            self.uri:
-            nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersion / nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersionLabel:]
+        uids = set()
+        for vuri in self.version_info[nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersion]:
+            for vlabel in self.version_info[
+                    vuri : nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersionLabel]:
+                uids.add(str(vlabel))
 
-        return {str(uid) for uid in gen}
+        return uids
 
 
     @property
@@ -400,13 +358,12 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         out_headers = defaultdict(list)
 
-        digest = self.metadata.value(self.uri, nsc['premis'].hasMessageDigest)
+        digest = self.metadata.value(nsc['premis'].hasMessageDigest)
         if digest:
             etag = digest.identifier.split(':')[-1]
             out_headers['ETag'] = 'W/"{}"'.format(etag),
 
-        last_updated_term = self.metadata.value(
-            self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified)
+        last_updated_term = self.metadata.value(nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified)
         if last_updated_term:
             out_headers['Last-Modified'] = arrow.get(last_updated_term)\
                 .format('ddd, D MMM YYYY HH:mm:ss Z')
@@ -446,16 +403,12 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
         remove_trp = {
             (self.uri, pred, None) for pred in self.delete_preds_on_replace}
-        add_trp = (
-            set(self.provided_imr) |
-            self._containment_rel(create))
+        add_trp = set(
+            self.provided_imr | self._containment_rel(create))
 
         self.modify(ev_type, remove_trp, add_trp)
-        new_gr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
-        for trp in add_trp:
-            new_gr.add(trp)
 
-        self.imr = new_gr
+        self.imr = add_trp
 
         return ev_type
 
@@ -502,7 +455,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
         # Cut inbound relationships
         if inbound:
-            for ib_rsrc_uri in self.imr.subjects(None, self.uri):
+            for ib_rsrc_uri in self.imr[ : : self.uri]:
                 remove_trp = {(ib_rsrc_uri, None, self.uri)}
                 ib_rsrc = Ldpr(ib_rsrc_uri)
                 # To preserve inbound links in history, create a snapshot
@@ -518,12 +471,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         Remove all traces of a resource and versions.
         """
-        logger.info('Purging resource {}'.format(self.uid))
-        refint = rdfly.config['referential_integrity']
-        inbound = True if refint else inbound
-
-        for desc_uri in rdfly.get_descendants(self.uid):
-            rdfly.forget_rsrc(rdfly.uri_to_uid(desc_uri), inbound)
+        logger.info('Forgetting resource {}'.format(self.uid))
 
         rdfly.forget_rsrc(self.uid, inbound)
 
@@ -616,7 +564,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
         ver_gr = rdfly.get_imr(
             self.uid, ver_uid=ver_uid, incl_children=False)
-        self.provided_imr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
+        self.provided_imr = Imr(uri=self.uri)
 
         for t in ver_gr:
             if not self._is_trp_managed(t):
@@ -627,38 +575,38 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         return self.create_or_replace(create_only=False)
 
 
-    def check_mgd_terms(self, trp):
+    def check_mgd_terms(self, gr):
         """
         Check whether server-managed terms are in a RDF payload.
 
-        :param rdflib.Graph trp: The graph to validate.
+        :param SimpleGraph gr: The graph to validate.
         """
-        subjects = {t[0] for t in trp}
-        offending_subjects = subjects & srv_mgd_subjects
+        offending_subjects = gr.terms('s') & srv_mgd_subjects
         if offending_subjects:
             if self.handling == 'strict':
                 raise ServerManagedTermError(offending_subjects, 's')
             else:
+                gr_set = set(gr)
                 for s in offending_subjects:
                     logger.info('Removing offending subj: {}'.format(s))
-                    for t in trp:
+                    for t in gr_set:
                         if t[0] == s:
-                            trp.remove(t)
+                            gr.remove(t)
 
-        predicates = {t[1] for t in trp}
-        offending_predicates = predicates & srv_mgd_predicates
+        offending_predicates = gr.terms('p') & srv_mgd_predicates
         # Allow some predicates if the resource is being created.
         if offending_predicates:
             if self.handling == 'strict':
                 raise ServerManagedTermError(offending_predicates, 'p')
             else:
+                gr_set = set(gr)
                 for p in offending_predicates:
                     logger.info('Removing offending pred: {}'.format(p))
-                    for t in trp:
+                    for t in gr_set:
                         if t[1] == p:
-                            trp.remove(t)
+                            gr.remove(t)
 
-        types = {t[2] for t in trp if t[1] == RDF.type}
+        types = {t[2] for t in gr if t[1] == RDF.type}
         offending_types = types & srv_mgd_types
         if not self.is_stored:
             offending_types -= self.smt_allow_on_create
@@ -668,13 +616,11 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             else:
                 for to in offending_types:
                     logger.info('Removing offending type: {}'.format(to))
-                    for t in trp:
-                        if t[1] == RDF.type and t[2] == to:
-                            trp.remove(t)
+                    gr.remove_triples((None, RDF.type, to))
 
-        #logger.debug('Sanitized graph: {}'.format(trp.serialize(
+        #logger.debug('Sanitized graph: {}'.format(gr.serialize(
         #    format='turtle').decode('utf-8')))
-        return trp
+        return gr
 
 
     def sparql_delta(self, qry_str):
@@ -707,24 +653,18 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         qry_str = (
                 re.sub('<#([^>]+)>', '<{}#\\1>'.format(self.uri), qry_str)
                 .replace('<>', '<{}>'.format(self.uri)))
-        pre_gr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
-        pre_gr += self.imr
-        post_gr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
-        post_gr += self.imr
-
-        post_gr.update(qry_str)
+        pre_gr = self.imr.graph
+        post_rdfgr = Graph(identifier=self.uri)
+        post_rdfgr += pre_gr
 
-        remove_gr, add_gr = self._dedup_deltas(pre_gr, post_gr)
+        post_rdfgr.update(qry_str)
+        post_gr = SimpleGraph(data=set(post_rdfgr))
 
-        #logger.debug('Removing: {}'.format(
-        #    remove_gr.serialize(format='turtle').decode('utf8')))
-        #logger.debug('Adding: {}'.format(
-        #    add_gr.serialize(format='turtle').decode('utf8')))
+        # FIXME Fix and  use SimpleGraph's native subtraction operation.
+        remove_gr = self.check_mgd_terms(SimpleGraph(pre_gr.data - post_gr.data))
+        add_gr = self.check_mgd_terms(SimpleGraph(post_gr.data - pre_gr.data))
 
-        remove_trp = self.check_mgd_terms(set(remove_gr))
-        add_trp = self.check_mgd_terms(set(add_gr))
-
-        return remove_trp, add_trp
+        return remove_gr, add_gr
 
 
     ## PROTECTED METHODS ##
@@ -759,13 +699,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         rdfly.modify_rsrc(self.uid, remove_trp, add_trp)
 
-        # Calculate checksum (asynchronously).
-        cksum_action = (
-                self._delete_checksum if ev_type == RES_DELETED
-                else self._update_checksum)
-        Thread(target=cksum_action).run()
-
-        # Clear IMR buffer.
+        # Reset IMR buffer.
         if hasattr(self, '_imr'):
             delattr(self, '_imr')
             try:
@@ -780,20 +714,6 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
             self._enqueue_msg(ev_type, remove_trp, add_trp)
 
 
-    def _update_checksum(self):
-        """
-        Save the resource checksum in a dedicated metadata store.
-        """
-        MetadataStore().update_checksum(self.uri, self.rsrc_digest)
-
-
-    def _delete_checksum(self):
-        """
-        Delete the resource checksum from the metadata store.
-        """
-        MetadataStore().delete_checksum(self.uri)
-
-
     def _enqueue_msg(self, ev_type, remove_trp=None, add_trp=None):
         """
         Compose a message about a resource change.
@@ -805,7 +725,7 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         """
         try:
             rsrc_type = tuple(str(t) for t in self.types)
-            actor = self.metadata.value(self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy)
+            actor = self.metadata.value(nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy)
         except (ResourceNotExistsError, TombstoneError):
             rsrc_type = ()
             actor = None
@@ -831,7 +751,9 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
            :class:`lakesuperior.exceptions.RefIntViolationError` is raised.
            Otherwise, the violation is simply logged.
         """
-        for o in self.provided_imr.objects():
+        remove_set = set()
+        for trp in self.provided_imr:
+            o = trp[2]
             if(
                     isinstance(o, URIRef) and
                     str(o).startswith(nsc['fcres']) and
@@ -841,10 +763,15 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
                     if config == 'strict':
                         raise RefIntViolationError(obj_uid)
                     else:
-                        logger.info(
-                            'Removing link to non-existent repo resource: {}'
-                            .format(obj_uid))
-                        self.provided_imr.remove((None, None, o))
+                        # Gather invalid object to sanitize.
+                        remove_set.add(o)
+
+        # Remove invalid triples.
+        for obj in remove_set:
+            logger.info(
+                'Removing link to non-existent repo resource: {}'
+                .format(obj))
+            self.provided_imr.remove_triples((None, None, obj))
 
 
     def _add_srv_mgd_triples(self, create=False):
@@ -865,11 +792,11 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
                 self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy, self.DEFAULT_USER))
         else:
             self.provided_imr.set((
-                self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].created, self.metadata.value(
-                    self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].created)))
+                self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].created,
+                self.metadata.value(nsc['fcrepo'].created)))
             self.provided_imr.set((
-                self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy, self.metadata.value(
-                    self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy)))
+                self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy,
+                self.metadata.value(nsc['fcrepo'].createdBy)))
 
         self.provided_imr.set((
             self.uri, nsc['fcrepo'].lastModified, thread_env.timestamp_term))
@@ -940,28 +867,13 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         return self._add_ldp_dc_ic_rel(parent_rsrc)
 
 
-    def _dedup_deltas(self, remove_gr, add_gr):
-        """
-        Remove duplicate triples from add and remove delta graphs, which would
-        otherwise contain unnecessary statements that annul each other.
-
-        :rtype: tuple
-        :return: 2 "clean" sets of respectively remove statements and
-        add statements.
-        """
-        return (
-            remove_gr - add_gr,
-            add_gr - remove_gr
-        )
-
-
     def _add_ldp_dc_ic_rel(self, cont_rsrc):
         """
         Add relationship triples from a parent direct or indirect container.
 
         :param rdflib.resource.Resouce cont_rsrc:  The container resource.
         """
-        cont_p = set(cont_rsrc.metadata.predicates())
+        cont_p = cont_rsrc.metadata.terms('p')
 
         logger.info('Checking direct or indirect containment.')
         logger.debug('Parent predicates: {}'.format(cont_p))
@@ -971,8 +883,8 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
         if self.MBR_RSRC_URI in cont_p and self.MBR_REL_URI in cont_p:
             from lakesuperior.model.ldp_factory import LdpFactory
 
-            s = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(cont_rsrc.uri, self.MBR_RSRC_URI)
-            p = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(cont_rsrc.uri, self.MBR_REL_URI)
+            s = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(self.MBR_RSRC_URI)
+            p = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(self.MBR_REL_URI)
 
             if nsc['ldp'].DirectContainer in cont_rsrc.ldp_types:
                 logger.info('Parent is a direct container.')
@@ -981,9 +893,8 @@ class Ldpr(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
             elif nsc['ldp'].IndirectContainer in cont_rsrc.ldp_types:
                 logger.info('Parent is an indirect container.')
-                cont_rel_uri = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(
-                    cont_rsrc.uri, self.INS_CNT_REL_URI)
-                o = self.provided_imr.value(self.uri, cont_rel_uri)
+                cont_rel_uri = cont_rsrc.metadata.value(self.INS_CNT_REL_URI)
+                o = self.provided_imr.value(cont_rel_uri)
                 logger.debug('Target URI: {}'.format(o))
                 logger.debug('Creating IC triples.')
 

lakesuperior/profiler.py

@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ from lakesuperior.config_parser import config
 from lakesuperior.globals import AppGlobals
 
 options = {
-    'restrictions': [30],
-    #'profile_dir': '/tmp/lsup_profiling'
+    'restrictions': [50],
+    'profile_dir': '/var/tmp/lsup_profiling'
 }
 
 from lakesuperior.app import create_app

lakesuperior/server.py

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import logging
+
 from logging.config import dictConfig
 
 # Environment must be set before importing the app factory function.
@@ -13,11 +14,11 @@ from lakesuperior.app import create_app
 dictConfig(env.app_globals.config['logging'])
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-logger.info('Graph store location: {}'.format(
-    env.app_globals.rdfly.config['location']))
-logger.info('Binary store location: {}'.format(env.app_globals.nonrdfly.root))
-
+# this stays at the module level so it's used by GUnicorn.
 fcrepo = create_app(env.app_globals.config['application'])
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
+def run():
     fcrepo.run(host='0.0.0.0')
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run()

lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.c

@@ -0,0 +1,17559 @@
+/* Generated by Cython 0.28.4 */
+
+/* BEGIN: Cython Metadata
+{
+    "distutils": {
+        "depends": [],
+        "include_dirs": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/include",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/cy_include"
+        ],
+        "name": "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store",
+        "sources": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pyx",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/mdb.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/midl.c"
+        ]
+    },
+    "module_name": "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store"
+}
+END: Cython Metadata */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "Python.h"
+#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H
+    #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python.
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000 || (0x03000000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000)
+    #error Cython requires Python 2.6+ or Python 3.3+.
+#else
+#define CYTHON_ABI "0_28_4"
+#define CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION 1
+#include <stddef.h>
+#ifndef offsetof
+  #define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member )
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #ifndef __stdcall
+    #define __stdcall
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __cdecl
+    #define __cdecl
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __fastcall
+    #define __fastcall
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_IMPORT
+  #define DL_IMPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_EXPORT
+  #define DL_EXPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#define __PYX_COMMA ,
+#ifndef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    #define HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG
+  #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL
+  #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL
+#endif
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+  #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1
+  #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+  #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#elif defined(PYSTON_VERSION)
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030300F0
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT (0 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000)
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL)
+#define CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL  (CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B1)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+  #undef SHIFT
+  #undef BASE
+  #undef MASK
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+  #define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_cpp_attribute
+  #define __has_cpp_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED
+# if defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4))
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+#   else
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED
+#   endif
+# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+# else
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR
+#  if defined(__cplusplus)
+     template<class T> void CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR( const T& ) { }
+#  else
+#    define CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(x) (void)(x)
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# else
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_void_to_None(void_result) ((void)(void_result), Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned char     uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned int      uint32_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int8   uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned __int32  uint32_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+  #if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(clang::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(gnu::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #if __has_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH __attribute__((fallthrough))
+    #else
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #if defined(__clang__ ) && defined(__apple_build_version__)
+    #if __apple_build_version__ < 7000000
+      #undef  CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE
+  #if defined(__clang__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__ __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+  #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE inline
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070600 && !defined(Py_OptimizeFlag)
+  #define Py_OptimizeFlag 0
+#endif
+#define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n"
+#define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z"
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "__builtin__"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a+k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyClass_Type
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030700A3 || !defined(METH_FASTCALL)
+  #ifndef METH_FASTCALL
+     #define METH_FASTCALL 0x80
+  #endif
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args,
+                                                          Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast _PyCFunctionFast
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func)\
+    ((PyCFunction_Check(func) && (METH_FASTCALL == (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_KEYWORDS)))))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func) 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Malloc)
+  #define PyObject_Malloc(s)   PyMem_Malloc(s)
+  #define PyObject_Free(p)     PyMem_Free(p)
+  #define PyObject_Realloc(p)  PyMem_Realloc(p)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)  (frame)->f_lineno = (lineno)
+#endif
+#if !CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_Current
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030700A2 && !defined(PyThread_tss_create) && !defined(Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT)
+#include "pythread.h"
+#define Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT 0
+typedef int Py_tss_t;
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_create(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  *key = PyThread_create_key();
+  return 0; // PyThread_create_key reports success always
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_tss_t * PyThread_tss_alloc(void) {
+  Py_tss_t *key = (Py_tss_t *)PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(Py_tss_t));
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+  return key;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_free(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyObject_Free(key);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_is_created(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return *key != Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_delete(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyThread_delete_key(*key);
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_set(Py_tss_t *key, void *value) {
+  return PyThread_set_key_value(*key, value);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void * PyThread_tss_get(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return PyThread_get_key_value(*key);
+}
+#endif // TSS (Thread Specific Storage) API
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyDict_NewPresized)
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  ((n <= 8) ? PyDict_New() : _PyDict_NewPresized(n))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  PyDict_New()
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 || CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_Divide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500A1 && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(dict, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  PyDict_GetItem(dict, name)
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x03030000 && defined(PyUnicode_KIND)
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 1
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ?\
+                                              0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op)))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         PyUnicode_KIND(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         PyUnicode_DATA(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)))
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 0
+  #define PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND  1
+  #define PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND  2
+  #define PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND  4
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) ((Py_UCS4)(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   ((sizeof(Py_UNICODE) == 2) ? 65535 : 1114111)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         (sizeof(Py_UNICODE))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         ((void*)PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   ((void)(k), (Py_UCS4)(((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  (((void)(k)), ((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i] = ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ?\
+      PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyUnicode_Contains)
+  #define PyUnicode_Contains(u, s)  PySequence_Contains(u, s)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyByteArray_Check)
+  #define PyByteArray_Check(obj)  PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyByteArray_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Format)
+  #define PyObject_Format(obj, fmt)  PyObject_CallMethod(obj, "__format__", "O", fmt)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyString_FormatSafe(a, b)   ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyUnicode_Format(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyString_Format(a, b)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && !defined(PyObject_ASCII)
+  #define PyObject_ASCII(o)            PyObject_Repr(o)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBaseString_Type            PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyStringObject               PyUnicodeObject
+  #define PyString_Type                PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyString_Check               PyUnicode_Check
+  #define PyString_CheckExact          PyUnicode_CheckExact
+  #define PyObject_Unicode             PyObject_Str
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) PyUnicode_Check(obj)
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyString_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) (PyString_CheckExact(obj) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj))
+#endif
+#ifndef PySet_CheckExact
+  #define PySet_CheckExact(obj)        (Py_TYPE(obj) == &PySet_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  Py_SIZE(seq)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  PySequence_Size(seq)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyIntObject                  PyLongObject
+  #define PyInt_Type                   PyLong_Type
+  #define PyInt_Check(op)              PyLong_Check(op)
+  #define PyInt_CheckExact(op)         PyLong_CheckExact(op)
+  #define PyInt_FromString             PyLong_FromString
+  #define PyInt_FromUnicode            PyLong_FromUnicode
+  #define PyInt_FromLong               PyLong_FromLong
+  #define PyInt_FromSize_t             PyLong_FromSize_t
+  #define PyInt_FromSsize_t            PyLong_FromSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsLong                 PyLong_AsLong
+  #define PyInt_AS_LONG                PyLong_AS_LONG
+  #define PyInt_AsSsize_t              PyLong_AsSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask     PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask
+  #define PyNumber_Int                 PyNumber_Long
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBoolObject                 PyLongObject
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #ifndef PyUnicode_InternFromString
+    #define PyUnicode_InternFromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030200A4
+  typedef long Py_hash_t;
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromLong
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsLong
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromSsize_t
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsSsize_t
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) ((self) ? PyMethod_New(func, self) : (Py_INCREF(func), func))
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) PyMethod_New(func, self, klass)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500B1
+    #define __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct PyAsyncMethods
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_async)
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) ((__Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct*) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_reserved))
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) NULL
+#endif
+#ifndef __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct
+    typedef struct {
+        unaryfunc am_await;
+        unaryfunc am_aiter;
+        unaryfunc am_anext;
+    } __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#endif
+#include <math.h>
+#ifdef NAN
+#define __PYX_NAN() ((float) NAN)
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE float __PYX_NAN() {
+  float value;
+  memset(&value, 0xFF, sizeof(value));
+  return value;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL)
+#define __Pyx_truncl trunc
+#else
+#define __Pyx_truncl truncl
+#endif
+
+
+#define __PYX_ERR(f_index, lineno, Ln_error) \
+{ \
+  __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; __pyx_lineno = lineno; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto Ln_error; \
+}
+
+#ifndef __PYX_EXTERN_C
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C"
+  #else
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#define __PYX_HAVE__lakesuperior__store__base_lmdb_store
+#define __PYX_HAVE_API__lakesuperior__store__base_lmdb_store
+/* Early includes */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "lmdb.h"
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifdef _OPENMP
+#include <omp.h>
+#endif /* _OPENMP */
+
+#if defined(PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) && !defined(CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS)
+#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {PyObject **p; const char *s; const Py_ssize_t n; const char* encoding;
+                const char is_unicode; const char is_str; const char intern; } __Pyx_StringTabEntry;
+
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING ""
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define __Pyx_uchar_cast(c) ((unsigned char)c)
+#define __Pyx_long_cast(x) ((long)x)
+#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed)  (\
+    (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                 v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)  &&\
+          (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||\
+                                v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                               v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)))  )
+#if defined (__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #include <cstdlib>
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) std::abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_INT >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) labs(value)
+#elif defined (_MSC_VER)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((Py_ssize_t)_abs64(value))
+#elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) llabs(value)
+#elif defined (__GNUC__)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) __builtin_llabs(value)
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((value<0) ? -value : value)
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length);
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(s) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, strlen((const char*)s))
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString        PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char*);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s)     ((char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s)     ((const char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(s)    ((char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromCString(s)  __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyStr_FromCString(s)     __Pyx_PyStr_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((const char*)s)
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u) {
+    const Py_UNICODE *u_end = u;
+    while (*u_end++) ;
+    return (size_t)(u_end - u - 1);
+}
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u)       PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u, __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(u))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicodeAndLength PyUnicode_FromUnicode
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode            PyUnicode_AsUnicode
+#define __Pyx_NewRef(obj) (Py_INCREF(obj), obj)
+#define __Pyx_Owned_Py_None(b) __Pyx_NewRef(Py_None)
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x);
+#define __Pyx_PySequence_Tuple(obj)\
+    (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_Tuple(obj))
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t);
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#else
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x)
+#endif
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyLong_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Long(x))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyInt_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Int(x))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Float(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Float(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+static int __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_u = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_b = NULL;
+    const char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    if (strcmp(default_encoding_c, "ascii") == 0) {
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 0;
+    } else {
+        char ascii_chars[128];
+        int c;
+        for (c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+            ascii_chars[c] = c;
+        }
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 1;
+        ascii_chars_u = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(ascii_chars, 128, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_u) goto bad;
+        ascii_chars_b = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(ascii_chars_u, default_encoding_c, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_b || !PyBytes_Check(ascii_chars_b) || memcmp(ascii_chars, PyBytes_AS_STRING(ascii_chars_b), 128) != 0) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "This module compiled with c_string_encoding=ascii, but default encoding '%.200s' is not a superset of ascii.",
+                default_encoding_c);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL)
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+static char* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) (const char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING = (char*) malloc(strlen(default_encoding_c));
+    if (!__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING) goto bad;
+    strcpy(__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, default_encoding_c);
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
+#if defined(__GNUC__)     && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)))
+  #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+  #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */
+  #define likely(x)   (x)
+  #define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(void* ptr) { (void)ptr; }
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_m = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_b;
+static PyObject *__pyx_cython_runtime = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_unicode;
+static int __pyx_lineno;
+static int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+static const char * __pyx_cfilenm= __FILE__;
+static const char *__pyx_filename;
+
+
+static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
+  "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pyx",
+  "stringsource",
+  "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd",
+};
+
+/*--- Type declarations ---*/
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats;
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":10
+ *     lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+ * 
+ *     void _check(int rc, str message=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *message;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":26
+ *         void _clear_stale_readers(self) except *
+ *         void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *
+ *         void _init_dbis(self, create=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         void _txn_begin(self, write=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=*) except *
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *create;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":27
+ *         void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *
+ *         void _init_dbis(self, create=*) except *
+ *         void _txn_begin(self, write=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ *         void _txn_abort(self) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *write;
+  MDB_txn *parent;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":30
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ *         void _txn_abort(self) except *
+ *         inline bint _key_exists(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             self, unsigned char *key, unsigned char klen,
+ *             unsigned char *dblabel=*) except -1
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":35
+ * 
+ *         size_t _txn_id(self) except -1
+ *         lmdb.MDB_cursor *_cur_open(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*) except *
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":38
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         lmdb.MDB_dbi get_dbi(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":41
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*)
+ * 
+ *         void _put(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t key_size, unsigned char *data,
+ *                 size_t data_size, unsigned char *dblabel=*,
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+  unsigned int flags;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":46
+ *                 lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*, unsigned int flags=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         void _get_data(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen, lmdb.MDB_val *rv,
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":50
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         void _delete(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen,
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":57
+ *         #int _reader_list_callback(self, const unsigned char *msg, void *str_)
+ * 
+ *     cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef void destroy(self, _path=*) except *
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  int commit_pending_transaction;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":58
+ * 
+ *     cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=*) except *
+ *     cpdef void destroy(self, _path=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *_path;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":61
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ *     cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=*)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=*)
+ *     cpdef int txn_id(self)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":62
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ *     cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=*)
+ *     cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=*)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef int txn_id(self)
+ *     #cpdef str reader_list(self)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *new_txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":13
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class BaseLmdbStore:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cdef:
+ *         readonly bint is_txn_open
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_vtab;
+  int is_txn_open;
+  int _open;
+  unsigned int _readers;
+  PyObject *env_path;
+  MDB_dbi *dbis;
+  MDB_env *dbenv;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+  MDB_cursor **curs;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pyx":334
+ * 
+ *     @contextmanager
+ *     def txn_ctx(self, write=False):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Transaction context manager.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_write;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_2;
+};
+
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pyx":49
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class BaseLmdbStore:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     Generic LMDB store abstract class.
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore {
+  void (*_clear_stale_readers)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*_cur_close)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, MDB_cursor *);
+  void (*_init_dbis)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_txn_begin)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_txn_commit)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*_txn_abort)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  int (*_key_exists)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, unsigned char, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists *__pyx_optional_args);
+  size_t (*_txn_id)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  MDB_cursor *(*_cur_open)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open *__pyx_optional_args);
+  MDB_dbi (*get_dbi)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_put)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, unsigned char *, size_t, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_get_data)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, struct MDB_val *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_delete)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*_stats)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*close_env)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*destroy)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*get_data)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*stats)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats *__pyx_optional_args);
+  int (*txn_id)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore;
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, unsigned char, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists *__pyx_optional_args);
+
+/* --- Runtime support code (head) --- */
+/* Refnanny.proto */
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+    void (*GOTREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
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+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->GOTREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r) __Pyx_RefNanny->GIVEREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_INCREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_DECREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GOTREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GIVEREF(r);}} while(0)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext()
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r) Py_INCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r) Py_DECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r) Py_XINCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r) Py_XDECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_XDECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_XDECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_DECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_CLEAR(r)    do { PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);} while(0)
+#define __Pyx_XCLEAR(r)   do { if((r) != NULL) {PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);}} while(0)
+
+/* PyObjectGetAttrStr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n) PyObject_GetAttr(o,n)
+#endif
+
+/* GetBuiltinName.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* PyThreadStateGet.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare  PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate;
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign  __pyx_tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  __pyx_tstate->curexc_type
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  PyErr_Occurred()
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrFetchRestore.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) (Py_INCREF(exc), __Pyx_ErrRestore((exc), NULL, NULL))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#endif
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() PyErr_Clear()
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* Profile.proto */
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 1
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL 0
+#else
+  #if CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL && !defined(CYTHON_TRACE)
+    #define CYTHON_TRACE 1
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  #undef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_PROFILE || CYTHON_TRACE
+  #include "compile.h"
+  #include "frameobject.h"
+  #include "traceback.h"
+  #if CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER static
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame)
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame) Py_CLEAR(frame)
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations\
+  static PyCodeObject *__pyx_frame_code = NULL;\
+  CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER PyFrameObject *__pyx_frame = NULL;\
+  int __Pyx_use_tracing = 0;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)\
+  if (codeobj) __pyx_frame_code = (PyCodeObject*) codeobj;
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (nogil) {\
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+          PyThreadState *tstate;\
+          PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+          tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+                  (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+              __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          }\
+          PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  } else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  {   PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          tstate->tracing++;\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 0;\
+          PyObject *exc_info = __Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(tstate);\
+          if (exc_info) {\
+              if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)\
+                  tstate->c_tracefunc(\
+                      tstate->c_traceobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              tstate->c_profilefunc(\
+                  tstate->c_profileobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              Py_DECREF(exc_info);\
+          }\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 1;\
+          tstate->tracing--;\
+      }\
+  }
+  static void __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, PyObject *result) {
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)
+          tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      if (tstate->c_profilefunc)
+          tstate->c_profilefunc(tstate->c_profileobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+                  __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+              __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+          __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+  static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code, PyFrameObject** frame, PyThreadState* tstate, const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  static int __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, int lineno) {
+      int ret;
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      ret = tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_LINE, NULL);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      if (likely(!ret)) {
+          __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+      } else {
+          Py_XDECREF(type);
+          Py_XDECREF(value);
+          Py_XDECREF(traceback);
+      }
+      return ret;
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              int ret = 0;\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+                  ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+              int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+          int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+          if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+#endif
+
+/* GetModuleGlobalName.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* PyCFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)  (assert(0), NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* PyFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)\
+    __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict((func), (args), (nargs), NULL)
+#if 1 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600B1
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, int nargs, PyObject *kwargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs) _PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw)
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethO.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallOneArg.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(func) __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseException.proto */
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause);
+
+/* IncludeStringH.proto */
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* decode_c_string_utf16.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 0;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16LE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = -1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16BE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+
+/* decode_c_string.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors));
+
+/* RaiseDoubleKeywords.proto */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name);
+
+/* ParseKeywords.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[],\
+    PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,\
+    const char* function_name);
+
+/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid.proto */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found);
+
+/* WriteUnraisableException.proto */
+static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, int clineno,
+                                  int lineno, const char *filename,
+                                  int full_traceback, int nogil);
+
+/* SaveResetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSave(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionReset(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)   PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrExceptionMatches.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err) __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(__pyx_tstate, err)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(PyThreadState* tstate, PyObject* err);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err)  PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err)
+#endif
+
+/* GetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* SwapException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* PyUnicode_Unicode.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Unicode(PyObject *obj);
+
+/* JoinPyUnicode.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject* value_tuple, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength,
+                                      Py_UCS4 max_char);
+
+/* PyObjectFormatSimple.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyString_CheckExact(s)) ? PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(s, NULL, "strict") :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyLong_CheckExact(s)) ? PyLong_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(s)) ? PyFloat_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#endif
+
+/* FastTypeChecks.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject *type);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, type1, type2) (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type2))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception)
+
+/* PyObjectSetAttrStr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n) __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o, n, NULL)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name, PyObject* value);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n)   PyObject_DelAttr(o,n)
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o,n,v) PyObject_SetAttr(o,n,v)
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectLookupSpecial.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_LookupSpecial(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    PyObject *res;
+    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (unlikely(PyInstance_Check(obj)))
+        return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, attr_name);
+#endif
+    res = _PyType_Lookup(tp, attr_name);
+    if (likely(res)) {
+        descrgetfunc f = Py_TYPE(res)->tp_descr_get;
+        if (!f) {
+            Py_INCREF(res);
+        } else {
+            res = f(res, obj, (PyObject *)tp);
+        }
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AttributeError, attr_name);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_LookupSpecial(o,n) __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n)
+#endif
+
+/* PyIntBinop.proto */
+#if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_AddObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, long intval, int inplace);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyInt_AddObjC(op1, op2, intval, inplace)\
+    (inplace ? PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(op1, op2) : PyNumber_Add(op1, op2))
+#endif
+
+/* DictGetItem.proto */
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *d, PyObject* key);
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Dict_GetItem(obj, name)\
+    (likely(PyDict_CheckExact(obj)) ?\
+     __Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(obj, name) : PyObject_GetItem(obj, name))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(d, key) PyObject_GetItem(d, key)
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Dict_GetItem(obj, name)  PyObject_GetItem(obj, name)
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict PyObject_GenericGetAttr
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr PyObject_GenericGetAttr
+#endif
+
+/* SetVTable.proto */
+static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable);
+
+/* SetupReduce.proto */
+static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj);
+
+/* Import.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level);
+
+/* ImportFrom.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name);
+
+/* CalculateMetaclass.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_CalculateMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *bases);
+
+/* Py3ClassCreate.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Py3MetaclassPrepare(PyObject *metaclass, PyObject *bases, PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname,
+                                           PyObject *mkw, PyObject *modname, PyObject *doc);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Py3ClassCreate(PyObject *metaclass, PyObject *name, PyObject *bases, PyObject *dict,
+                                      PyObject *mkw, int calculate_metaclass, int allow_py2_metaclass);
+
+/* GetNameInClass.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetNameInClass(PyObject *nmspace, PyObject *name);
+
+/* CLineInTraceback.proto */
+#ifdef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+#define __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line)  (((CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK)) ? c_line : 0)
+#else
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line);
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache.proto */
+typedef struct {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int code_line;
+} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry;
+struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache {
+    int count;
+    int max_count;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries;
+};
+static struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache = {0,0,NULL};
+static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line);
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line);
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object);
+
+/* AddTraceback.proto */
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_int(unsigned int value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_long(unsigned long value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_MDB_dbi(MDB_dbi value);
+
+static PyObject* __pyx_convert__to_py_struct__MDB_stat(struct MDB_stat s);
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE MDB_dbi __Pyx_PyInt_As_MDB_dbi(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned int __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_int(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE mode_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_mode_t(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *);
+
+/* FetchCommonType.proto */
+static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonType(PyTypeObject* type);
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethod1.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg);
+static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg);
+
+/* CoroutineBase.proto */
+typedef PyObject *(*__pyx_coroutine_body_t)(PyObject *, PyThreadState *, PyObject *);
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    __pyx_coroutine_body_t body;
+    PyObject *closure;
+    PyObject *exc_type;
+    PyObject *exc_value;
+    PyObject *exc_traceback;
+    PyObject *gi_weakreflist;
+    PyObject *classobj;
+    PyObject *yieldfrom;
+    PyObject *gi_name;
+    PyObject *gi_qualname;
+    PyObject *gi_modulename;
+    PyObject *gi_code;
+    int resume_label;
+    char is_running;
+} __pyx_CoroutineObject;
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_New(
+    PyTypeObject *type, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+    PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name);
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(
+            __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name);
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(PyObject *self);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Send(PyObject *self, PyObject *value);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Close(PyObject *self);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *gen, PyObject *args);
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_SwapException(self) {\
+    __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(&(self)->exc_type, &(self)->exc_value, &(self)->exc_traceback);\
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(self);\
+    }
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetAndClearException(self) {\
+    __Pyx_ExceptionReset((self)->exc_type, (self)->exc_value, (self)->exc_traceback);\
+    (self)->exc_type = (self)->exc_value = (self)->exc_traceback = NULL;\
+    }
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyGen_FetchStopIterationValue(pvalue)\
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__pyx_tstate, pvalue)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyGen_FetchStopIterationValue(pvalue)\
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, pvalue)
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **pvalue);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self);
+
+/* PatchModuleWithCoroutine.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(PyObject* module, const char* py_code);
+
+/* PatchGeneratorABC.proto */
+static int __Pyx_patch_abc(void);
+
+/* Generator.proto */
+#define __Pyx_Generator_USED
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_GeneratorType = 0;
+#define __Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(obj) (Py_TYPE(obj) == __pyx_GeneratorType)
+#define __Pyx_Generator_New(body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name)\
+    __Pyx__Coroutine_New(__pyx_GeneratorType, body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name)
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Generator_Next(PyObject *self);
+static int __pyx_Generator_init(void);
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion.proto */
+static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void);
+
+/* VoidPtrExport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ExportVoidPtr(PyObject *name, void *p, const char *sig);
+
+/* FunctionExport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ExportFunction(const char *name, void (*f)(void), const char *sig);
+
+/* InitStrings.proto */
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t);
+
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__clear_stale_readers(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key, unsigned char __pyx_v_klen, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key, size_t __pyx_v_key_size, unsigned char *__pyx_v_data, size_t __pyx_v_data_size, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_key, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key, CYTHON_UNUSED size_t __pyx_v_klen, struct MDB_val *__pyx_v_rv, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key, size_t __pyx_v_klen, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__stats(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_commit(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_abort(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/
+static int __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_txn_id(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static size_t __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_id(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto*/
+static MDB_dbi __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static MDB_cursor *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_close(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, MDB_cursor *__pyx_v_cur); /* proto*/
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdint' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'posix.types' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include.cylmdb' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.errno' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython.mem' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store' */
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx = 0;
+static int __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_rc;
+static size_t __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_i;
+static struct MDB_val __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_key_v;
+static struct MDB_val __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_data_v;
+static MDB_dbi __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_dbi;
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check(int, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check *__pyx_optional_args); /*proto*/
+#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store"
+extern int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__base_lmdb_store;
+int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__base_lmdb_store = 0;
+
+/* Implementation of 'lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store' */
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_enumerate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_RuntimeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_TypeError;
+static const char __pyx_k_[] = "";
+static const char __pyx_k_i[] = "i";
+static const char __pyx_k_x[] = "{:x}";
+static const char __pyx_k_RO[] = "RO";
+static const char __pyx_k_RW[] = "RW";
+static const char __pyx_k__4[] = ".";
+static const char __pyx_k__6[] = ": ";
+static const char __pyx_k_os[] = "os";
+static const char __pyx_k_rc[] = "rc";
+static const char __pyx_k_DBI[] = " (DBI ";
+static const char __pyx_k__20[] = ")...";
+static const char __pyx_k_dbi[] = "dbi";
+static const char __pyx_k_doc[] = "__doc__";
+static const char __pyx_k_env[] = "env";
+static const char __pyx_k_get[] = "get";
+static const char __pyx_k_key[] = "key";
+static const char __pyx_k_pid[] = "pid";
+static const char __pyx_k_None[] = "None";
+static const char __pyx_k_args[] = "args";
+static const char __pyx_k_data[] = "data";
+static const char __pyx_k_exit[] = "__exit__";
+static const char __pyx_k_info[] = "info";
+static const char __pyx_k_lock[] = "-lock";
+static const char __pyx_k_main[] = "__main__";
+static const char __pyx_k_mode[] = "mode";
+static const char __pyx_k_name[] = "__name__";
+static const char __pyx_k_path[] = "path";
+static const char __pyx_k_send[] = "send";
+static const char __pyx_k_stat[] = "stat";
+static const char __pyx_k_test[] = "__test__";
+static const char __pyx_k_wsgi[] = "wsgi";
+static const char __pyx_k_abort[] = "abort";
+static const char __pyx_k_close[] = "close";
+static const char __pyx_k_debug[] = "debug";
+static const char __pyx_k_enter[] = "__enter__";
+static const char __pyx_k_flags[] = "flags";
+static const char __pyx_k_index[] = "index";
+static const char __pyx_k_key_v[] = "key_v";
+static const char __pyx_k_stats[] = "stats";
+static const char __pyx_k_throw[] = "throw";
+static const char __pyx_k_write[] = "write";
+static const char __pyx_k_create[] = "create";
+static const char __pyx_k_data_v[] = "data_v";
+static const char __pyx_k_encode[] = "encode";
+static const char __pyx_k_exists[] = "exists";
+static const char __pyx_k_format[] = "format";
+static const char __pyx_k_import[] = "__import__";
+static const char __pyx_k_logger[] = "logger";
+static const char __pyx_k_module[] = "__module__";
+static const char __pyx_k_path_2[] = "_path";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce[] = "__reduce__";
+static const char __pyx_k_rmtree[] = "rmtree";
+static const char __pyx_k_shutil[] = "shutil";
+static const char __pyx_k_txn_id[] = "txn_id";
+static const char __pyx_k_unlink[] = "unlink";
+static const char __pyx_k_dblabel[] = "dblabel";
+static const char __pyx_k_destroy[] = "destroy";
+static const char __pyx_k_dirname[] = "dirname";
+static const char __pyx_k_getName[] = "getName";
+static const char __pyx_k_is_open[] = "is_open";
+static const char __pyx_k_logging[] = "logging";
+static const char __pyx_k_max_dbs[] = "max_dbs";
+static const char __pyx_k_new_txn[] = "new_txn";
+static const char __pyx_k_options[] = "options";
+static const char __pyx_k_prepare[] = "__prepare__";
+static const char __pyx_k_st_size[] = "st_size";
+static const char __pyx_k_txn_ctx[] = "txn_ctx";
+static const char __pyx_k_warning[] = "warning";
+static const char __pyx_k_workers[] = "workers";
+static const char __pyx_k_db_stats[] = "db_stats";
+static const char __pyx_k_env_path[] = "env_path";
+static const char __pyx_k_env_size[] = "env_size";
+static const char __pyx_k_exist_ok[] = "exist_ok";
+static const char __pyx_k_get_data[] = "get_data";
+static const char __pyx_k_getstate[] = "__getstate__";
+static const char __pyx_k_makedirs[] = "makedirs";
+static const char __pyx_k_map_size[] = "map_size";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_depth[] = "ms_depth";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_psize[] = "ms_psize";
+static const char __pyx_k_open_env[] = "open_env";
+static const char __pyx_k_opened_x[] = "...opened @ {:x}.";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_capi[] = "__pyx_capi__";
+static const char __pyx_k_qualname[] = "__qualname__";
+static const char __pyx_k_setstate[] = "__setstate__";
+static const char __pyx_k_LmdbError[] = "LmdbError";
+static const char __pyx_k_TypeError[] = "TypeError";
+static const char __pyx_k_close_env[] = "close_env";
+static const char __pyx_k_dbi_flags[] = "dbi_flags";
+static const char __pyx_k_enumerate[] = "enumerate";
+static const char __pyx_k_env_flags[] = "env_flags";
+static const char __pyx_k_env_perms[] = "env_perms";
+static const char __pyx_k_env_stats[] = "env_stats";
+static const char __pyx_k_getLogger[] = "getLogger";
+static const char __pyx_k_is_txn_rw[] = "is_txn_rw";
+static const char __pyx_k_metaclass[] = "__metaclass__";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce_ex[] = "__reduce_ex__";
+static const char __pyx_k_threading[] = "threading";
+static const char __pyx_k_Created_DB[] = "Created DB ";
+static const char __pyx_k_LMDB_Error[] = "LMDB Error ({}): ";
+static const char __pyx_k_contextlib[] = "contextlib";
+static const char __pyx_k_dbi_labels[] = "dbi_labels";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_entries[] = "ms_entries";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_vtable[] = "__pyx_vtable__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Max_readers[] = "Max. readers: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_MemoryError[] = "MemoryError";
+static const char __pyx_k_txn_is_open[] = "txn is open: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Creating_DBs[] = "Creating DBs.";
+static const char __pyx_k_RuntimeError[] = "RuntimeError";
+static const char __pyx_k_lakesuperior[] = "lakesuperior";
+static const char __pyx_k_readers_mult[] = "readers_mult";
+static const char __pyx_k_currentThread[] = "currentThread";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_leaf_pages[] = "ms_leaf_pages";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce_cython[] = "__reduce_cython__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Internal_error[] = "\nInternal error ({}): ";
+static const char __pyx_k_KeyExistsError[] = "KeyExistsError";
+static const char __pyx_k_contextmanager[] = "contextmanager";
+static const char __pyx_k_max_spare_txns[] = "max_spare_txns";
+static const char __pyx_k_Created_DBenv_x[] = "Created DBenv @ {:x}";
+static const char __pyx_k_DBenv_address_x[] = "DBenv address: {:x}";
+static const char __pyx_k_current_process[] = "current_process";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_branch_pages[] = "ms_branch_pages";
+static const char __pyx_k_multiprocessing[] = "multiprocessing";
+static const char __pyx_k_setstate_cython[] = "__setstate_cython__";
+static const char __pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError[] = "KeyNotFoundError";
+static const char __pyx_k_Closing_store_env[] = "Closing store env.";
+static const char __pyx_k_FileNotFoundError[] = "FileNotFoundError";
+static const char __pyx_k_Store_is_not_open[] = "Store is not open.";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_overflow_pages[] = "ms_overflow_pages";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_putting_data[] = "Error putting data: {}, {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_cline_in_traceback[] = "cline_in_traceback";
+static const char __pyx_k_Transaction_aborted[] = "Transaction @ {} aborted.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_opening_cursor[] = "Error opening cursor: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Opened_transaction_x[] = "Opened transaction @ {:x}";
+static const char __pyx_k_BaseLmdbStore_txn_ctx[] = "BaseLmdbStore.txn_ctx";
+static const char __pyx_k_Cleaning_up_store_env[] = "Cleaning up store env.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Cleared_stale_readers[] = "Cleared {} stale readers.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Opening_cursor_for_DB[] = "Opening cursor for DB ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Transaction_committed[] = "Transaction @ {} committed.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_setting_map_size[] = "Error setting map size: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Opening_environment_at[] = "Opening environment at {}.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Environment_already_open[] = "Environment already open.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_opening_transaction[] = "Error opening transaction.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_setting_max_readers[] = "Error setting max. readers: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Getting_DBI_without_label[] = "Getting DBI without label.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key[] = "Error getting data for key '{}'.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Store_must_be_opened_first[] = "Store must be opened first.";
+static const char __pyx_k_commit_pending_transaction[] = "commit_pending_transaction";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_getting_datbase_stats[] = "Error getting datbase stats: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_setting_max_databases[] = "Error setting max. databases: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Could_not_create_store_at_Error[] = "Could not create store at {}. Error: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_creating_DB_environment_ha[] = "Error creating DB environment handle: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_opening_the_database_envir[] = "Error opening the database environment: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Opening_transaction_in_PID_threa[] = "Opening {} transaction in PID {}, thread {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Transaction_is_already_active_No[] = "Transaction is already active. Not opening another one.";
+static const char __pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_base_lmdb_sto[] = "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store";
+static const char __pyx_k_self_curs_self_dbenv_self_dbis_s[] = "self.curs,self.dbenv,self.dbis,self.txn cannot be converted to a Python object for pickling";
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BaseLmdbStore_txn_ctx;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Cleaning_up_store_env;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Cleared_stale_readers;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Closing_store_env;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Could_not_create_store_at_Error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Created_DB;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Created_DBenv_x;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Creating_DBs;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_DBI;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_DBenv_address_x;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Environment_already_open;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_creating_DB_environment_ha;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_data_for_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_datbase_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_cursor;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_the_database_envir;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_transaction;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_putting_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_map_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_max_databases;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_max_readers;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_FileNotFoundError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Getting_DBI_without_label;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Internal_error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_KeyExistsError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_KeyNotFoundError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_LMDB_Error;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_LmdbError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Max_readers;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_None;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Opened_transaction_x;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Opening_cursor_for_DB;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Opening_environment_at;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Opening_transaction_in_PID_threa;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_RO;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_RW;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_RuntimeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Store_is_not_open;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Store_must_be_opened_first;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Transaction_aborted;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Transaction_committed;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Transaction_is_already_active_No;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_TypeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__20;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__4;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__6;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_abort;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_args;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_close;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_close_env;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_commit_pending_transaction;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_contextlib;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_contextmanager;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_create;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_currentThread;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_current_process;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_data_v;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_db_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dbi;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dbi_flags;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dbi_labels;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dblabel;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_debug;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_destroy;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dirname;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_doc;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_encode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_enter;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_enumerate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_env;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_env_flags;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_env_path;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_env_perms;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_env_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_env_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_exist_ok;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_exists;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_exit;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_flags;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_format;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getLogger;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getName;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_get_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getstate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_import;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_index;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_info;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_is_open;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_is_txn_rw;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_key_v;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lakesuperior;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_base_lmdb_sto;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_lock;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_logger;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_logging;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_main;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_makedirs;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_map_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_max_dbs;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_max_spare_txns;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_metaclass;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_mode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_module;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_branch_pages;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_depth;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_entries;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_leaf_pages;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_overflow_pages;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ms_psize;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_multiprocessing;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_name;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_new_txn;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_open_env;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_opened_x;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_options;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_os;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_path;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_path_2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pid;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_prepare;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_capi;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_qualname;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rc;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_readers_mult;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce_cython;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce_ex;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rmtree;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_self_curs_self_dbenv_self_dbis_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_send;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_setstate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_setstate_cython;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_shutil;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_st_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_stat;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_test;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_threading;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_throw;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_txn_ctx;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_txn_id;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_txn_is_open;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_unlink;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_warning;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_workers;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_write;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_wsgi;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_x;
+static int __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore___init__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_env_path, PyObject *__pyx_v_open_env, PyObject *__pyx_v_create); /* proto */
+static void __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_7is_open___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_7readers___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_4open_env(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_create); /* proto */
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+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_env_path(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_8env_path_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore[] = {
+  {"open_env", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_5open_env, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_4open_env},
+  {"close_env", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_7close_env, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, 0},
+  {"destroy", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_9destroy, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_8destroy},
+  {"txn_ctx", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_11txn_ctx, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_10txn_ctx},
+  {"begin", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_14begin, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_13begin},
+  {"commit", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_16commit, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_15commit},
+  {"abort", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_18abort, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_17abort},
+  {"rollback", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_20rollback, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_19rollback},
+  {"key_exists", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_22key_exists, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_21key_exists},
+  {"put", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_24put, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_23put},
+  {"get_data", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_26get_data, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_25get_data},
+  {"delete", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_28delete, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_27delete},
+  {"stats", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_30stats, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_29stats},
+  {"txn_id", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_32txn_id, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_34__reduce_cython__, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_36__setstate_cython__, METH_O, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore[] = {
+  {(char *)"is_open", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_is_open, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"readers", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_readers, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"is_txn_open", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_is_txn_open, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"_open", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__open, __pyx_setprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__open, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"env_path", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_env_path, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store.BaseLmdbStore", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
+  "\n    Generic LMDB store abstract class.\n\n    This class contains convenience method to create an LMDB store for any\n    purpose and provides some convenience methods to wrap cursors and\n    transactions into contexts.\n\n    Example usage::\n\n        >>> class MyStore(BaseLmdbStore):\n        ...     path = '/base/store/path'\n        ...     dbi_flags = ('db1', 'db2')\n        ...\n        >>> ms = MyStore()\n        >>> # \"with\" wraps the operation in a transaction.\n        >>> with ms.cur(index='db1', write=True):\n        ...     cur.put(b'key1', b'val1')\n        True\n\n    ", /*tp_doc*/
+  0, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_1__init__, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_write);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_1);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_2);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_write) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_write, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_1) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_1, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_2) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_2, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store.__pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store___pyx_scope_struct__txn_ctx, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+static PyObject* __pyx_pymod_create(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def); /*proto*/
+static int __pyx_pymod_exec_base_lmdb_store(PyObject* module); /*proto*/
+static PyModuleDef_Slot __pyx_moduledef_slots[] = {
+  {Py_mod_create, (void*)__pyx_pymod_create},
+  {Py_mod_exec, (void*)__pyx_pymod_exec_base_lmdb_store},
+  {0, NULL}
+};
+#endif
+
+static struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "base_lmdb_store",
+    0, /* m_doc */
+  #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    0, /* m_size */
+  #else
+    -1, /* m_size */
+  #endif
+    __pyx_methods /* m_methods */,
+  #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    __pyx_moduledef_slots, /* m_slots */
+  #else
+    NULL, /* m_reload */
+  #endif
+    NULL, /* m_traverse */
+    NULL, /* m_clear */
+    NULL /* m_free */
+};
+#endif
+
+static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_, __pyx_k_, sizeof(__pyx_k_), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_BaseLmdbStore_txn_ctx, __pyx_k_BaseLmdbStore_txn_ctx, sizeof(__pyx_k_BaseLmdbStore_txn_ctx), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Cleaning_up_store_env, __pyx_k_Cleaning_up_store_env, sizeof(__pyx_k_Cleaning_up_store_env), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Cleared_stale_readers, __pyx_k_Cleared_stale_readers, sizeof(__pyx_k_Cleared_stale_readers), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Closing_store_env, __pyx_k_Closing_store_env, sizeof(__pyx_k_Closing_store_env), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Could_not_create_store_at_Error, __pyx_k_Could_not_create_store_at_Error, sizeof(__pyx_k_Could_not_create_store_at_Error), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Created_DB, __pyx_k_Created_DB, sizeof(__pyx_k_Created_DB), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Created_DBenv_x, __pyx_k_Created_DBenv_x, sizeof(__pyx_k_Created_DBenv_x), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Creating_DBs, __pyx_k_Creating_DBs, sizeof(__pyx_k_Creating_DBs), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_DBI, __pyx_k_DBI, sizeof(__pyx_k_DBI), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_DBenv_address_x, __pyx_k_DBenv_address_x, sizeof(__pyx_k_DBenv_address_x), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Environment_already_open, __pyx_k_Environment_already_open, sizeof(__pyx_k_Environment_already_open), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_creating_DB_environment_ha, __pyx_k_Error_creating_DB_environment_ha, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_creating_DB_environment_ha), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_data_for_key, __pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_datbase_stats, __pyx_k_Error_getting_datbase_stats, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_getting_datbase_stats), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_cursor, __pyx_k_Error_opening_cursor, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_opening_cursor), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_the_database_envir, __pyx_k_Error_opening_the_database_envir, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_opening_the_database_envir), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_opening_transaction, __pyx_k_Error_opening_transaction, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_opening_transaction), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_putting_data, __pyx_k_Error_putting_data, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_putting_data), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_map_size, __pyx_k_Error_setting_map_size, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_setting_map_size), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_max_databases, __pyx_k_Error_setting_max_databases, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_setting_max_databases), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_max_readers, __pyx_k_Error_setting_max_readers, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_setting_max_readers), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_FileNotFoundError, __pyx_k_FileNotFoundError, sizeof(__pyx_k_FileNotFoundError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Getting_DBI_without_label, __pyx_k_Getting_DBI_without_label, sizeof(__pyx_k_Getting_DBI_without_label), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Internal_error, __pyx_k_Internal_error, sizeof(__pyx_k_Internal_error), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_KeyExistsError, __pyx_k_KeyExistsError, sizeof(__pyx_k_KeyExistsError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_KeyNotFoundError, __pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError, sizeof(__pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_LMDB_Error, __pyx_k_LMDB_Error, sizeof(__pyx_k_LMDB_Error), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_LmdbError, __pyx_k_LmdbError, sizeof(__pyx_k_LmdbError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Max_readers, __pyx_k_Max_readers, sizeof(__pyx_k_Max_readers), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MemoryError, __pyx_k_MemoryError, sizeof(__pyx_k_MemoryError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_None, __pyx_k_None, sizeof(__pyx_k_None), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Opened_transaction_x, __pyx_k_Opened_transaction_x, sizeof(__pyx_k_Opened_transaction_x), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Opening_cursor_for_DB, __pyx_k_Opening_cursor_for_DB, sizeof(__pyx_k_Opening_cursor_for_DB), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Opening_environment_at, __pyx_k_Opening_environment_at, sizeof(__pyx_k_Opening_environment_at), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Opening_transaction_in_PID_threa, __pyx_k_Opening_transaction_in_PID_threa, sizeof(__pyx_k_Opening_transaction_in_PID_threa), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_RO, __pyx_k_RO, sizeof(__pyx_k_RO), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_RW, __pyx_k_RW, sizeof(__pyx_k_RW), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_RuntimeError, __pyx_k_RuntimeError, sizeof(__pyx_k_RuntimeError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Store_is_not_open, __pyx_k_Store_is_not_open, sizeof(__pyx_k_Store_is_not_open), 0, 1, 0, 0},
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+static int __Pyx_modinit_function_export_code(void); /*proto*/
+static int __Pyx_modinit_type_init_code(void); /*proto*/
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+       take builtins without sanity checking them.
+       */
+    assert(tstate != NULL);
+    f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, NULL);
+    if (f == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
+    for (i = 0; i < na; i++) {
+        Py_INCREF(*args);
+        fastlocals[i] = *args++;
+    }
+    result = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f,0);
+    ++tstate->recursion_depth;
+    Py_DECREF(f);
+    --tstate->recursion_depth;
+    return result;
+}
+#if 1 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600B1
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, int nargs, PyObject *kwargs) {
+    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)PyFunction_GET_CODE(func);
+    PyObject *globals = PyFunction_GET_GLOBALS(func);
+    PyObject *argdefs = PyFunction_GET_DEFAULTS(func);
+    PyObject *closure;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *kwdefs;
+#endif
+    PyObject *kwtuple, **k;
+    PyObject **d;
+    Py_ssize_t nd;
+    Py_ssize_t nk;
+    PyObject *result;
+    assert(kwargs == NULL || PyDict_Check(kwargs));
+    nk = kwargs ? PyDict_Size(kwargs) : 0;
+    if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            co->co_kwonlyargcount == 0 &&
+#endif
+            likely(kwargs == NULL || nk == 0) &&
+            co->co_flags == (CO_OPTIMIZED | CO_NEWLOCALS | CO_NOFREE)) {
+        if (argdefs == NULL && co->co_argcount == nargs) {
+            result = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(co, args, nargs, globals);
+            goto done;
+        }
+        else if (nargs == 0 && argdefs != NULL
+                 && co->co_argcount == Py_SIZE(argdefs)) {
+            /* function called with no arguments, but all parameters have
+               a default value: use default values as arguments .*/
+            args = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argdefs, 0);
+            result =__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(co, args, Py_SIZE(argdefs), globals);
+            goto done;
+        }
+    }
+    if (kwargs != NULL) {
+        Py_ssize_t pos, i;
+        kwtuple = PyTuple_New(2 * nk);
+        if (kwtuple == NULL) {
+            result = NULL;
+            goto done;
+        }
+        k = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, 0);
+        pos = i = 0;
+        while (PyDict_Next(kwargs, &pos, &k[i], &k[i+1])) {
+            Py_INCREF(k[i]);
+            Py_INCREF(k[i+1]);
+            i += 2;
+        }
+        nk = i / 2;
+    }
+    else {
+        kwtuple = NULL;
+        k = NULL;
+    }
+    closure = PyFunction_GET_CLOSURE(func);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    kwdefs = PyFunction_GET_KW_DEFAULTS(func);
+#endif
+    if (argdefs != NULL) {
+        d = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argdefs, 0);
+        nd = Py_SIZE(argdefs);
+    }
+    else {
+        d = NULL;
+        nd = 0;
+    }
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    result = PyEval_EvalCodeEx((PyObject*)co, globals, (PyObject *)NULL,
+                               args, nargs,
+                               k, (int)nk,
+                               d, (int)nd, kwdefs, closure);
+#else
+    result = PyEval_EvalCodeEx(co, globals, (PyObject *)NULL,
+                               args, nargs,
+                               k, (int)nk,
+                               d, (int)nd, closure);
+#endif
+    Py_XDECREF(kwtuple);
+done:
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCall */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    ternaryfunc call = func->ob_type->tp_call;
+    if (unlikely(!call))
+        return PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw);
+    if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")))
+        return NULL;
+    result = (*call)(func, arg, kw);
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethO */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *self, *result;
+    PyCFunction cfunc;
+    cfunc = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func);
+    self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(func);
+    if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")))
+        return NULL;
+    result = cfunc(self, arg);
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallOneArg */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(arg);
+    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, arg);
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    return result;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, &arg, 1);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func))) {
+        if (likely(PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_O)) {
+            return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, arg);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+        } else if (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_FASTCALL) {
+            return __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(func, &arg, 1);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    return __Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg(func, arg);
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_Pack(1, arg);
+    if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL;
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, NULL, 0);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __Pyx_CyFunction_USED
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func) || __Pyx_TypeCheck(func, __pyx_CyFunctionType))) {
+#else
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func))) {
+#endif
+        if (likely(PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_NOARGS)) {
+            return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseException */
+      #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb,
+                        CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *cause) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    Py_XINCREF(type);
+    if (!value || value == Py_None)
+        value = NULL;
+    else
+        Py_INCREF(value);
+    if (!tb || tb == Py_None)
+        tb = NULL;
+    else {
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        if (!PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyType_Check(type)) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        if (!value) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+#endif
+        PyErr_NormalizeException(&type, &value, &tb);
+    } else {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
+    return;
+raise_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    Py_XDECREF(type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    return;
+}
+#else
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
+    PyObject* owned_instance = NULL;
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        tb = 0;
+    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (value == Py_None)
+        value = 0;
+    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+    } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+        PyObject *instance_class = NULL;
+        if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+            instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+            if (instance_class != type) {
+                int is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type);
+                if (!is_subclass) {
+                    instance_class = NULL;
+                } else if (unlikely(is_subclass == -1)) {
+                    goto bad;
+                } else {
+                    type = instance_class;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!instance_class) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            if (!value)
+                args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) {
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+                args = value;
+            } else
+                args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value);
+            if (!args)
+                goto bad;
+            owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            if (!owned_instance)
+                goto bad;
+            value = owned_instance;
+            if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "calling %R should have returned an instance of "
+                             "BaseException, not %R",
+                             type, Py_TYPE(value));
+                goto bad;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (cause) {
+        PyObject *fixed_cause;
+        if (cause == Py_None) {
+            fixed_cause = NULL;
+        } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
+            if (fixed_cause == NULL)
+                goto bad;
+        } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = cause;
+            Py_INCREF(fixed_cause);
+        } else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "exception causes must derive from "
+                            "BaseException");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);
+    if (tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+        PyErr_Fetch(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        PyErr_Restore(tmp_type, tmp_value, tb);
+        Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+        PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
+            Py_INCREF(tb);
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_instance);
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* decode_c_string */
+      static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)) {
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+    if (unlikely((start < 0) | (stop < 0))) {
+        size_t slen = strlen(cstring);
+        if (unlikely(slen > (size_t) PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "c-string too long to convert to Python");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        length = (Py_ssize_t) slen;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += length;
+            if (start < 0)
+                start = 0;
+        }
+        if (stop < 0)
+            stop += length;
+    }
+    length = stop - start;
+    if (unlikely(length <= 0))
+        return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, 0);
+    cstring += start;
+    if (decode_func) {
+        return decode_func(cstring, length, errors);
+    } else {
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(cstring, length, encoding, errors);
+    }
+}
+
+/* RaiseDoubleKeywords */
+      static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
+    const char* func_name,
+    PyObject* kw_name)
+{
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name);
+        #else
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%s'", func_name,
+        PyString_AsString(kw_name));
+        #endif
+}
+
+/* ParseKeywords */
+      static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(
+    PyObject *kwds,
+    PyObject **argnames[],
+    PyObject *kwds2,
+    PyObject *values[],
+    Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,
+    const char* function_name)
+{
+    PyObject *key = 0, *value = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+    PyObject*** name;
+    PyObject*** first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args;
+    while (PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, &value)) {
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        while (*name && (**name != key)) name++;
+        if (*name) {
+            values[name-argnames] = value;
+            continue;
+        }
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(PyString_CheckExact(key)) || likely(PyString_Check(key))) {
+            while (*name) {
+                if ((CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key))
+                        && _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    if ((**argname == key) || (
+                            (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PyString_GET_SIZE(**argname) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key))
+                             && _PyString_Eq(**argname, key))) {
+                        goto arg_passed_twice;
+                    }
+                    argname++;
+                }
+            }
+        } else
+        #endif
+        if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(key))) {
+            while (*name) {
+                int cmp = (**name == key) ? 0 :
+                #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                    (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                #endif
+                    PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key);
+                if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                if (cmp == 0) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    int cmp = (**argname == key) ? 0 :
+                    #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                        (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**argname) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                    #endif
+                        PyUnicode_Compare(**argname, key);
+                    if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                    if (cmp == 0) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                    argname++;
+                }
+            }
+        } else
+            goto invalid_keyword_type;
+        if (kwds2) {
+            if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad;
+        } else {
+            goto invalid_keyword;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+arg_passed_twice:
+    __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword_type:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        "%.200s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%.200s'",
+        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
+    #else
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
+        function_name, key);
+    #endif
+bad:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid */
+      static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(
+    const char* func_name,
+    int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min,
+    Py_ssize_t num_max,
+    Py_ssize_t num_found)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t num_expected;
+    const char *more_or_less;
+    if (num_found < num_min) {
+        num_expected = num_min;
+        more_or_less = "at least";
+    } else {
+        num_expected = num_max;
+        more_or_less = "at most";
+    }
+    if (exact) {
+        more_or_less = "exactly";
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "%.200s() takes %.8s %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d positional argument%.1s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)",
+                 func_name, more_or_less, num_expected,
+                 (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found);
+}
+
+/* WriteUnraisableException */
+      static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, CYTHON_UNUSED int clineno,
+                                  CYTHON_UNUSED int lineno, CYTHON_UNUSED const char *filename,
+                                  int full_traceback, CYTHON_UNUSED int nogil) {
+    PyObject *old_exc, *old_val, *old_tb;
+    PyObject *ctx;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+    PyGILState_STATE state;
+    if (nogil)
+        state = PyGILState_Ensure();
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    else state = (PyGILState_STATE)-1;
+#endif
+#endif
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&old_exc, &old_val, &old_tb);
+    if (full_traceback) {
+        Py_XINCREF(old_exc);
+        Py_XINCREF(old_val);
+        Py_XINCREF(old_tb);
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(old_exc, old_val, old_tb);
+        PyErr_PrintEx(1);
+    }
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    ctx = PyString_FromString(name);
+    #else
+    ctx = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
+    #endif
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(old_exc, old_val, old_tb);
+    if (!ctx) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(Py_None);
+    } else {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(ctx);
+        Py_DECREF(ctx);
+    }
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+    if (nogil)
+        PyGILState_Release(state);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* SaveResetException */
+      #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    *type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    #else
+    *type = tstate->exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(*type);
+    Py_XINCREF(*value);
+    Py_XINCREF(*tb);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrExceptionMatches */
+      #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (exc_type == PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)) return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i))) return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(PyThreadState* tstate, PyObject* err) {
+    PyObject *exc_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    if (exc_type == err) return 1;
+    if (unlikely(!exc_type)) return 0;
+    if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(err)))
+        return __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(exc_type, err);
+    return __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, err);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetException */
+      #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#endif
+    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#endif
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
+#endif
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (local_tb) {
+        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
+    *type = local_type;
+    *value = local_value;
+    *tb = local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    *type = 0;
+    *value = 0;
+    *tb = 0;
+    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* SwapException */
+        #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #endif
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyErr_GetExcInfo(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(*type, *value, *tb);
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyUnicode_Unicode */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Unicode(PyObject *obj) {
+    if (unlikely(obj == Py_None))
+        obj = __pyx_kp_u_None;
+    return __Pyx_NewRef(obj);
+}
+
+/* JoinPyUnicode */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject* value_tuple, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength,
+                                      CYTHON_UNUSED Py_UCS4 max_char) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    PyObject *result_uval;
+    int result_ukind;
+    Py_ssize_t i, char_pos;
+    void *result_udata;
+#if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+    result_uval = PyUnicode_New(result_ulength, max_char);
+    if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL;
+    result_ukind = (max_char <= 255) ? PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND : (max_char <= 65535) ? PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND : PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
+    result_udata = PyUnicode_DATA(result_uval);
+#else
+    result_uval = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, result_ulength);
+    if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL;
+    result_ukind = sizeof(Py_UNICODE);
+    result_udata = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(result_uval);
+#endif
+    char_pos = 0;
+    for (i=0; i < value_count; i++) {
+        int ukind;
+        Py_ssize_t ulength;
+        void *udata;
+        PyObject *uval = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(value_tuple, i);
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(uval)))
+            goto bad;
+        ulength = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uval);
+        if (unlikely(!ulength))
+            continue;
+        if (unlikely(char_pos + ulength < 0))
+            goto overflow;
+        ukind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(uval);
+        udata = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(uval);
+        if (!CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED || ukind == result_ukind) {
+            memcpy((char *)result_udata + char_pos * result_ukind, udata, (size_t) (ulength * result_ukind));
+        } else {
+            #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300F0 || defined(_PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters)
+            _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength);
+            #else
+            Py_ssize_t j;
+            for (j=0; j < ulength; j++) {
+                Py_UCS4 uchar = __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(ukind, udata, j);
+                __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(result_ukind, result_udata, char_pos+j, uchar);
+            }
+            #endif
+        }
+        char_pos += ulength;
+    }
+    return result_uval;
+overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "join() result is too long for a Python string");
+bad:
+    Py_DECREF(result_uval);
+    return NULL;
+#else
+    result_ulength++;
+    value_count++;
+    return PyUnicode_Join(__pyx_empty_unicode, value_tuple);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* FastTypeChecks */
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    while (a) {
+        a = a->tp_base;
+        if (a == b)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return b == &PyBaseObject_Type;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    PyObject *mro;
+    if (a == b) return 1;
+    mro = a->tp_mro;
+    if (likely(mro)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i, n;
+        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i) == (PyObject *)b)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_InBases(a, b);
+}
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2
+static int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject* exc_type2) {
+    PyObject *exception, *value, *tb;
+    int res;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&exception, &value, &tb);
+    res = exc_type1 ? PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+        res = 0;
+    }
+    if (!res) {
+        res = PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type2);
+        if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+            res = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(exception, value, tb);
+    return res;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    int res = exc_type1 ? __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (!res) {
+        res = __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type));
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (exc_type == PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)) return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        PyObject *t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i);
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(exc_type == t)) return 1;
+        #endif
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(t))) {
+            if (__Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(exc_type, NULL, t)) return 1;
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type) {
+    if (likely(err == exc_type)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, NULL, exc_type);
+        } else if (likely(PyTuple_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(err, exc_type);
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type1));
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type2));
+    if (likely(err == exc_type1 || err == exc_type2)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, exc_type1, exc_type2);
+    }
+    return (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type2));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectSetAttrStr */
+        #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name, PyObject* value) {
+    PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattro))
+        return tp->tp_setattro(obj, attr_name, value);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattr))
+        return tp->tp_setattr(obj, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name), value);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_SetAttr(obj, attr_name, value);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyIntBinop */
+        #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_AddObjC(PyObject *op1, PyObject *op2, CYTHON_UNUSED long intval, CYTHON_UNUSED int inplace) {
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_CheckExact(op1))) {
+        const long b = intval;
+        long x;
+        long a = PyInt_AS_LONG(op1);
+            x = (long)((unsigned long)a + b);
+            if (likely((x^a) >= 0 || (x^b) >= 0))
+                return PyInt_FromLong(x);
+            return PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_add(op1, op2);
+    }
+    #endif
+    #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(op1))) {
+        const long b = intval;
+        long a, x;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        const PY_LONG_LONG llb = intval;
+        PY_LONG_LONG lla, llx;
+#endif
+        const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)op1)->ob_digit;
+        const Py_ssize_t size = Py_SIZE(op1);
+        if (likely(__Pyx_sst_abs(size) <= 1)) {
+            a = likely(size) ? digits[0] : 0;
+            if (size == -1) a = -a;
+        } else {
+            switch (size) {
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = -(PY_LONG_LONG) (((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = (long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = -(PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = (long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = -(PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        a = (long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0]));
+                        break;
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+                    } else if (8 * sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        lla = (PY_LONG_LONG) (((((((((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)digits[0]));
+                        goto long_long;
+#endif
+                    }
+                    CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH;
+                default: return PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_add(op1, op2);
+            }
+        }
+                x = a + b;
+            return PyLong_FromLong(x);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        long_long:
+                llx = lla + llb;
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong(llx);
+#endif
+        
+        
+    }
+    #endif
+    if (PyFloat_CheckExact(op1)) {
+        const long b = intval;
+        double a = PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(op1);
+            double result;
+            PyFPE_START_PROTECT("add", return NULL)
+            result = ((double)a) + (double)b;
+            PyFPE_END_PROTECT(result)
+            return PyFloat_FromDouble(result);
+    }
+    return (inplace ? PyNumber_InPlaceAdd : PyNumber_Add)(op1, op2);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* DictGetItem */
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *d, PyObject* key) {
+    PyObject *value;
+    value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(d, key);
+    if (unlikely(!value)) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_Pack(1, key);
+            if (likely(args))
+                PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, args);
+            Py_XDECREF(args);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict */
+        #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject *__Pyx_RaiseGenericGetAttributeError(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *attr_name) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%U'",
+                 tp->tp_name, attr_name);
+#else
+                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%.400s'",
+                 tp->tp_name, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name));
+#endif
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    PyObject *descr;
+    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (unlikely(!PyString_Check(attr_name))) {
+        return PyObject_GenericGetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+    }
+    assert(!tp->tp_dictoffset);
+    descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, attr_name);
+    if (unlikely(!descr)) {
+        return __Pyx_RaiseGenericGetAttributeError(tp, attr_name);
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(descr);
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_CLASS)))
+    #endif
+    {
+        descrgetfunc f = Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_get;
+        if (unlikely(f)) {
+            PyObject *res = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)tp);
+            Py_DECREF(descr);
+            return res;
+        }
+    }
+    return descr;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttr */
+        #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    if (unlikely(Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dictoffset)) {
+        return PyObject_GenericGetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(obj, attr_name);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* SetVTable */
+        static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0);
+#else
+    PyObject *ob = PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(vtable, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!ob)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, __pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(ob);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(ob);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* SetupReduce */
+        static int __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(PyObject* meth, PyObject* name) {
+  int ret;
+  PyObject *name_attr;
+  name_attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(meth, __pyx_n_s_name);
+  if (likely(name_attr)) {
+      ret = PyObject_RichCompareBool(name_attr, name, Py_EQ);
+  } else {
+      ret = -1;
+  }
+  if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
+      PyErr_Clear();
+      ret = 0;
+  }
+  Py_XDECREF(name_attr);
+  return ret;
+}
+static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    PyObject *object_reduce = NULL;
+    PyObject *object_reduce_ex = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce_ex = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce_cython = NULL;
+    PyObject *setstate = NULL;
+    PyObject *setstate_cython = NULL;
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    if (_PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_n_s_getstate)) goto GOOD;
+#else
+    if (PyObject_HasAttr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_getstate)) goto GOOD;
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    object_reduce_ex = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto BAD;
+#else
+    object_reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto BAD;
+#endif
+    reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (unlikely(!reduce_ex)) goto BAD;
+    if (reduce_ex == object_reduce_ex) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+        object_reduce = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto BAD;
+#else
+        object_reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto BAD;
+#endif
+        reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (unlikely(!reduce)) goto BAD;
+        if (reduce == object_reduce || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(reduce, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython)) {
+            reduce_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(!reduce_cython)) goto BAD;
+            ret = PyDict_SetItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_reduce, reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            ret = PyDict_DelItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            setstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_setstate);
+            if (!setstate) PyErr_Clear();
+            if (!setstate || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(setstate, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython)) {
+                setstate_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(!setstate_cython)) goto BAD;
+                ret = PyDict_SetItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_setstate, setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+                ret = PyDict_DelItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            }
+            PyType_Modified((PyTypeObject*)type_obj);
+        }
+    }
+    goto GOOD;
+BAD:
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred())
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unable to initialize pickling for %s", ((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_name);
+    ret = -1;
+GOOD:
+#if !CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    Py_XDECREF(object_reduce);
+    Py_XDECREF(object_reduce_ex);
+#endif
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce);
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce_ex);
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce_cython);
+    Py_XDECREF(setstate);
+    Py_XDECREF(setstate_cython);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Import */
+        static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level) {
+    PyObject *empty_list = 0;
+    PyObject *module = 0;
+    PyObject *global_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    PyObject *py_import;
+    py_import = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s_import);
+    if (!py_import)
+        goto bad;
+    #endif
+    if (from_list)
+        list = from_list;
+    else {
+        empty_list = PyList_New(0);
+        if (!empty_list)
+            goto bad;
+        list = empty_list;
+    }
+    global_dict = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!global_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    empty_dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (!empty_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        if (level == -1) {
+            if (strchr(__Pyx_MODULE_NAME, '.')) {
+                module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                    name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, 1);
+                if (!module) {
+                    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError))
+                        goto bad;
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+            level = 0;
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!module) {
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            PyObject *py_level = PyInt_FromLong(level);
+            if (!py_level)
+                goto bad;
+            module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, py_level, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(py_level);
+            #else
+            module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, level);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+bad:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(py_import);
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_list);
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
+    return module;
+}
+
+/* ImportFrom */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name) {
+    PyObject* value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, name);
+    if (unlikely(!value) && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            "cannot import name %.230s", PyString_AS_STRING(name));
+        #else
+            "cannot import name %S", name);
+        #endif
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+/* CalculateMetaclass */
+        static PyObject *__Pyx_CalculateMetaclass(PyTypeObject *metaclass, PyObject *bases) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, nbases = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(bases);
+    for (i=0; i < nbases; i++) {
+        PyTypeObject *tmptype;
+        PyObject *tmp = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i);
+        tmptype = Py_TYPE(tmp);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (tmptype == &PyClass_Type)
+            continue;
+#endif
+        if (!metaclass) {
+            metaclass = tmptype;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (PyType_IsSubtype(metaclass, tmptype))
+            continue;
+        if (PyType_IsSubtype(tmptype, metaclass)) {
+            metaclass = tmptype;
+            continue;
+        }
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "metaclass conflict: "
+                        "the metaclass of a derived class "
+                        "must be a (non-strict) subclass "
+                        "of the metaclasses of all its bases");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (!metaclass) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        metaclass = &PyClass_Type;
+#else
+        metaclass = &PyType_Type;
+#endif
+    }
+    Py_INCREF((PyObject*) metaclass);
+    return (PyObject*) metaclass;
+}
+
+/* Py3ClassCreate */
+        static PyObject *__Pyx_Py3MetaclassPrepare(PyObject *metaclass, PyObject *bases, PyObject *name,
+                                           PyObject *qualname, PyObject *mkw, PyObject *modname, PyObject *doc) {
+    PyObject *ns;
+    if (metaclass) {
+        PyObject *prep = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(metaclass, __pyx_n_s_prepare);
+        if (prep) {
+            PyObject *pargs = PyTuple_Pack(2, name, bases);
+            if (unlikely(!pargs)) {
+                Py_DECREF(prep);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+            ns = PyObject_Call(prep, pargs, mkw);
+            Py_DECREF(prep);
+            Py_DECREF(pargs);
+        } else {
+            if (unlikely(!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)))
+                return NULL;
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            ns = PyDict_New();
+        }
+    } else {
+        ns = PyDict_New();
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!ns))
+        return NULL;
+    if (unlikely(PyObject_SetItem(ns, __pyx_n_s_module, modname) < 0)) goto bad;
+    if (unlikely(PyObject_SetItem(ns, __pyx_n_s_qualname, qualname) < 0)) goto bad;
+    if (unlikely(doc && PyObject_SetItem(ns, __pyx_n_s_doc, doc) < 0)) goto bad;
+    return ns;
+bad:
+    Py_DECREF(ns);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Py3ClassCreate(PyObject *metaclass, PyObject *name, PyObject *bases,
+                                      PyObject *dict, PyObject *mkw,
+                                      int calculate_metaclass, int allow_py2_metaclass) {
+    PyObject *result, *margs;
+    PyObject *owned_metaclass = NULL;
+    if (allow_py2_metaclass) {
+        owned_metaclass = PyObject_GetItem(dict, __pyx_n_s_metaclass);
+        if (owned_metaclass) {
+            metaclass = owned_metaclass;
+        } else if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError))) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        } else {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (calculate_metaclass && (!metaclass || PyType_Check(metaclass))) {
+        metaclass = __Pyx_CalculateMetaclass((PyTypeObject*) metaclass, bases);
+        Py_XDECREF(owned_metaclass);
+        if (unlikely(!metaclass))
+            return NULL;
+        owned_metaclass = metaclass;
+    }
+    margs = PyTuple_Pack(3, name, bases, dict);
+    if (unlikely(!margs)) {
+        result = NULL;
+    } else {
+        result = PyObject_Call(metaclass, margs, mkw);
+        Py_DECREF(margs);
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_metaclass);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* GetNameInClass */
+        static PyObject *__Pyx_GetGlobalNameAfterAttributeLookup(PyObject *name) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)))
+        return NULL;
+    __Pyx_PyErr_Clear();
+    return __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(name);
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetNameInClass(PyObject *nmspace, PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(nmspace, name);
+    if (!result) {
+        result = __Pyx_GetGlobalNameAfterAttributeLookup(name);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* CLineInTraceback */
+        #ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line) {
+    PyObject *use_cline;
+    PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject **cython_runtime_dict;
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(!__pyx_cython_runtime)) {
+        return c_line;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    cython_runtime_dict = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(__pyx_cython_runtime);
+    if (likely(cython_runtime_dict)) {
+      use_cline = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(*cython_runtime_dict, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+      PyObject *use_cline_obj = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+      if (use_cline_obj) {
+        use_cline = PyObject_Not(use_cline_obj) ? Py_False : Py_True;
+        Py_DECREF(use_cline_obj);
+      } else {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        use_cline = NULL;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!use_cline) {
+        c_line = 0;
+        PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback, Py_False);
+    }
+    else if (PyObject_Not(use_cline) != 0) {
+        c_line = 0;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
+    return c_line;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache */
+        static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) {
+    int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1;
+    if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) {
+        return count;
+    }
+    while (start < end) {
+        mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
+        if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) {
+            end = mid;
+        } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) {
+             start = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+            return mid;
+        }
+    }
+    if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) {
+        return mid;
+    } else {
+        return mid + 1;
+    }
+}
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int pos;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!__pyx_code_cache.entries)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if (unlikely(pos >= __pyx_code_cache.count) || unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    code_object = __pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_object;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+    return code_object;
+}
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object) {
+    int pos, i;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = __pyx_code_cache.entries;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (likely(entries)) {
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+            __pyx_code_cache.max_count = 64;
+            __pyx_code_cache.count = 1;
+            entries[0].code_line = code_line;
+            entries[0].code_object = code_object;
+            Py_INCREF(code_object);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if ((pos < __pyx_code_cache.count) && unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) {
+        PyCodeObject* tmp = entries[pos].code_object;
+        entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__pyx_code_cache.count == __pyx_code_cache.max_count) {
+        int new_max = __pyx_code_cache.max_count + 64;
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc(
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries, (size_t)new_max*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+        __pyx_code_cache.max_count = new_max;
+    }
+    for (i=__pyx_code_cache.count; i>pos; i--) {
+        entries[i] = entries[i-1];
+    }
+    entries[pos].code_line = code_line;
+    entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+    __pyx_code_cache.count++;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+}
+
+/* AddTraceback */
+        #include "compile.h"
+#include "frameobject.h"
+#include "traceback.h"
+static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            const char *funcname, int c_line,
+            int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(filename);
+    #else
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(filename);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    if (c_line) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+        #endif
+    }
+    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
+    py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes, /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
+        py_line,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+    Py_DECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_DECREF(py_funcname);
+    return py_code;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    if (c_line) {
+        c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line);
+    }
+    py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line);
+    if (!py_code) {
+        py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            funcname, c_line, py_line, filename);
+        if (!py_code) goto bad;
+        __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, py_code);
+    }
+    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
+        tstate,            /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
+        py_code,           /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_d,    /*PyObject *globals,*/
+        0                  /*PyObject *locals*/
+    );
+    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
+    __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(py_frame, py_line);
+    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(int),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_int(unsigned int value) {
+    const unsigned int neg_one = (unsigned int) -1, const_zero = (unsigned int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(unsigned int),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_long(unsigned long value) {
+    const unsigned long neg_one = (unsigned long) -1, const_zero = (unsigned long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(unsigned long),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPyVerify */
+        #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 0)
+#define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 1)
+#define __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, exc)\
+    {\
+        func_type value = func_value;\
+        if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {\
+            if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {\
+                func_type zero = 0;\
+                if (exc && unlikely(value == (func_type)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()))\
+                    return (target_type) -1;\
+                if (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero))\
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;\
+                else\
+                    goto raise_overflow;\
+            }\
+        }\
+        return (target_type) value;\
+    }
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_MDB_dbi(MDB_dbi value) {
+    const MDB_dbi neg_one = (MDB_dbi) -1, const_zero = (MDB_dbi) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(MDB_dbi),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+static PyObject* __pyx_convert__to_py_struct__MDB_stat(struct MDB_stat s) {
+          PyObject* res;
+          PyObject* member;
+          res = __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(6); if (unlikely(!res)) return NULL;
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_int(s.ms_psize); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_psize, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_int(s.ms_depth); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_depth, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(s.ms_branch_pages); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_branch_pages, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(s.ms_leaf_pages); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_leaf_pages, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(s.ms_overflow_pages); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_overflow_pages, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          member = __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(s.ms_entries); if (unlikely(!member)) goto bad;
+          if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(res, __pyx_n_s_ms_entries, member) < 0)) goto bad;
+          Py_DECREF(member);
+          return res;
+          bad:
+          Py_XDECREF(member);
+          Py_DECREF(res);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        /* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(PyObject *x) {
+    const size_t neg_one = (size_t) -1, const_zero = (size_t) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(size_t) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (size_t) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (size_t) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (size_t) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (size_t) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            size_t val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (size_t) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        size_t val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (size_t) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to size_t");
+    return (size_t) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to size_t");
+    return (size_t) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE MDB_dbi __Pyx_PyInt_As_MDB_dbi(PyObject *x) {
+    const MDB_dbi neg_one = (MDB_dbi) -1, const_zero = (MDB_dbi) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (MDB_dbi) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (MDB_dbi) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((((MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((((((MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((((((((MDB_dbi)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (MDB_dbi) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(MDB_dbi, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (MDB_dbi) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((MDB_dbi)-1)*(((((MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) ((((((MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((MDB_dbi)-1)*(((((((MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) ((((((((MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) (((MDB_dbi)-1)*(((((((((MDB_dbi)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(MDB_dbi, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(MDB_dbi) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (MDB_dbi) ((((((((((MDB_dbi)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (MDB_dbi)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(MDB_dbi, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(MDB_dbi, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            MDB_dbi val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (MDB_dbi) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        MDB_dbi val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (MDB_dbi) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_MDB_dbi(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to MDB_dbi");
+    return (MDB_dbi) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to MDB_dbi");
+    return (MDB_dbi) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned int __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_int(PyObject *x) {
+    const unsigned int neg_one = (unsigned int) -1, const_zero = (unsigned int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (unsigned int) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (unsigned int) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((((unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((((((unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((((((((unsigned int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (unsigned int) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (unsigned int) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((unsigned int)-1)*(((((unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) ((((((unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((unsigned int)-1)*(((((((unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) ((((((((unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) (((unsigned int)-1)*(((((((((unsigned int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned int) ((((((((((unsigned int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(unsigned int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            unsigned int val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (unsigned int) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsigned int val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (unsigned int) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_int(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to unsigned int");
+    return (unsigned int) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to unsigned int");
+    return (unsigned int) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE mode_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_mode_t(PyObject *x) {
+    const mode_t neg_one = (mode_t) -1, const_zero = (mode_t) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(mode_t) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (mode_t) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (mode_t) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((((mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((((((mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((((((((mode_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (mode_t) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(mode_t) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(mode_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(mode_t) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(mode_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (mode_t) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((mode_t)-1)*(((((mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) ((((((mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((mode_t)-1)*(((((((mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) ((((((((mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) (((mode_t)-1)*(((((((((mode_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(mode_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(mode_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (mode_t) ((((((((((mode_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (mode_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(mode_t) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(mode_t, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(mode_t) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(mode_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            mode_t val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (mode_t) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        mode_t val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (mode_t) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_mode_t(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to mode_t");
+    return (mode_t) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to mode_t");
+    return (mode_t) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *x) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (int) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (int) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            int val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (int) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        int val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (int) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *x) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (long) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (long) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            long val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (long) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (long) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+}
+
+/* FetchCommonType */
+        static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonType(PyTypeObject* type) {
+    PyObject* fake_module;
+    PyTypeObject* cached_type = NULL;
+    fake_module = PyImport_AddModule((char*) "_cython_" CYTHON_ABI);
+    if (!fake_module) return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(fake_module);
+    cached_type = (PyTypeObject*) PyObject_GetAttrString(fake_module, type->tp_name);
+    if (cached_type) {
+        if (!PyType_Check((PyObject*)cached_type)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "Shared Cython type %.200s is not a type object",
+                type->tp_name);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        if (cached_type->tp_basicsize != type->tp_basicsize) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "Shared Cython type %.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling",
+                type->tp_name);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) goto bad;
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) goto bad;
+        if (PyObject_SetAttrString(fake_module, type->tp_name, (PyObject*) type) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        cached_type = type;
+    }
+done:
+    Py_DECREF(fake_module);
+    return cached_type;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cached_type);
+    cached_type = NULL;
+    goto done;
+}
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethod1 */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg) {
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+#if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    if (likely(PyMethod_Check(method))) {
+        PyObject *self = PyMethod_GET_SELF(method);
+        if (likely(self)) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            PyObject *function = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(method);
+            #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+            if (PyFunction_Check(function)) {
+                PyObject *args[2] = {self, arg};
+                result = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(function, args, 2);
+                goto done;
+            }
+            #endif
+            #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+            if (__Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(function)) {
+                PyObject *args[2] = {self, arg};
+                result = __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(function, args, 2);
+                goto done;
+            }
+            #endif
+            args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            if (unlikely(!args)) goto done;
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, self);
+            Py_INCREF(arg);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 1, arg);
+            Py_INCREF(function);
+            result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(function, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            Py_DECREF(function);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, arg);
+    goto done;
+done:
+    return result;
+}
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg) {
+    PyObject *method, *result;
+    method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, method_name);
+    if (unlikely(!method)) return NULL;
+    result = __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(method, arg);
+    Py_DECREF(method);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* CoroutineBase */
+        #include <structmember.h>
+#include <frameobject.h>
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen) Py_CLEAR((gen)->yieldfrom)
+static int __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate, PyObject **pvalue) {
+    PyObject *et, *ev, *tb;
+    PyObject *value = NULL;
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&et, &ev, &tb);
+    if (!et) {
+        Py_XDECREF(tb);
+        Py_XDECREF(ev);
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        *pvalue = Py_None;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (likely(et == PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+        if (!ev) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300A0
+        else if (Py_TYPE(ev) == (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration) {
+            value = ((PyStopIterationObject *)ev)->value;
+            Py_INCREF(value);
+            Py_DECREF(ev);
+        }
+#endif
+        else if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(ev))) {
+            if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(ev) >= 1) {
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+                value = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(ev, 0);
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+#else
+                value = PySequence_ITEM(ev, 0);
+#endif
+            } else {
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+                value = Py_None;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(ev);
+        }
+        else if (!__Pyx_TypeCheck(ev, (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+            value = ev;
+        }
+        if (likely(value)) {
+            Py_XDECREF(tb);
+            Py_DECREF(et);
+            *pvalue = value;
+            return 0;
+        }
+    } else if (!__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(et, PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(et, ev, tb);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&et, &ev, &tb);
+    if (unlikely(!PyObject_TypeCheck(ev, (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(et, ev, tb);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    Py_DECREF(et);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300A0
+    value = ((PyStopIterationObject *)ev)->value;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    Py_DECREF(ev);
+#else
+    {
+        PyObject* args = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(ev, __pyx_n_s_args);
+        Py_DECREF(ev);
+        if (likely(args)) {
+            value = PySequence_GetItem(args, 0);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+        }
+        if (unlikely(!value)) {
+            __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    *pvalue = value;
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+void __Pyx_Coroutine_ExceptionClear(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self) {
+    PyObject *exc_type = self->exc_type;
+    PyObject *exc_value = self->exc_value;
+    PyObject *exc_traceback = self->exc_traceback;
+    self->exc_type = NULL;
+    self->exc_value = NULL;
+    self->exc_traceback = NULL;
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_traceback);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(CYTHON_UNUSED __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen) {
+    const char *msg;
+    if (0) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check((PyObject*)gen)) {
+        msg = "coroutine already executing";
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact((PyObject*)gen)) {
+        msg = "async generator already executing";
+    #endif
+    } else {
+        msg = "generator already executing";
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, msg);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_NotStartedError(gen)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_NotStartedError(gen), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_NotStartedError(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *gen) {
+    const char *msg;
+    if (0) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(gen)) {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started coroutine";
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen)) {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started async generator";
+    #endif
+    } else {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started generator";
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(gen, value, closing)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(gen, value, closing), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *gen, PyObject *value, CYTHON_UNUSED int closing) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    if (!closing && __Pyx_Coroutine_Check(gen)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "cannot reuse already awaited coroutine");
+    } else
+    #endif
+    if (value) {
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen))
+            PyErr_SetNone(__Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration);
+        else
+        #endif
+        PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
+    }
+}
+static
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value, int closing) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    PyThreadState *tstate;
+    PyObject *retval;
+    assert(!self->is_running);
+    if (unlikely(self->resume_label == 0)) {
+        if (unlikely(value && value != Py_None)) {
+            return __Pyx_Coroutine_NotStartedError((PyObject*)self);
+        }
+    }
+    if (unlikely(self->resume_label == -1)) {
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError((PyObject*)self, value, closing);
+    }
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    tstate = __pyx_tstate;
+#else
+    tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+#endif
+    if (self->exc_type) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+#else
+        if (self->exc_traceback) {
+            PyTracebackObject *tb = (PyTracebackObject *) self->exc_traceback;
+            PyFrameObject *f = tb->tb_frame;
+            Py_XINCREF(tstate->frame);
+            assert(f->f_back == NULL);
+            f->f_back = tstate->frame;
+        }
+#endif
+        __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(&self->exc_type, &self->exc_value,
+                            &self->exc_traceback);
+    } else {
+        __Pyx_Coroutine_ExceptionClear(self);
+        __Pyx_ExceptionSave(&self->exc_type, &self->exc_value, &self->exc_traceback);
+    }
+    self->is_running = 1;
+    retval = self->body((PyObject *) self, tstate, value);
+    self->is_running = 0;
+    return retval;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self) {
+    if (likely(self->exc_traceback)) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+#else
+        PyTracebackObject *tb = (PyTracebackObject *) self->exc_traceback;
+        PyFrameObject *f = tb->tb_frame;
+        Py_CLEAR(f->f_back);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject* gen, PyObject *retval) {
+    if (unlikely(!retval)) {
+        __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+        __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+        if (!__Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyObject *exc = PyExc_StopIteration;
+            #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+            if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen))
+                exc = __Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration;
+            #endif
+            __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc);
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen) {
+    PyObject *ret;
+    PyObject *val = NULL;
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, &val);
+    ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, val, 0);
+    Py_XDECREF(val);
+    return ret;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Send(PyObject *self, PyObject *value) {
+    PyObject *retval;
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject*) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenASend_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_async_gen_asend_send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyGen_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, value == Py_None ? NULL : value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000 && defined(PyCoro_CheckExact) && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyCoro_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, value == Py_None ? NULL : value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        {
+            if (value == Py_None)
+                ret = Py_TYPE(yf)->tp_iternext(yf);
+            else
+                ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(yf, __pyx_n_s_send, value);
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        if (likely(ret)) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+    } else {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, value, 0);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, retval);
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, PyObject *yf) {
+    PyObject *retval = NULL;
+    int err = 0;
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+    if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    if (__Pyx_CoroutineAwait_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_CoroutineAwait_Close((__pyx_CoroutineAwaitObject*)yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenASend_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_async_gen_asend_close(yf, NULL);
+    } else
+    if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenAThrow_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_async_gen_athrow_close(yf, NULL);
+    } else
+    #endif
+    {
+        PyObject *meth;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(yf, __pyx_n_s_close);
+        if (unlikely(!meth)) {
+            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(yf);
+            }
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        } else {
+            retval = PyObject_CallFunction(meth, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(meth);
+            if (!retval)
+                err = -1;
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(retval);
+    return err;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Generator_Next(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject*) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Generator_Next(yf);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyGen_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, NULL);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, Py_None);
+        } else
+        #endif
+            ret = Py_TYPE(yf)->tp_iternext(yf);
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        if (likely(ret)) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, Py_None, 0);
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Close(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject *retval, *raised_exception;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    int err = 0;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        Py_INCREF(yf);
+        err = __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(gen, yf);
+        __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+        Py_DECREF(yf);
+    }
+    if (err == 0)
+        PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_GeneratorExit);
+    retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 1);
+    if (unlikely(retval)) {
+        const char *msg;
+        Py_DECREF(retval);
+        if ((0)) {
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(self)) {
+            msg = "coroutine ignored GeneratorExit";
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03060000
+            msg = "async generator ignored GeneratorExit - might require Python 3.6+ finalisation (PEP 525)";
+#else
+            msg = "async generator ignored GeneratorExit";
+#endif
+        #endif
+        } else {
+            msg = "generator ignored GeneratorExit";
+        }
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, msg);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    raised_exception = PyErr_Occurred();
+    if (likely(!raised_exception || __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(raised_exception, PyExc_GeneratorExit, PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+        if (raised_exception) PyErr_Clear();
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *self, PyObject *typ, PyObject *val, PyObject *tb,
+                                        PyObject *args, int close_on_genexit) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        Py_INCREF(yf);
+        if (__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(typ, PyExc_GeneratorExit) && close_on_genexit) {
+            int err = __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(gen, yf);
+            Py_DECREF(yf);
+            __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+            if (err < 0)
+                return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 0));
+            goto throw_here;
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        if (0
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+            || __Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+            || __Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)
+        #endif
+            ) {
+            ret = __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(yf, typ, val, tb, args, close_on_genexit);
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_CoroutineAwait_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(((__pyx_CoroutineAwaitObject*)yf)->coroutine, typ, val, tb, args, close_on_genexit);
+        #endif
+        } else {
+            PyObject *meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(yf, __pyx_n_s_throw);
+            if (unlikely(!meth)) {
+                Py_DECREF(yf);
+                if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+                    gen->is_running = 0;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                PyErr_Clear();
+                __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+                gen->is_running = 0;
+                goto throw_here;
+            }
+            if (likely(args)) {
+                ret = PyObject_CallObject(meth, args);
+            } else {
+                ret = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(meth, typ, val, tb, NULL);
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(meth);
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        Py_DECREF(yf);
+        if (!ret) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+        }
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, ret);
+    }
+throw_here:
+    __Pyx_Raise(typ, val, tb, NULL);
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 0));
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    PyObject *typ;
+    PyObject *val = NULL;
+    PyObject *tb = NULL;
+    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, (char *)"throw", 1, 3, &typ, &val, &tb))
+        return NULL;
+    return __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(self, typ, val, tb, args, 1);
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_traverse(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(gen->closure);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->classobj);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->yieldfrom);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_type);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_value);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_traceback);
+    return 0;
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->closure);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->classobj);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->yieldfrom);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_type);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_value);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_traceback);
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_CLEAR(((__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)gen)->ag_finalizer);
+    }
+#endif
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_code);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_name);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_qualname);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_modulename);
+    return 0;
+}
+static void __Pyx_Coroutine_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(gen);
+    if (gen->gi_weakreflist != NULL)
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(self);
+    if (gen->resume_label >= 0) {
+        PyObject_GC_Track(self);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1 && CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+        if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(self))
+#else
+        Py_TYPE(gen)->tp_del(self);
+        if (self->ob_refcnt > 0)
+#endif
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+    }
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        /* We have to handle this case for asynchronous generators
+           right here, because this code has to be between UNTRACK
+           and GC_Del. */
+        Py_CLEAR(((__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)self)->ag_finalizer);
+    }
+#endif
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(self);
+    PyObject_GC_Del(gen);
+}
+static void __Pyx_Coroutine_del(PyObject *self) {
+    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    if (gen->resume_label < 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+#if !CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    assert(self->ob_refcnt == 0);
+    self->ob_refcnt = 1;
+#endif
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        __pyx_PyAsyncGenObject *agen = (__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)self;
+        PyObject *finalizer = agen->ag_finalizer;
+        if (finalizer && !agen->ag_closed) {
+            PyObject *res = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(finalizer, self);
+            if (unlikely(!res)) {
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+            } else {
+                Py_DECREF(res);
+            }
+            __Pyx_ErrRestore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(gen->resume_label == 0 && !error_value)) {
+#ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+#ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+    if (!__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(self))
+#endif
+        {
+        PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3  || defined(PyErr_WarnFormat)
+        if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1, "coroutine '%.50S' was never awaited", gen->gi_qualname) < 0))
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+#else
+        {PyObject *msg;
+        char *cmsg;
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        msg = NULL;
+        cmsg = (char*) "coroutine was never awaited";
+        #else
+        char *cname;
+        PyObject *qualname;
+        qualname = gen->gi_qualname;
+        cname = PyString_AS_STRING(qualname);
+        msg = PyString_FromFormat("coroutine '%.50s' was never awaited", cname);
+        if (unlikely(!msg)) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            cmsg = (char*) "coroutine was never awaited";
+        } else {
+            cmsg = PyString_AS_STRING(msg);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, cmsg, 1) < 0))
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+        Py_XDECREF(msg);}
+#endif
+        PyObject_GC_Track(self);
+        }
+#endif
+    } else {
+        PyObject *res = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(self);
+        if (unlikely(!res)) {
+            if (PyErr_Occurred())
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+        } else {
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
+#if !CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    assert(self->ob_refcnt > 0);
+    if (--self->ob_refcnt == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    {
+        Py_ssize_t refcnt = self->ob_refcnt;
+        _Py_NewReference(self);
+        self->ob_refcnt = refcnt;
+    }
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    assert(PyType_IS_GC(self->ob_type) &&
+           _Py_AS_GC(self)->gc.gc_refs != _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED);
+    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+#endif
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_frees;
+    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_allocs;
+#endif
+#endif
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_Coroutine_get_name(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *name = self->gi_name;
+    if (unlikely(!name)) name = Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(name);
+    return name;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_Coroutine_set_name(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__name__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = self->gi_name;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    self->gi_name = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_Coroutine_get_qualname(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *name = self->gi_qualname;
+    if (unlikely(!name)) name = Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(name);
+    return name;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_Coroutine_set_qualname(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__qualname__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = self->gi_qualname;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    self->gi_qualname = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_New(
+            PyTypeObject* type, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = PyObject_GC_New(__pyx_CoroutineObject, type);
+    if (unlikely(!gen))
+        return NULL;
+    return __Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(gen, body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name);
+}
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(
+            __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name) {
+    gen->body = body;
+    gen->closure = closure;
+    Py_XINCREF(closure);
+    gen->is_running = 0;
+    gen->resume_label = 0;
+    gen->classobj = NULL;
+    gen->yieldfrom = NULL;
+    gen->exc_type = NULL;
+    gen->exc_value = NULL;
+    gen->exc_traceback = NULL;
+    gen->gi_weakreflist = NULL;
+    Py_XINCREF(qualname);
+    gen->gi_qualname = qualname;
+    Py_XINCREF(name);
+    gen->gi_name = name;
+    Py_XINCREF(module_name);
+    gen->gi_modulename = module_name;
+    Py_XINCREF(code);
+    gen->gi_code = code;
+    PyObject_GC_Track(gen);
+    return gen;
+}
+
+/* PatchModuleWithCoroutine */
+            static PyObject* __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(PyObject* module, const char* py_code) {
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+    int result;
+    PyObject *globals, *result_obj;
+    globals = PyDict_New();  if (unlikely(!globals)) goto ignore;
+    result = PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_cython_coroutine_type",
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        (PyObject*)__pyx_CoroutineType);
+    #else
+        Py_None);
+    #endif
+    if (unlikely(result < 0)) goto ignore;
+    result = PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_cython_generator_type",
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        (PyObject*)__pyx_GeneratorType);
+    #else
+        Py_None);
+    #endif
+    if (unlikely(result < 0)) goto ignore;
+    if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_module", module) < 0)) goto ignore;
+    if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "__builtins__", __pyx_b) < 0)) goto ignore;
+    result_obj = PyRun_String(py_code, Py_file_input, globals, globals);
+    if (unlikely(!result_obj)) goto ignore;
+    Py_DECREF(result_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(globals);
+    return module;
+ignore:
+    Py_XDECREF(globals);
+    PyErr_WriteUnraisable(module);
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "Cython module failed to patch module with custom type", 1) < 0)) {
+        Py_DECREF(module);
+        module = NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    py_code++;
+#endif
+    return module;
+}
+
+/* PatchGeneratorABC */
+            #ifndef CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS
+#define CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS 1
+#endif
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+static PyObject* __Pyx_patch_abc_module(PyObject *module);
+static PyObject* __Pyx_patch_abc_module(PyObject *module) {
+    module = __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(
+        module, ""
+"if _cython_generator_type is not None:\n"
+"    try: Generator = _module.Generator\n"
+"    except AttributeError: pass\n"
+"    else: Generator.register(_cython_generator_type)\n"
+"if _cython_coroutine_type is not None:\n"
+"    try: Coroutine = _module.Coroutine\n"
+"    except AttributeError: pass\n"
+"    else: Coroutine.register(_cython_coroutine_type)\n"
+    );
+    return module;
+}
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_patch_abc(void) {
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+    static int abc_patched = 0;
+    if (CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS && !abc_patched) {
+        PyObject *module;
+        module = PyImport_ImportModule((PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) ? "collections.abc" : "collections");
+        if (!module) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(NULL);
+            if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning,
+                    ((PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) ?
+                        "Cython module failed to register with collections.abc module" :
+                        "Cython module failed to register with collections module"), 1) < 0)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            module = __Pyx_patch_abc_module(module);
+            abc_patched = 1;
+            if (unlikely(!module))
+                return -1;
+            Py_DECREF(module);
+        }
+        module = PyImport_ImportModule("backports_abc");
+        if (module) {
+            module = __Pyx_patch_abc_module(module);
+            Py_XDECREF(module);
+        }
+        if (!module) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    if ((0)) __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Generator */
+            static PyMethodDef __pyx_Generator_methods[] = {
+    {"send", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Send, METH_O,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("send(arg) -> send 'arg' into generator,\nreturn next yielded value or raise StopIteration.")},
+    {"throw", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Throw, METH_VARARGS,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("throw(typ[,val[,tb]]) -> raise exception in generator,\nreturn next yielded value or raise StopIteration.")},
+    {"close", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Close, METH_NOARGS,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("close() -> raise GeneratorExit inside generator.")},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyMemberDef __pyx_Generator_memberlist[] = {
+    {(char *) "gi_running", T_BOOL, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, is_running), READONLY, NULL},
+    {(char*) "gi_yieldfrom", T_OBJECT, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, yieldfrom), READONLY,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("object being iterated by 'yield from', or None")},
+    {(char*) "gi_code", T_OBJECT, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, gi_code), READONLY, NULL},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyGetSetDef __pyx_Generator_getsets[] = {
+    {(char *) "__name__", (getter)__Pyx_Coroutine_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_Coroutine_set_name,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("name of the generator"), 0},
+    {(char *) "__qualname__", (getter)__Pyx_Coroutine_get_qualname, (setter)__Pyx_Coroutine_set_qualname,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("qualified name of the generator"), 0},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_GeneratorType_type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+    "generator",
+    sizeof(__pyx_CoroutineObject),
+    0,
+    (destructor) __Pyx_Coroutine_dealloc,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE,
+    0,
+    (traverseproc) __Pyx_Coroutine_traverse,
+    0,
+    0,
+    offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, gi_weakreflist),
+    0,
+    (iternextfunc) __Pyx_Generator_Next,
+    __pyx_Generator_methods,
+    __pyx_Generator_memberlist,
+    __pyx_Generator_getsets,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    0,
+#else
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_del,
+#endif
+    0,
+#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_del,
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+    0,
+#endif
+};
+static int __pyx_Generator_init(void) {
+    __pyx_GeneratorType_type.tp_getattro = __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict;
+    __pyx_GeneratorType_type.tp_iter = PyObject_SelfIter;
+    __pyx_GeneratorType = __Pyx_FetchCommonType(&__pyx_GeneratorType_type);
+    if (unlikely(!__pyx_GeneratorType)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion */
+            static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void) {
+    char ctversion[4], rtversion[4];
+    PyOS_snprintf(ctversion, 4, "%d.%d", PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION);
+    PyOS_snprintf(rtversion, 4, "%s", Py_GetVersion());
+    if (ctversion[0] != rtversion[0] || ctversion[2] != rtversion[2]) {
+        char message[200];
+        PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message),
+                      "compiletime version %s of module '%.100s' "
+                      "does not match runtime version %s",
+                      ctversion, __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, rtversion);
+        return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* VoidPtrExport */
+            static int __Pyx_ExportVoidPtr(PyObject *name, void *p, const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    d = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_pyx_capi);
+    Py_XINCREF(d);
+    if (!d) {
+        d = PyDict_New();
+        if (!d)
+            goto bad;
+        if (__Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s_pyx_capi, d) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    cobj = PyCapsule_New(p, sig, 0);
+#else
+    cobj = PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(p, (void *)sig, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!cobj)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(d, name, cobj) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(cobj);
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cobj);
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* FunctionExport */
+            static int __Pyx_ExportFunction(const char *name, void (*f)(void), const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d = 0;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    union {
+        void (*fp)(void);
+        void *p;
+    } tmp;
+    d = PyObject_GetAttrString(__pyx_m, (char *)"__pyx_capi__");
+    if (!d) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        d = PyDict_New();
+        if (!d)
+            goto bad;
+        Py_INCREF(d);
+        if (PyModule_AddObject(__pyx_m, (char *)"__pyx_capi__", d) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    tmp.fp = f;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    cobj = PyCapsule_New(tmp.p, sig, 0);
+#else
+    cobj = PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(tmp.p, (void *)sig, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!cobj)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, name, cobj) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(cobj);
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cobj);
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* InitStrings */
+            static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
+    while (t->p) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (t->is_unicode) {
+            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
+        } else if (t->intern) {
+            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #else
+        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
+            if (t->intern) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
+            } else if (t->encoding) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
+            } else {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!*t->p)
+            return -1;
+        if (PyObject_Hash(*t->p) == -1)
+            return -1;
+        ++t;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char* c_str) {
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, (Py_ssize_t)strlen(c_str));
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) {
+    Py_ssize_t ignore;
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore);
+}
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+#if !CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+static const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    char* defenc_c;
+    PyObject* defenc = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(o, NULL);
+    if (!defenc) return NULL;
+    defenc_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(defenc);
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    {
+        char* end = defenc_c + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+        char* c;
+        for (c = defenc_c; c < end; c++) {
+            if ((unsigned char) (*c) >= 128) {
+                PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    *length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+    return defenc_c;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1)) return NULL;
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o))) {
+        *length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o);
+        return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o);
+    } else {
+        PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+            __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii &&
+#endif
+            PyUnicode_Check(o)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(o, length);
+    } else
+#endif
+#if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY) || (defined(PyByteArray_AS_STRING) && defined(PyByteArray_GET_SIZE))
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) {
+        *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o);
+        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        char* result;
+        int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length);
+        if (unlikely(r < 0)) {
+            return NULL;
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) {
+   int is_true = x == Py_True;
+   if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true;
+   else return PyObject_IsTrue(x);
+}
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(PyObject* result, const char* type_name) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (PyLong_Check(result)) {
+        if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1,
+                "__int__ returned non-int (type %.200s).  "
+                "The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int "
+                "is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name)) {
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "__%.4s__ returned non-%.4s (type %.200s)",
+                 type_name, type_name, Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  PyNumberMethods *m;
+#endif
+  const char *name = NULL;
+  PyObject *res = NULL;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x)))
+#else
+  if (likely(PyLong_Check(x)))
+#endif
+    return __Pyx_NewRef(x);
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number;
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  else if (m && m->nb_long) {
+    name = "long";
+    res = m->nb_long(x);
+  }
+  #else
+  if (likely(m && m->nb_int)) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(x) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(x)) {
+    res = PyNumber_Int(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(res)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (unlikely(!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(!PyLong_CheckExact(res))) {
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(res, name);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "an integer is required");
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) {
+  Py_ssize_t ival;
+  PyObject *x;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_CheckExact(b))) {
+    if (sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(long))
+        return PyInt_AS_LONG(b);
+    else
+        return PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) {
+    #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)b)->ob_digit;
+    const Py_ssize_t size = Py_SIZE(b);
+    if (likely(__Pyx_sst_abs(size) <= 1)) {
+        ival = likely(size) ? digits[0] : 0;
+        if (size == -1) ival = -ival;
+        return ival;
+    } else {
+      switch (size) {
+         case 2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+      }
+    }
+    #endif
+    return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b);
+  }
+  x = PyNumber_Index(b);
+  if (!x) return -1;
+  ival = PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return ival;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b) {
+  return b ? __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True) : __Pyx_NewRef(Py_False);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t ival) {
+    return PyInt_FromSize_t(ival);
+}
+
+
+#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */

lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+from lakesuperior.cy_include cimport cylmdb as lmdb
+
+cdef:
+    int rc
+    size_t i
+
+    lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+    lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+
+    void _check(int rc, str message=*) except *
+
+
+cdef class BaseLmdbStore:
+    cdef:
+        readonly bint is_txn_open
+        public bint _open
+        unsigned int _readers
+        readonly str env_path
+        lmdb.MDB_dbi *dbis
+        lmdb.MDB_env *dbenv
+        lmdb.MDB_txn *txn
+        lmdb.MDB_cursor **curs
+
+        void _clear_stale_readers(self) except *
+        void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *
+        void _init_dbis(self, create=*) except *
+        void _txn_begin(self, write=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=*) except *
+        void _txn_commit(self) except *
+        void _txn_abort(self) except *
+        inline bint _key_exists(
+            self, unsigned char *key, unsigned char klen,
+            unsigned char *dblabel=*) except -1
+
+        size_t _txn_id(self) except -1
+        lmdb.MDB_cursor *_cur_open(
+                self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*) except *
+
+        lmdb.MDB_dbi get_dbi(
+                self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*)
+
+        void _put(
+                self, unsigned char *key, size_t key_size, unsigned char *data,
+                size_t data_size, unsigned char *dblabel=*,
+                lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*, unsigned int flags=*) except *
+
+        void _get_data(
+                self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen, lmdb.MDB_val *rv,
+                unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+
+        void _delete(
+                self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen,
+                unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+
+        dict _stats(self)
+        #int _reader_list_callback(self, const unsigned char *msg, void *str_)
+
+    cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=*) except *
+    cpdef void destroy(self, _path=*) except *
+    #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+    #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+    cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=*)
+    cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=*)
+    cpdef int txn_id(self)
+    #cpdef str reader_list(self)

lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.py

@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-import hashlib
-
-from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
-from contextlib import contextmanager
-from os import makedirs, path
-
-import lmdb
-
-from lakesuperior import env
-
-
-class BaseLmdbStore(metaclass=ABCMeta):
-    """
-    Generic LMDB store abstract class.
-
-    This class contains convenience method to create an LMDB store for any
-    purpose and provides some convenience methods to wrap cursors and
-    transactions into contexts.
-
-    This interface can be subclassed for specific storage back ends. It is
-    *not* used for :py:class:`~lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store.LmdbStore`
-    which has a more complex lifecycle and setup.
-
-    Example usage::
-
-        >>> class MyStore(BaseLmdbStore):
-        ...     path = '/base/store/path'
-        ...     db_labels = ('db1', 'db2')
-        ...
-        >>> ms = MyStore()
-        >>> # "with" wraps the operation in a transaction.
-        >>> with ms.cur(index='db1', write=True):
-        ...     cur.put(b'key1', b'val1')
-        True
-
-    """
-
-    path = None
-    """
-    Filesystem path where the database environment is stored.
-
-    This is a mandatory value for implementations.
-
-    :rtype: str
-    """
-
-    db_labels = None
-    """
-    List of databases in the DB environment by label.
-
-    If the environment has only one database, do not override this value (i.e.
-    leave it to ``None``).
-
-    :rtype: tuple(str)
-    """
-
-
-    options = {}
-    """
-    LMDB environment option overrides. Setting this is not required.
-
-    See `LMDB documentation
-    <http://lmdb.readthedocs.io/en/release/#environment-class`_ for details
-    on available options.
-
-    Default values are available for the following options:
-
-    - ``map_size``: 1 Gib
-    - ``max_dbs``: dependent on the number of DBs defined in
-      :py:meth:``db_labels``. Only override if necessary.
-    - ``max_spare_txns``: dependent on the number of threads, if accessed via
-      WSGI, or ``1`` otherwise. Only override if necessary.
-
-    :rtype: dict
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, create=True):
-        """
-        Initialize DB environment and databases.
-        """
-        if not path.exists(self.path) and create is True:
-            try:
-                makedirs(self.path)
-            except Exception as e:
-                raise IOError(
-                    'Could not create the database at {}. Error: {}'.format(
-                        self.path, e))
-
-        options = self.options
-
-        if not options.get('max_dbs'):
-            options['max_dbs'] = len(self.db_labels)
-
-        if options.get('max_spare_txns', False):
-            options['max_spare_txns'] = (
-                    env.wsgi_options['workers']
-                    if getattr(env, 'wsgi_options', False)
-                    else 1)
-            logger.info('Max LMDB readers: {}'.format(
-                    options['max_spare_txns']))
-
-        self._dbenv = lmdb.open(self.path, **options)
-
-        if self.db_labels is not None:
-            self._dbs = {
-                label: self._dbenv.open_db(
-                    label.encode('ascii'), create=create)
-                for label in self.db_labels}
-
-
-    @property
-    def dbenv(self):
-        """
-        LMDB environment handler.
-
-        :rtype: :py:class:`lmdb.Environment`
-        """
-        return self._dbenv
-
-
-    @property
-    def dbs(self):
-        """
-        List of databases in the environment, as LMDB handles.
-
-        These handles can be used to begin transactions.
-
-        :rtype: tuple
-        """
-        return self._dbs
-
-
-    @contextmanager
-    def txn(self, write=False):
-        """
-        Transaction context manager.
-
-        :param bool write: Whether a write transaction is to be opened.
-
-        :rtype: lmdb.Transaction
-        """
-        try:
-            txn = self.dbenv.begin(write=write)
-            yield txn
-            txn.commit()
-        except:
-            txn.abort()
-            raise
-        finally:
-            txn = None
-
-
-    @contextmanager
-    def cur(self, index=None, txn=None, write=False):
-        """
-        Handle a cursor on a database by its index as a context manager.
-
-        An existing transaction can be used, otherwise a new one will be
-        automatically opened and closed within the cursor context.
-
-        :param str index: The database index. If not specified, a cursor is
-            opened for the main database environment.
-        :param lmdb.Transaction txn: Existing transaction to use. If not
-            specified, a new transaction will be opened.
-        :param bool write: Whether a write transaction is to be opened. Only
-            meaningful if ``txn`` is ``None``.
-
-        :rtype: lmdb.Cursor
-        """
-        db = None if index is None else self.dbs[index]
-
-        if txn is None:
-            with self.txn(write=write) as _txn:
-                cur = _txn.cursor(db)
-                yield cur
-                cur.close()
-        else:
-            try:
-                cur = txn.cursor(db)
-                yield cur
-            finally:
-                if cur:
-                    cur.close()
-                    cur = None

lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,713 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import threading
+import multiprocessing
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from os import makedirs, path
+from shutil import rmtree
+
+from lakesuperior import env, wsgi
+
+from lakesuperior.cy_include cimport cylmdb as lmdb
+
+from libc cimport errno
+from cpython.mem cimport PyMem_Malloc, PyMem_Realloc, PyMem_Free
+from cython.parallel import parallel, prange
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+cdef void _check(int rc, str message='') except *:
+    """
+    Check return code.
+    """
+    if rc == lmdb.MDB_NOTFOUND:
+        raise KeyNotFoundError()
+    if rc == lmdb.MDB_KEYEXIST:
+        raise KeyExistsError()
+    if rc != lmdb.MDB_SUCCESS:
+        out_msg = (
+                message + '\nInternal error ({}): '.format(rc)
+                if len(message) else 'LMDB Error ({}): '.format(rc))
+        out_msg += lmdb.mdb_strerror(rc).decode()
+        raise LmdbError(out_msg)
+
+
+class LmdbError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class KeyNotFoundError(LmdbError):
+    pass
+
+class KeyExistsError(LmdbError):
+    pass
+
+
+
+cdef class BaseLmdbStore:
+    """
+    Generic LMDB store abstract class.
+
+    This class contains convenience method to create an LMDB store for any
+    purpose and provides some convenience methods to wrap cursors and
+    transactions into contexts.
+
+    Example usage::
+
+        >>> class MyStore(BaseLmdbStore):
+        ...     path = '/base/store/path'
+        ...     dbi_flags = ('db1', 'db2')
+        ...
+        >>> ms = MyStore()
+        >>> # "with" wraps the operation in a transaction.
+        >>> with ms.cur(index='db1', write=True):
+        ...     cur.put(b'key1', b'val1')
+        True
+
+    """
+
+    dbi_labels = []
+    dbi_flags = {}
+    """
+    Configuration of databases in the environment.
+
+    This is an OderedDict whose keys are the database labels and whose values
+    are LMDB flags for creating and opening the databases as per
+    `http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb.html#gac08cad5b096925642ca359a6d6f0562a`_
+    .
+
+    If the environment has only one database, do not override this value (i.e.
+    leave it to ``None``).
+
+    :rtype: dict or None
+    """
+
+    env_flags = 0
+    """
+    LMDB environment flags.
+
+    See `mdb_env_open
+    <http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb.html#ga32a193c6bf4d7d5c5d579e71f22e9340>`_
+    """
+
+    env_perms = 0o640
+    """
+    The UNIX permissions to set on created environment files and semaphores.
+
+    See `mdb_env_open
+    <http://www.lmdb.tech/doc/group__mdb.html#ga32a193c6bf4d7d5c5d579e71f22e9340>`_
+    """
+
+    options = {}
+    """
+    LMDB environment option overrides. Setting this is not required.
+
+    See `LMDB documentation
+    <http://lmdb.readthedocs.io/en/release/#environment-class`>_ for details
+    on available options.
+
+    Default values are available for the following options:
+
+    - ``map_size``: 1 Gib
+    - ``max_dbs``: dependent on the number of DBs defined in
+      :py:meth:``dbi_flags``. Only override if necessary.
+    - ``max_spare_txns``: dependent on the number of threads, if accessed via
+      WSGI, or ``1`` otherwise. Only override if necessary.
+
+    :rtype: dict
+    """
+
+    readers_mult = 4
+    """
+    Number to multiply WSGI workers by to set the numer of LMDB reader slots.
+    """
+
+    ### INIT & TEARDOWN ###
+
+    def __init__(self, env_path, open_env=True, create=True):
+        """
+        Initialize DB environment and databases.
+
+        :param str env_path: The file path of the store.
+        :param bool open: Whether to open the store immediately. If ``False``
+            the store can be manually opened with :py:meth:`opn_env`.
+        :param bool create: Whether the file and directory structure should
+            be created if the store is opened immediately.
+        """
+        self._open = False
+        self.is_txn_open = False
+        self.env_path = env_path
+        if open_env:
+            self.open_env(create)
+        #logger.info('Init DB with path: {}'.format(self.env_path))
+
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        self.close_env()
+
+
+    @property
+    def is_open(self):
+        return self._open
+
+
+    @property
+    def readers(self):
+        return self._readers
+
+
+    def open_env(self, create):
+        """
+        Open, and optionally create, store environment.
+        """
+        if self.is_open:
+            logger.warning('Environment already open.')
+            return
+
+        logger.debug('Opening environment at {}.'.format(self.env_path))
+        if create:
+            #logger.info('Creating db env at {}'.format(self.env_path))
+            parent_path = (
+                    path.dirname(self.env_path)
+                    if lmdb.MDB_NOSUBDIR & self.flags
+                    else self.env_path)
+
+            if not path.exists(parent_path):
+                #logger.info(
+                #        'Creating store directory at {}'.format(parent_path))
+                try:
+                    makedirs(parent_path, mode=0o750, exist_ok=True)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    raise LmdbError(
+                        'Could not create store at {}. Error: {}'.format(
+                            self.env_path, e))
+
+        # Create environment handle.
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_env_create(&self.dbenv),
+                'Error creating DB environment handle: {}')
+        logger.debug('Created DBenv @ {:x}'.format(<unsigned long>self.dbenv))
+
+        # Set map size.
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_env_set_mapsize(self.dbenv, self.options.get(
+                    'map_size', 1024 ** 3)),
+                'Error setting map size: {}')
+
+        # Set max databases.
+        max_dbs = self.options.get('max_dbs', len(self.dbi_labels))
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_env_set_maxdbs(self.dbenv, max_dbs),
+                'Error setting max. databases: {}')
+
+        # Set max readers.
+        self._readers = self.options.get(
+                'max_spare_txns', wsgi.workers * self.readers_mult)
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_env_set_maxreaders(self.dbenv, self._readers),
+                'Error setting max. readers: {}')
+        logger.debug('Max. readers: {}'.format(self._readers))
+
+        # Clear stale readers.
+        self._clear_stale_readers()
+
+        # Open DB environment.
+        logger.debug('DBenv address: {:x}'.format(<unsigned long>self.dbenv))
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_env_open(
+                    self.dbenv, self.env_path.encode(),
+                    self.env_flags, self.env_perms),
+                f'Error opening the database environment: {self.env_path}.')
+
+        self._init_dbis(create)
+        self._open = True
+
+
+    cdef void _clear_stale_readers(self) except *:
+        """
+        Clear stale readers.
+        """
+        cdef int stale_readers
+
+        _check(lmdb.mdb_reader_check(self.dbenv, &stale_readers))
+        if stale_readers > 0:
+            logger.debug('Cleared {} stale readers.'.format(stale_readers))
+
+
+    cdef void _init_dbis(self, create=True) except *:
+        """
+        Initialize databases and cursors.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t i
+            lmdb.MDB_txn *txn
+            lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+
+        # At least one slot (for environments without a database)
+        self.dbis = <lmdb.MDB_dbi *>PyMem_Malloc(
+                max(len(self.dbi_labels), 1) * sizeof(lmdb.MDB_dbi))
+        if not self.dbis:
+            raise MemoryError()
+
+        # DBIs seem to start from 2. We want to map cursor pointers in the
+        # array to DBIs, so we need an extra slot.
+        self.curs = <lmdb.MDB_cursor **>PyMem_Malloc(
+                (len(self.dbi_labels) + 2) * sizeof(lmdb.MDB_cursor*))
+        if not self.curs:
+            raise MemoryError()
+
+        create_flag = lmdb.MDB_CREATE if create is True else 0
+        txn_flags = 0 if create else lmdb.MDB_RDONLY
+        rc = lmdb.mdb_txn_begin(self.dbenv, NULL, txn_flags, &txn)
+        logger.info(f'Creating DBs.')
+        try:
+            if len(self.dbi_labels):
+                for i, dblabel in enumerate(self.dbi_labels):
+                    flags = self.dbi_flags.get(dblabel, 0) | create_flag
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_dbi_open(
+                            txn, dblabel.encode(), flags, self.dbis + i))
+                    dbi = self.dbis[i]
+                    logger.info(f'Created DB {dblabel}: {dbi}')
+                    # Open and close cursor to initialize the memory slot.
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_open(
+                        txn, dbi, self.curs + dbi))
+                    #lmdb.mdb_cursor_close(self.curs[dbi])
+            else:
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_dbi_open(txn, NULL, 0, self.dbis))
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_open(txn, self.dbis[0], self.curs))
+                #lmdb.mdb_cursor_close(self.curs[self.dbis[0]])
+
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_commit(txn))
+        except:
+            lmdb.mdb_txn_abort(txn)
+            raise
+
+
+    cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=False) except *:
+        logger.debug('Cleaning up store env.')
+        if self.is_open:
+            logger.debug('Closing store env.')
+            if self.is_txn_open is True:
+                if commit_pending_transaction:
+                    self._txn_commit()
+                else:
+                    self._txn_abort()
+
+            self._clear_stale_readers()
+
+            PyMem_Free(self.dbis)
+            PyMem_Free(self.curs)
+            lmdb.mdb_env_close(self.dbenv)
+
+        self._open = False
+
+
+    cpdef void destroy(self, _path='') except *:
+        """
+        Destroy the store.
+
+        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIVq7FJnPwg
+
+        :param str _path: unused. Left for RDFLib API compatibility. (actually
+            quite dangerous if it were used: it could turn into a
+            general-purpose recursive file and folder delete method!)
+        """
+        if path.exists(self.env_path):
+            if lmdb.MDB_NOSUBDIR & self.flags:
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(self.env_path)
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(self.env_path + '-lock')
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    pass
+            else:
+                rmtree(self.env_path)
+
+
+    ### PYTHON-ACCESSIBLE METHODS ###
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def txn_ctx(self, write=False):
+        """
+        Transaction context manager.
+
+        :param bool write: Whether a write transaction is to be opened.
+
+        :rtype: lmdb.Transaction
+        """
+        if not self.is_open:
+            raise LmdbError('Store is not open.')
+
+        if self.is_txn_open:
+            logger.debug(
+                    'Transaction is already active. Not opening another one.')
+            #logger.debug('before yield')
+            yield
+            #logger.debug('after yield')
+        else:
+            #logger.debug('Beginning {} transaction.'.format(
+            #    'RW' if write else 'RO'))
+            try:
+                self._txn_begin(write=write)
+                self.is_txn_rw = write
+                #logger.debug('In txn_ctx, before yield')
+                yield
+                #logger.debug('In txn_ctx, after yield')
+                self._txn_commit()
+                #logger.debug('after _txn_commit')
+            except:
+                self._txn_abort()
+                raise
+
+
+    def begin(self, write=False):
+        """
+        Begin a transaction manually if not already in a txn context.
+
+        The :py:meth:`txn_ctx` context manager should be used whenever
+            possible rather than this method.
+        """
+        if not self.is_open:
+            raise RuntimeError('Store must be opened first.')
+        #logger.debug('Beginning a {} transaction.'.format(
+        #    'read/write' if write else 'read-only'))
+
+        self._txn_begin(write=write)
+
+
+    def commit(self):
+        """Commit main transaction."""
+        #logger.debug('Committing transaction.')
+        self._txn_commit()
+
+
+    def abort(self):
+        """Abort main transaction."""
+        #logger.debug('Rolling back transaction.')
+        self._txn_abort()
+
+
+    def rollback(self):
+        """Alias for :py:meth:`abort`"""
+        self.abort()
+
+
+    def key_exists(self, key, dblabel='', new_txn=True):
+        """
+        Return whether a key exists in a database (Python-facing method).
+
+        Wrap in a new transaction. Only use this if a transaction has not been
+        opened.
+        """
+        if new_txn is True:
+            with self.txn_ctx():
+                return self._key_exists(
+                        key, len(key), dblabel=dblabel.encode())
+        else:
+            return self._key_exists(key, len(key), dblabel=dblabel.encode())
+
+
+    cdef inline bint _key_exists(
+            self, unsigned char *key, unsigned char klen,
+            unsigned char *dblabel=b'') except -1:
+        """
+        Return whether a key exists in a database.
+
+        To be used within an existing transaction.
+        """
+        cdef lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+
+        key_v.mv_data = key
+        key_v.mv_size = klen
+        #logger.debug(
+        #        'Checking if key {} with size {} exists...'.format(key, klen))
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_get(
+                self.txn, self.get_dbi(dblabel), &key_v, &data_v))
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            #logger.debug('...no.')
+            return False
+        #logger.debug('...yes.')
+        return True
+
+
+    def put(self, key, data, dblabel='', flags=0):
+        """
+        Put one key/value pair (Python-facing method).
+        """
+        self._put(
+                key, len(key), data, len(data), dblabel=dblabel.encode(),
+                txn=self.txn, flags=flags)
+
+
+    cdef void _put(
+            self, unsigned char *key, size_t key_size, unsigned char *data,
+            size_t data_size, unsigned char *dblabel='',
+            lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=NULL, unsigned int flags=0) except *:
+        """
+        Put one key/value pair.
+        """
+        if txn is NULL:
+            txn = self.txn
+
+        key_v.mv_data = key
+        key_v.mv_size = key_size
+        data_v.mv_data = data
+        data_v.mv_size = data_size
+
+        #logger.debug('Putting: {}, {} into DB {}'.format(key[: key_size],
+        #    data[: data_size], dblabel))
+        rc = lmdb.mdb_put(txn, self.get_dbi(dblabel), &key_v, &data_v, flags)
+        _check(rc, 'Error putting data: {}, {}'.format(
+                key[: key_size], data[: data_size]))
+
+
+    cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=''):
+        """
+        Get a single value (non-dup) for a key (Python-facing method).
+        """
+        cdef lmdb.MDB_val rv
+        try:
+            self._get_data(key, len(key), &rv, dblabel=dblabel.encode())
+
+            return (<unsigned char *>rv.mv_data)[: rv.mv_size]
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            return None
+
+
+    cdef void _get_data(
+            self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen, lmdb.MDB_val *rv,
+            unsigned char *dblabel='') except *:
+        """
+        Get a single value (non-dup) for a key.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char *ret
+
+        key_v.mv_data = key
+        key_v.mv_size = len(key)
+
+        _check(
+            lmdb.mdb_get(self.txn, self.get_dbi(dblabel), &key_v, rv),
+            'Error getting data for key \'{}\'.'.format(key.decode()))
+
+
+    def delete(self, key, dblabel=''):
+        """
+        Delete one single value by key. Python-facing method.
+        """
+        self._delete(key, len(key), dblabel.encode())
+
+
+    cdef void _delete(
+            self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen,
+            unsigned char *dblabel=b'') except *:
+        """
+        Delete one single value by key from a non-dup database.
+
+        TODO Allow deleting duplicate keys.
+        """
+        key_v.mv_data = key
+        key_v.mv_size = klen
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_del(self.txn, self.get_dbi(dblabel), &key_v, NULL))
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+
+    cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=True):
+        """Gather statistics about the database."""
+        return self._stats()
+
+
+    cdef dict _stats(self):
+        """
+        Gather statistics about the database.
+
+        Cython-only, non-transaction-aware method.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            lmdb.MDB_stat stat
+            size_t entries
+
+        lmdb.mdb_env_stat(self.dbenv, &stat)
+        env_stats = <dict>stat
+
+        db_stats = {}
+        for i, dblabel in enumerate(self.dbi_labels):
+            _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_stat(self.txn, self.dbis[i], &stat),
+                'Error getting datbase stats: {}')
+            entries = stat.ms_entries
+            db_stats[dblabel.encode()] = <dict>stat
+
+        return {
+            'env_stats': env_stats,
+            'env_size': os.stat(self.env_path).st_size,
+            'db_stats': {
+                db_label: db_stats[db_label.encode()]
+                for db_label in self.dbi_labels
+            },
+        }
+
+
+    # UNFINISHED
+    #cdef int _reader_list_callback(self, const unsigned char *msg, void *ctx):
+    #    """
+    #    Callback for reader info function.
+
+    #    Example from py-lmdb:
+    #    static int env_readers_callback(const char *msg, void *str_)
+    #    {
+    #        PyObject **str = str_;
+    #        PyObject *s = PyUnicode_FromString(msg);
+    #        PyObject *new;
+    #        if(! s) {
+    #            return -1;
+    #        }
+    #        new = PyUnicode_Concat(*str, s);
+    #        Py_CLEAR(*str);
+    #        *str = new;
+    #        if(! new) {
+    #            return -1;
+    #        }
+    #        return 0;
+    #    }
+    #    """
+    #    cdef:
+    #        unicode str = ctx[0].decode('utf-8')
+    #        unicode s = msg.decode('utf-8')
+    #    if not len(s):
+    #        return -1
+    #    str += s
+    #    logger.info('message: {}'.format(msg))
+    #    if not len(str):
+    #        return -1
+    #    ctx = &str
+
+
+    #cpdef str reader_list(self):
+    #    """
+    #    Information about the reader lock table.
+    #    """
+    #    cdef unsigned char *ctx
+    #    lmdb.mdb_reader_list(self.dbenv, <lmdb.MDB_msg_func *>self._reader_list_callback, &ctx)
+    #    logger.info('Reader info: {}'.format(ctx))
+
+    #    return (ctx).decode('ascii')
+
+
+    ### CYTHON METHODS ###
+
+    cdef void _txn_begin(self, write=True, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=NULL) except *:
+        if not self.is_open:
+            raise LmdbError('Store is not open.')
+
+        cdef:
+            unsigned int flags
+
+        flags = 0 if write else lmdb.MDB_RDONLY
+
+        logger.debug('Opening {} transaction in PID {}, thread {}'.format(
+            'RW' if write else 'RO',
+            multiprocessing.current_process().pid,
+            threading.currentThread().getName()))
+        #logger.debug('Readers: {}'.format(self.reader_list()))
+        rc = lmdb.mdb_txn_begin(self.dbenv, parent, flags, &self.txn)
+        _check(rc, 'Error opening transaction.')
+        logger.debug('Opened transaction @ {:x}'.format(<unsigned long>self.txn))
+
+        self.is_txn_open = True
+        self.is_txn_rw = write
+        logger.debug('txn is open: {}'.format(self.is_txn_open))
+
+
+    cdef void _txn_commit(self) except *:
+        txid = '{:x}'.format(<unsigned long>self.txn)
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_commit(self.txn))
+            logger.debug('Transaction @ {} committed.'.format(txid))
+            self.is_txn_open = False
+            self.is_txn_rw = False
+        except:
+            self._txn_abort()
+            raise
+
+
+    cdef void _txn_abort(self) except *:
+        txid = '{:x}'.format(<unsigned long>self.txn)
+        lmdb.mdb_txn_abort(self.txn)
+        self.is_txn_open = False
+        self.is_txn_rw = False
+        logger.info('Transaction @ {} aborted.'.format(txid))
+
+
+    cpdef int txn_id(self):
+        return self._txn_id()
+
+
+    cdef size_t _txn_id(self) except -1:
+        return lmdb.mdb_txn_id(self.txn)
+
+
+    cdef lmdb.MDB_dbi get_dbi(
+            self, unsigned char *dblabel=NULL, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=NULL):
+        """
+        Return a DB handle by database name.
+        """
+        cdef size_t dbidx
+
+        if txn is NULL:
+            txn = self.txn
+
+        if dblabel is NULL:
+            logger.debug('Getting DBI without label.')
+        dbidx = (
+                0 if dblabel is NULL
+                else self.dbi_labels.index(dblabel.decode()))
+        #logger.debug(
+        #        f'Got DBI {self.dbis[dbidx]} with label {dblabel} '
+        #        f'and index #{dbidx}')
+
+        return self.dbis[dbidx]
+
+
+    cdef lmdb.MDB_cursor *_cur_open(
+            self, unsigned char *dblabel=NULL, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=NULL) except *:
+        cdef:
+            lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+
+        if txn is NULL:
+            txn = self.txn
+
+        dbi = self.get_dbi(dblabel, txn=txn)
+
+        logger.debug(f'Opening cursor for DB {dblabel} (DBI {dbi})...')
+        #try:
+        #    # FIXME Either reuse the cursor, if it works, or remove this code.
+        #    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_renew(txn, self.curs[dbi]))
+        #    logger.debug(f'Repurposed existing cursor for DBI {dbi}.')
+        #except LmdbError as e:
+        #    _check(
+        #            lmdb.mdb_cursor_open(txn, dbi, self.curs + dbi),
+        #            f'Error opening cursor: {dblabel}')
+        #    logger.debug(f'Created brand new cursor for DBI {dbi}.')
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_cursor_open(txn, dbi, self.curs + dbi),
+                f'Error opening cursor: {dblabel}')
+        logger.debug('...opened @ {:x}.'.format(<unsigned long>self.curs[dbi]))
+
+        return self.curs[dbi]
+
+
+    cdef void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *:
+        """Close a cursor."""
+        #logger.info('Closing cursor @ {:x} for DBI {}...'.format(
+        #    <unsigned long>cur, lmdb.mdb_cursor_dbi(cur) ))
+        lmdb.mdb_cursor_close(cur)
+        #logger.info('...closed.')
+

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_store.py

@@ -4,142 +4,20 @@ import os
 
 from contextlib import ContextDecorator, ExitStack
 from os import makedirs
-from os.path import exists, abspath
-from shutil import rmtree
+from os.path import abspath
 from urllib.request import pathname2url
 
-import lmdb
-
 from rdflib import Graph, Namespace, URIRef, Variable
 from rdflib.graph import DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID as RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
 from rdflib.store import Store, VALID_STORE, NO_STORE
 
 from lakesuperior import env
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import LmdbTriplestore
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-def s2b(u, enc='UTF-8'):
-    """
-    Convert a string into a bytes object.
-    """
-    return u.encode(enc)
-
-
-def b2s(u, enc='UTF-8'):
-    """
-    Convert a bytes or memoryview object into a string.
-    """
-    return bytes(u).decode(enc)
-
-
-class TxnManager(ContextDecorator):
-    """
-    Handle ACID transactions with an LmdbStore.
-
-    Wrap this within a ``with`` statement::
-
-        >>> with TxnManager(store, True):
-        ...     # Do something with the database
-        >>>
-
-    The transaction will be opened and handled automatically.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, store, write=False):
-        """
-        Begin and close a transaction in a store.
-
-        :param LmdbStore store: The store to open a transaction on.
-        :param bool write: Whether the transaction is read-write. Default is
-            ``False`` (read-only transaction).
-        """
-        self.store = store
-        self.write = write
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        # Only open a R/W transaction if one is not already open.
-        if not self.write or not self.store.is_txn_rw:
-            self.store.begin(write=self.write)
-
-    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-        if exc_type:
-            self.store.rollback()
-        else:
-            self.store.commit()
-
-
-
-class LexicalSequence:
-    """
-    Fixed-length lexicographically ordered byte sequence.
-
-    Useful to generate optimized sequences of keys in LMDB.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, start=1, max_len=5):
-        """
-        Create a new lexical sequence.
-
-        :param bytes start: Starting byte value. Bytes below this value are
-            never found in this sequence. This is useful to allot special bytes
-            to be used e.g. as separators.
-        :param int max_len: Maximum number of bytes that a byte string can
-            contain. This should be chosen carefully since the number of all
-            possible key combinations is determined by this value and the
-            ``start`` value. The default args provide 255**5 (~1 Tn) unique
-            combinations.
-        """
-        self.start = start
-        self.length = max_len
-
-
-    def first(self):
-        """First possible combination."""
-        return bytearray([self.start] * self.length)
-
-
-    def next(self, n):
-        """
-        Calculate the next closest byte sequence in lexicographical order.
-
-        This is used to fill the next available slot after the last one in
-        LMDB. Keys are byte strings, which is a convenient way to keep key
-        lengths as small as possible when they are referenced in several
-        indices.
-
-        This function assumes that all the keys are padded with the `start`
-        value up to the `max_len` length.
-
-        :param bytes n: Current byte sequence to add to.
-        """
-        if not n:
-            n = self.first()
-        elif isinstance(n, bytes) or isinstance(n, memoryview):
-            n = bytearray(n)
-        elif not isinstance(n, bytearray):
-            raise ValueError('Input sequence must be bytes or a bytearray.')
-
-        if not len(n) == self.length:
-            raise ValueError('Incorrect sequence length.')
-
-        for i, b in list(enumerate(n))[::-1]:
-            try:
-                n[i] += 1
-            # If the value exceeds 255, i.e. the current value is the last one
-            except ValueError:
-                if i == 0:
-                    raise RuntimeError('BAD DAY: Sequence exhausted. No more '
-                            'combinations are possible.')
-                # Move one position up and try to increment that.
-                else:
-                    n[i] = self.start
-                    continue
-            else:
-                return bytes(n)
-
-
-
-class LmdbStore(Store):
+class LmdbStore(LmdbTriplestore, Store):
     """
     LMDB-backed store.
 
@@ -185,104 +63,11 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
     graph_aware = True
     transaction_aware = True
 
-    MAP_SIZE = 1024 ** 4 # 1Tb
-    """
-    LMDB map size. See http://lmdb.readthedocs.io/en/release/#environment-class
-    """
-
-    TERM_HASH_ALGO = 'sha1'
-    """
-    Term hashing algorithm. SHA1 is the default.
-    """
-
-    KEY_LENGTH = 5
-    """
-    Fixed length for term keys.
-
-    4 or 5 is a safe range. 4 allows for ~4 billion (256 ** 4) unique terms
-    in the store. 5 allows ~1 trillion terms. While these numbers may seem
-    huge (the total number of Internet pages indexed by Google as of 2018 is 45
-    billions), it must be reminded that the keys cannot be reused, so a
-    repository that deletes a lot of triples may burn through a lot of terms.
 
-    If a repository runs ot of keys it can no longer store new terms and must
-    be migrated to a new database, which will regenerate and compact the keys.
-
-    For smaller repositories it should be safe to set this value to 4, which
-    could improve performance since keys make up the vast majority of record
-    exchange between the store and the application. However it is sensible not
-    to expose this value as a configuration option.
-    """
-
-    KEY_START = 1
-    """
-    Lexical sequence start. ``\\x01`` is fine since no special characters are
-    used, but it's good to leave a spare for potential future use.
-    """
-
-    data_keys = (
-        # Term key to serialized term content: 1:1
-        't:st',
-        # Joined triple keys to context key: 1:m, fixed-length values
-        'spo:c',
-        # This has empty values and is used to keep track of empty contexts.
-        'c:',
-        # Prefix to namespace: 1:1
-        'pfx:ns',
-    )
-    idx_keys = (
-        # Namespace to prefix: 1:1
-        'ns:pfx',
-        # Term hash to triple key: 1:1
-        'th:t',
-        # Lookups: 1:m, fixed-length values
-        's:po', 'p:so', 'o:sp', 'c:spo',
-    )
-
-    _lookup_rank = ('s', 'o', 'p')
-    """
-    Order in which keys are looked up if two terms are bound.
-    The indices with the smallest average number of values per key should be
-    looked up first.
-
-    If we want to get fancy, this can be rebalanced from time to time by
-    looking up the number of keys in (s:po, p:so, o:sp).
-    """
-
-    _lookup_ordering = {
-        's:po': (0, 1, 2),
-        'p:so': (1, 0, 2),
-        'o:sp': (2, 0, 1),
-    }
-    """
-    Order of terms in the lookup indices. Used to rebuild a triple from lookup.
-    """
-
-    data_env = None
-    idx_env = None
-    db = None
-    dbs = {}
-    data_txn = None
-    idx_txn = None
-    is_txn_rw = None
-
-
-    def __init__(self, path, identifier=None):
-        self.path = path
-        self.__open = False
+    def __init__(self, path, identifier=None, create=True):
+        LmdbTriplestore.__init__(self, path, open_env=True, create=create)
 
         self.identifier = identifier or URIRef(pathname2url(abspath(path)))
-        super().__init__(path)
-
-        self._pickle = self.node_pickler.dumps
-        self._unpickle = self.node_pickler.loads
-
-        self._key_seq = LexicalSequence(self.KEY_START, self.KEY_LENGTH)
-
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        """Properly close store for garbage collection."""
-        self.close(True)
 
 
     def __len__(self, context=None):
@@ -294,132 +79,29 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
         """
         context = self._normalize_context(context)
 
-        if context is not None:
-            #dataset = self.triples((None, None, None), context)
-            with self.cur('c:spo') as cur:
-                if cur.set_key(self._to_key(context)):
-                    return sum(1 for _ in cur.iternext_dup())
-                else:
-                    return 0
-        else:
-            return self.data_txn.stat(self.dbs['spo:c'])['entries']
+        return self._len(context)
 
 
-    @property
-    def is_open(self):
-        return self.__open
-
+    # RDFLib DB management API
 
     def open(self, configuration=None, create=True):
         """
-        Open the database.
-
-        The database is best left open for the lifespan of the server. Read
-        transactions can be opened as needed. Write transaction should be
-        opened and closed within a single HTTP request to ensure atomicity of
-        the request.
-
-        This method is called outside of the main transaction. All cursors
-        are created separately within the transaction.
-        """
-        self._init_db_environments(create)
-        if self.data_env == NO_STORE:
-            return NO_STORE
-        self.__open = True
-
-        return VALID_STORE
-
+        Open the store environment.
 
-    def begin(self, write=False):
-        """
-        Begin the main write transaction and create cursors.
+        :param str configuration: If not specified on init, indicate the path
+            to use for the store.
+        :param bool create: Create the file and folder structure for the
+            store environment.
         """
         if not self.is_open:
-            raise RuntimeError('Store must be opened first.')
-        logger.debug('Beginning a {} transaction.'.format(
-            'read/write' if write else 'read-only'))
-
-        self.data_txn = self.data_env.begin(buffers=True, write=write)
-        self.idx_txn = self.idx_env.begin(buffers=True, write=write)
-
-        self.is_txn_rw = write
-
-
-    def stats(self):
-        """Gather statistics about the database."""
-        stats = {
-            'data_db_stats': {
-                db_label: self.data_txn.stat(self.dbs[db_label])
-                for db_label in self.data_keys},
-
-            'idx_db_stats': {
-                db_label: self.idx_txn.stat(self.dbs[db_label])
-                for db_label in self.idx_keys},
-
-            'data_db_size': os.stat(self.data_env.path()).st_size,
-            'idx_db_size': os.stat(self.idx_env.path()).st_size,
-            'num_triples': len(self),
-        }
-
-        return stats
-
-
-    @property
-    def is_txn_open(self):
-        """Whether the main transaction is open."""
-        try:
-            self.data_txn.id()
-            self.idx_txn.id()
-        except (lmdb.Error, AttributeError) as e:
-            #logger.info('Main transaction does not exist or is closed.')
-            return False
-        else:
-            #logger.info('Main transaction is open.')
-            return True
-
-
-    def cur(self, index):
-        """Return a new cursor by its index."""
-        if index in self.idx_keys:
-            txn = self.idx_txn
-            src = self.idx_keys
-        elif index in self.data_keys:
-            txn = self.data_txn
-            src = self.data_keys
-        else:
-            return ValueError('Cursor key not found.')
-
-        return txn.cursor(self.dbs[index])
-
-
-    def get_data_cursors(self, txn):
-        """
-        Build the main data cursors for a transaction.
-
-        :param lmdb.Transaction txn: This can be a read or write transaction.
-
-        :rtype: dict(string, lmdb.Cursor)
-        :return: Keys are index labels, values are index cursors.
-        """
-        return {
-            'tk:t': txn.cursor(self.dbs['tk:t']),
-            'tk:c': txn.cursor(self.dbs['tk:c']),
-            'pfx:ns': txn.cursor(self.dbs['pfx:ns']),
-        }
-
-
-    def get_idx_cursors(self, txn):
-        """
-        Build the index cursors for a transaction.
-
-        :param lmdb.Transaction txn: This can be a read or write transaction.
+            #logger.debug('Store is not open.')
+            try:
+                self.open_env(create)
+            except:
+                return NO_STORE
+            self._open = True
 
-        :rtype: dict(string, lmdb.Cursor)
-        :return: dict of index labels, index cursors.
-        """
-        return {
-            key: txn.cursor(self.dbs[key])
-            for key in self.idx_keys}
+        return VALID_STORE
 
 
     def close(self, commit_pending_transaction=False):
@@ -428,194 +110,27 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
 
         Do this at server shutdown.
         """
-        self.__open = False
-        if self.is_txn_open:
-            if commit_pending_transaction:
-                self.commit()
-            else:
-                self.rollback()
-
-        self.data_env.close()
-        self.idx_env.close()
-
-
-    def destroy(self, path):
-        """
-        Destroy the store.
+        self.close_env(commit_pending_transaction)
 
-        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIVq7FJnPwg
-
-        :param str path: Path of the folder containing the database(s).
-        """
-        if exists(path):
-            rmtree(path)
-
-
-    def add(self, triple, context=None, quoted=False):
-        """
-        Add a triple and start indexing.
-
-        :param tuple(rdflib.Identifier) triple: Tuple of three identifiers.
-        :param context: Context identifier. ``None`` inserts in the default
-            graph.
-        :type context: rdflib.Identifier or None
-        :param bool quoted: Not used.
-        """
-        context = self._normalize_context(context)
-        if context is None:
-            context = RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
-
-        Store.add(self, triple, context)
-
-        #logger.info('Adding triple: {}'.format(triple))
-        pk_trp = self._pickle(triple)
-
-        pk_s, pk_p, pk_o = [self._pickle(t) for t in triple]
-        #logger.debug('Adding quad: {} {}'.format(triple, context))
-        pk_c = self._pickle(context)
-
-        # Add new individual terms or gather keys for existing ones.
-        keys = [None] * 4
-        with self.cur('th:t') as icur:
-            for i, pk_t in enumerate((pk_s, pk_p, pk_o, pk_c)):
-                thash = self._hash(pk_t)
-                if icur.set_key(thash):
-                    keys[i] = bytes(icur.value())
-                else:
-                    # Put new term.
-                    with self.cur('t:st') as dcur:
-                        keys[i] = self._append(dcur, (pk_t,))[0]
-                    # Index.
-                    icur.put(thash, keys[i])
-
-        # Add context in context DB.
-        ck = keys[3]
-        with self.cur('c:') as cur:
-            if not cur.set_key(ck):
-                cur.put(ck, b'')
-
-        # Add triple:context association.
-        spok = b''.join(keys[:3])
-        with self.cur('spo:c') as dcur:
-            if not dcur.set_key_dup(spok, ck):
-                dcur.put(spok, ck)
-        # Index spo:c association.
-        with self.cur('c:spo') as icur:
-            icur.put(ck, spok)
-
-        self._index_triple('add', spok)
 
+    # RDFLib triple methods.
 
     def remove(self, triple_pattern, context=None):
         """
         Remove triples by a pattern.
 
-        :param tuple:rdflib.term.Identifier|None triple_pattern: 3-tuple of
-        either RDF terms or None, indicating the triple(s) to be removed.
-        None is used as a wildcard.
+        :param tuple triple_pattern: 3-tuple of
+            either RDF terms or None, indicating the triple(s) to be removed.
+            ``None`` is used as a wildcard.
         :param context: Context to remove the triples from. If None (the
-        default) the matching triples are removed from all contexts.
+            default) the matching triples are removed from all contexts.
         :type context: rdflib.term.Identifier or None
         """
         #logger.debug('Removing triples by pattern: {} on context: {}'.format(
         #    triple_pattern, context))
         context = self._normalize_context(context)
-        if context is not None:
-            ck = self._to_key(context)
-            # If context is specified but not found, return to avoid deleting
-            # the wrong triples.
-            if not ck:
-                return
-        else:
-            ck = None
-
-        with self.cur('spo:c') as dcur:
-            with self.cur('c:spo') as icur:
-                match_set = {bytes(k) for k in self._triple_keys(
-                        triple_pattern, context)}
-                # Delete context association.
-                if ck:
-                    for spok in match_set:
-                        if dcur.set_key_dup(spok, ck):
-                            dcur.delete()
-                            if icur.set_key_dup(ck, spok):
-                                icur.delete()
-                            self._index_triple('remove', spok)
-                # If no context is specified, remove all associations.
-                else:
-                    for spok in match_set:
-                        if dcur.set_key(spok):
-                            for cck in (bytes(k) for k in dcur.iternext_dup()):
-                                # Delete index first while we have the
-                                # context reference.
-                                if icur.set_key_dup(cck, spok):
-                                    icur.delete()
-                            # Then delete the main entry.
-                            dcur.set_key(spok)
-                            dcur.delete(dupdata=True)
-                            self._index_triple('remove', spok)
-
-
-    def triples(self, triple_pattern, context=None):
-        """
-        Generator over matching triples.
-
-        :param tuple triple_pattern: 3 RDFLib terms
-        :param context: Context graph, if available.
-        :type context: rdflib.Graph or None
-
-        :rtype: Iterator
-        :return: Generator over triples and contexts in which each result has
-            the following format::
-
-                (s, p, o), generator(contexts)
-
-        Where the contexts generator lists all context that the triple appears
-        in.
-        """
-        #logger.debug('Getting triples for pattern: {} and context: {}'.format(
-        #    triple_pattern, context))
-        # This sounds strange, RDFLib should be passing None at this point,
-        # but anyway...
-        context = self._normalize_context(context)
-
-        with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
-            for spok in self._triple_keys(triple_pattern, context):
-                if context is not None:
-                    contexts = (Graph(identifier=context),)
-                else:
-                    if cur.set_key(spok):
-                        contexts = tuple(
-                            Graph(identifier=self._from_key(ck)[0], store=self)
-                            for ck in cur.iternext_dup())
-
-                #print('Found triples: {} In contexts: {}'.format(
-                #    self._from_key(spok), contexts))
-                yield self._from_key(spok), contexts
-
-
-    def all_terms(self, term_type):
-        """
-        Return all terms of a type (``s``, ``p``, or ``o``) in the store.
-
-        :param str term_type: one of ``s``, ``p`` or ``o``.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.term.Identifier)
-        :return: Iterator of all terms.
-        :raise ValueError: if the term type is not one of the expected values.
-        """
-        if term_type == 's':
-            idx_label = 's:po'
-        elif term_type == 'p':
-            idx_label = 'p:so'
-        elif term_type == 'o':
-            idx_label = 'o:sp'
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('Term type must be \'s\', \'p\' or \'o\'.')
 
-        with self.cur(idx_label) as cur:
-            for key in cur.iternext_nodup():
-                yield self._from_key(key)[0]
+        self._remove(triple_pattern, context)
 
 
     def bind(self, prefix, namespace):
@@ -625,20 +140,16 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
         :param str prefix: Namespace prefix.
         :param rdflib.URIRef namespace: Fully qualified URI of namespace.
         """
-        prefix = s2b(prefix)
-        namespace = s2b(namespace)
+        prefix = prefix.encode()
+        namespace = namespace.encode()
         if self.is_txn_rw:
-            with self.data_txn.cursor(self.dbs['pfx:ns']) as cur:
-                cur.put(prefix, namespace)
-            with self.idx_txn.cursor(self.dbs['ns:pfx']) as cur:
-                cur.put(namespace, prefix)
+            self.put(prefix, namespace, 'pfx:ns')
+            self.put(namespace, prefix, 'ns:pfx')
         else:
-            with self.data_env.begin(write=True) as wtxn:
-                with wtxn.cursor(self.dbs['pfx:ns']) as cur:
-                    cur.put(prefix, namespace)
-            with self.idx_env.begin(write=True) as wtxn:
-                with wtxn.cursor(self.dbs['ns:pfx']) as cur:
-                    cur.put(namespace, prefix)
+            #logger.debug('Opening RW transaction.')
+            with self.txn_ctx(write=True) as wtxn:
+                self.put(prefix, namespace, 'pfx:ns')
+                self.put(namespace, prefix, 'ns:pfx')
 
 
     def namespace(self, prefix):
@@ -646,9 +157,9 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
         Get the namespace for a prefix.
         :param str prefix: Namespace prefix.
         """
-        with self.cur('pfx:ns') as cur:
-            ns = cur.get(s2b(prefix))
-            return Namespace(b2s(ns)) if ns is not None else None
+        ns = self.get_data(prefix.encode(), 'pfx:ns')
+
+        return Namespace(ns.decode()) if ns is not None else None
 
 
     def prefix(self, namespace):
@@ -662,9 +173,9 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
 
         :rtype: str or None
         """
-        with self.cur('ns:pfx') as cur:
-            prefix = cur.get(s2b(namespace))
-            return b2s(prefix) if prefix is not None else None
+        prefix = self.get_data(str(namespace).encode(), 'ns:pfx')
+
+        return prefix.decode() if prefix is not None else None
 
 
     def namespaces(self):
@@ -672,71 +183,8 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
 
         :rtype: Iterator(tuple(str, rdflib.Namespace))
         """
-        with self.cur('pfx:ns') as cur:
-            for pfx, ns in iter(cur):
-                yield (b2s(pfx), Namespace(b2s(ns)))
-
-
-    def contexts(self, triple=None):
-        """
-        Get a list of all contexts.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.Graph)
-        """
-        if triple and any(triple):
-            with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
-                if cur.set_key(self._to_key(triple)):
-                    for ctx_uri in cur.iternext_dup():
-                        yield Graph(
-                            identifier=self._from_key(ctx_uri)[0], store=self)
-        else:
-            with self.cur('c:') as cur:
-                for ctx_uri in cur.iternext(values=False):
-                    yield Graph(
-                            identifier=self._from_key(ctx_uri)[0], store=self)
-
-
-    def add_graph(self, graph):
-        """
-        Add a graph to the database.
-
-        This creates an empty graph by associating the graph URI with the
-        pickled `None` value. This prevents from removing the graph when all
-        triples are removed.
-
-        This may be called by read-only operations:
-        https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/blob/master/rdflib/graph.py#L1623
-        Therefore it needs to open a write transaction. This is not ideal
-        but the only way to handle datasets in RDFLib.
-
-        :param rdflib.URIRef graph: URI of the named graph to add.
-        """
-        if isinstance(graph, Graph):
-            graph = graph.identifier
-        pk_c = self._pickle(graph)
-        c_hash = self._hash(pk_c)
-        with self.cur('th:t') as cur:
-            c_exists = cur.set_key(c_hash)
-        if not c_exists:
-            # Insert context term if not existing.
-            if self.is_txn_rw:
-                # Use existing R/W transaction.
-                with self.cur('t:st') as cur:
-                    ck = self._append(cur, (pk_c,))[0]
-                with self.cur('th:t') as cur:
-                    cur.put(c_hash, ck)
-                with self.cur('c:') as cur:
-                    cur.put(ck, b'')
-            else:
-                # Open new R/W transactions.
-                with self.data_env.begin(write=True) as wtxn:
-                    with wtxn.cursor(self.dbs['t:st']) as cur:
-                        ck = self._append(cur, (pk_c,))[0]
-                    with wtxn.cursor(self.dbs['c:']) as cur:
-                        cur.put(ck, b'')
-                with self.idx_env.begin(write=True) as wtxn:
-                    with wtxn.cursor(self.dbs['th:t']) as cur:
-                        cur.put(c_hash, ck)
+        for pfx, ns in self.all_namespaces():
+            yield (pfx, Namespace(ns))
 
 
     def remove_graph(self, graph):
@@ -747,228 +195,11 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
         """
         if isinstance(graph, Graph):
             graph = graph.identifier
-        self.remove((None, None, None), graph)
-
-        with self.cur('c:') as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(self._to_key(graph)):
-                cur.delete()
-
-
-    def commit(self):
-        """Commit main transaction."""
-        logger.debug('Committing transaction.')
-        try:
-            self.data_txn.commit()
-        except (AttributeError, lmdb.Error):
-            pass
-        try:
-            self.idx_txn.commit()
-        except (AttributeError, lmdb.Error):
-            pass
-        self.is_txn_rw = None
-
-
-    def rollback(self):
-        """Roll back main transaction."""
-        logger.debug('Rolling back transaction.')
-        try:
-            self.data_txn.abort()
-        except (AttributeError, lmdb.Error):
-            pass
-        try:
-            self.idx_txn.abort()
-        except (AttributeError, lmdb.Error):
-            pass
-        self.is_txn_rw = None
+        self._remove_graph(graph)
 
 
     ## PRIVATE METHODS ##
 
-    def _triple_keys(self, triple_pattern, context=None):
-        """
-        Generator over matching triple keys.
-
-        This method is used by `triples` which returns native Python tuples,
-        as well as by other methods that need to iterate and filter triple
-        keys without incurring in the overhead of converting them to triples.
-
-        :param tuple triple_pattern: 3 RDFLib terms
-        :param context: Context graph or URI, or None.
-        :type context: rdflib.term.Identifier or None
-        """
-        if context == self:
-            context = None
-
-        if context is not None:
-            pk_c = self._pickle(context)
-            ck = self._to_key(context)
-
-            # Shortcuts
-            if not ck:
-                # Context not found.
-                return iter(())
-
-            with self.cur('c:spo') as cur:
-                # s p o c
-                if all(triple_pattern):
-                    spok = self._to_key(triple_pattern)
-                    if not spok:
-                        # A term in the triple is not found.
-                        return iter(())
-                    if cur.set_key_dup(ck, spok):
-                        yield spok
-                        return
-                    else:
-                        # Triple not found.
-                        return iter(())
-
-                # ? ? ? c
-                elif not any(triple_pattern):
-                    # Get all triples from the context
-                    if cur.set_key(ck):
-                        for spok in cur.iternext_dup():
-                            yield spok
-                    else:
-                        return iter(())
-
-                # Regular lookup.
-                else:
-                    yield from (
-                            spok for spok in self._lookup(triple_pattern)
-                            if cur.set_key_dup(ck, spok))
-        else:
-            yield from self._lookup(triple_pattern)
-
-
-    def _init_db_environments(self, create=True):
-        """
-        Initialize the DB environment.
-
-        The main database is kept in one file, the indices in a separate one
-        (these may be even further split up depending on performance
-        considerations).
-
-        :param bool create: If True, the environment and its databases are
-        created.
-        """
-        path = self.path
-        if not exists(path):
-            if create is True:
-                makedirs(path)
-            else:
-                return NO_STORE
-
-        if getattr(env, 'wsgi_options', False):
-            self._workers = env.wsgi_options['workers']
-        else:
-            self._workers = 1
-        logger.info('Max LMDB readers: {}'.format(self._workers))
-
-        self.data_env = lmdb.open(
-                path + '/main', subdir=False, create=create,
-                map_size=self.MAP_SIZE, max_dbs=4,
-                max_spare_txns=self._workers, readahead=False)
-        self.idx_env = lmdb.open(
-                path + '/index', subdir=False, create=create,
-                map_size=self.MAP_SIZE, max_dbs=6,
-                max_spare_txns=self._workers, readahead=False)
-
-        # Clear stale readers.
-        data_stale_readers = self.data_env.reader_check()
-        idx_stale_readers = self.idx_env.reader_check()
-        logger.debug(
-                'Cleared data stale readers: {}'.format(data_stale_readers))
-        logger.debug(
-                'Cleared index stale readers: {}'.format(idx_stale_readers))
-
-        # Open and optionally create main databases.
-        self.dbs = {
-            # Main databases.
-            't:st': self.data_env.open_db(b't:st', create=create),
-            'spo:c': self.data_env.open_db(
-                    b'spo:c', create=create, dupsort=True, dupfixed=True),
-            'c:': self.data_env.open_db(b'c:', create=create),
-            'pfx:ns': self.data_env.open_db(b'pfx:ns', create=create),
-            # One-off indices.
-            'ns:pfx': self.idx_env.open_db(b'ns:pfx', create=create),
-            'th:t': self.idx_env.open_db(b'th:t', create=create),
-        }
-        # Other index databases.
-        for db_key in self.idx_keys:
-            if db_key not in ('ns:pfx', 'th:t'):
-                self.dbs[db_key] = self.idx_env.open_db(s2b(db_key),
-                        dupsort=True, dupfixed=True, create=create)
-
-
-    def _from_key(self, key):
-        """
-        Convert a key into one or more terms.
-
-        :param key: The key to be converted. It can be a
-        :type key: bytes or memoryview
-        compound one in which case the function will return multiple terms.
-
-        :rtype: tuple(rdflib.term.Identifier)
-        :return: The term(s) associated with the key(s). The result is always
-        a tuple even for single results.
-        """
-        with self.cur('t:st') as cur:
-            return tuple(
-                   self._unpickle(cur.get(k))
-                   for k in self._split_key(key))
-
-
-    def _to_key(self, obj):
-        """
-        Convert a triple, quad or term into a key.
-
-        The key is the checksum of the pickled object, therefore unique for
-        that object. The hashing algorithm is specified in `TERM_HASH_ALGO`.
-
-        :param Object obj: Anything that can be reduced to terms stored in the
-        database. Pairs of terms, as well as triples and quads, are expressed
-        as tuples.
-
-        If more than one term is provided, the keys are concatenated.
-
-        :rtype: memoryview or None
-        :return: Keys stored for the term(s) or None if not found.
-        """
-        if not isinstance(obj, list) and not isinstance(obj, tuple):
-            obj = (obj,)
-        key = []
-        with self.cur('th:t') as cur:
-            for term in obj:
-                tk = cur.get(self._hash(self._pickle(term)))
-                if not tk:
-                    # If any of the terms is not found, return None immediately
-                    return None
-                key.append(tk)
-
-        return b''.join(key)
-
-
-    def _hash(self, s):
-        """Get the hash value of a serialized object."""
-        return hashlib.new(self.TERM_HASH_ALGO, s).digest()
-
-
-    def _split_key(self, keys):
-        """
-        Split a compound key into individual keys.
-
-        This method relies on the fixed length of all term keys.
-
-        :param keys: Concatenated keys.
-        :type keys: bytes or memoryview
-
-        :rtype: tuple(memoryview)
-        """
-        return tuple(
-                keys[i:i+self.KEY_LENGTH]
-                for i in range(0, len(keys), self.KEY_LENGTH))
-
-
     def _normalize_context(self, context):
         """
         Normalize a context parameter to conform to the model expectations.
@@ -986,236 +217,38 @@ class LmdbStore(Store):
         return context
 
 
-    def _lookup(self, triple_pattern):
-        """
-        Look up triples in the indices based on a triple pattern.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator
-        :return: Matching triple keys.
-        """
-        s, p, o = triple_pattern
-
-        if s is not None:
-            if p is not None:
-                # s p o
-                if o is not None:
-                    with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
-                        tkey = self._to_key(triple_pattern)
-                        if tkey:
-                            yield tkey
-                            return
-                        else:
-                            return iter(())
-                # s p ?
-                else:
-                    yield from self._lookup_2bound({'s': s, 'p': p})
-            else:
-                # s ? o
-                if o is not None:
-                    yield from self._lookup_2bound({'s': s, 'o': o})
-                # s ? ?
-                else:
-                    yield from self._lookup_1bound('s:po', s)
-        else:
-            if p is not None:
-                # ? p o
-                if o is not None:
-                    yield from self._lookup_2bound({'p': p, 'o': o})
-                # ? p ?
-                else:
-                    yield from self._lookup_1bound('p:so', p)
-            else:
-                # ? ? o
-                if o is not None:
-                    yield from self._lookup_1bound('o:sp', o)
-                # ? ? ?
-                else:
-                    # Get all triples in the database.
-                    with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
-                        yield from cur.iternext_nodup()
-
-
-    def _lookup_1bound(self, idx_name, term):
-        """
-        Lookup triples for a pattern with one bound term.
-
-        :param str idx_name: The index to look up as one of the keys of
-            ``_lookup_ordering``.
-        :param rdflib.URIRef term: Bound term to search for.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator(bytes)
-        :return: SPO keys matching the pattern.
-        """
-        k = self._to_key(term)
-        if not k:
-            return iter(())
-        term_order = self._lookup_ordering[idx_name]
-        with self.cur(idx_name) as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(k):
-                for match in cur.iternext_dup():
-                    subkeys = self._split_key(match)
-
-                    # Compose result.
-                    out = [None] * 3
-                    out[term_order[0]] = k
-                    out[term_order[1]] = subkeys[0]
-                    out[term_order[2]] = subkeys[1]
-
-                    yield b''.join(out)
-
-
-    def _lookup_2bound(self, bound_terms):
-        """
-        Look up triples for a pattern with two bound terms.
-
-        :param  bound: terms (dict) Triple labels and terms to search for,
-        in the format of, e.g. {'s': URIRef('urn:s:1'), 'o':
-        URIRef('urn:o:1')}
-
-        :rtype: iterator(bytes)
-        :return: SPO keys matching the pattern.
-        """
-        if len(bound_terms) != 2:
-            raise ValueError(
-                    'Exactly 2 terms need to be bound. Got {}'.format(
-                        len(bound_terms)))
-
-        # Establish lookup ranking.
-        luc = None
-        for k_label in self._lookup_rank:
-            if k_label in bound_terms.keys():
-                # First match is lookup term.
-                if not luc:
-                    v_label = 'spo'.replace(k_label, '')
-                    # Lookup database key (cursor) name
-                    luc = k_label + ':' + v_label
-                    term_order = self._lookup_ordering[luc]
-                    # Term to look up
-                    luk = self._to_key(bound_terms[k_label])
-                    if not luk:
-                        return iter(())
-                    # Position of key in final triple.
-                # Second match is the filter.
-                else:
-                    # Filter key (position of sub-key in lookup results)
-                    fpos = v_label.index(k_label)
-                    # Fliter term
-                    ft = self._to_key(bound_terms[k_label])
-                    if not ft:
-                        return iter(())
-                    break
-
-        # Look up in index.
-        with self.cur(luc) as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(luk):
-                # Iterate over matches and filter by second term.
-                for match in cur.iternext_dup():
-                    subkeys = self._split_key(match)
-                    flt_subkey = subkeys[fpos]
-                    if flt_subkey == ft:
-                        # Remainder (not filter) key used to complete the
-                        # triple.
-                        r_subkey = subkeys[1-fpos]
-
-                        # Compose result.
-                        out = [None, None, None]
-                        out[term_order[0]] = luk
-                        out[term_order[fpos+1]] = flt_subkey
-                        out[term_order[2-fpos]] = r_subkey
-
-                        yield b''.join(out)
-
-
-    def _append(self, cur, values, **kwargs):
-        """
-        Append one or more values to the end of a database.
-
-        :param lmdb.Cursor cur: The write cursor to act on.
-        :param list(bytes) values: Value(s) to append.
-
-        :rtype: list(memoryview)
-        :return: Last key(s) inserted.
-        """
-        if not isinstance(values, list) and not isinstance(values, tuple):
-            raise ValueError('Input must be a list or tuple.')
-        data = []
-        lastkey = cur.key() if cur.last() else None
-        for v in values:
-            lastkey = self._key_seq.next(lastkey)
-            data.append((lastkey, v))
-
-        cur.putmulti(data, **kwargs)
-
-        return [d[0] for d in data]
-
-
-    def _index_triple(self, action, spok):
-        """
-        Update index for a triple and context (add or remove).
-
-        :param str action: 'add' or 'remove'.
-        :param bytes spok: Triple key.
-        """
-        # Split and rearrange-join keys for association and indices.
-        triple = self._split_key(spok)
-        sk, pk, ok = triple
-        spk = b''.join(triple[:2])
-        spk = b''.join(triple[:2])
-        sok = b''.join((triple[0], triple[2]))
-        pok = b''.join(triple[1:3])
-
-        # Associate cursor labels with k/v pairs.
-        curs = {
-            's:po': (sk, pok),
-            'p:so': (pk, sok),
-            'o:sp': (ok, spk),
-        }
-
-        # Add or remove triple lookups.
-        for clabel, terms in curs.items():
-            with self.cur(clabel) as icur:
-                if action == 'remove':
-                    if icur.set_key_dup(*terms):
-                        icur.delete()
-                elif action == 'add':
-                    icur.put(*terms)
-                else:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        'Index action \'{}\' is not supported.'.format(action))
-
-
     ## Convenience methods—not necessary for functioning but useful for
     ## debugging.
 
-    def _keys_in_ctx(self, pk_ctx):
-        """
-        Convenience method to list all keys in a context.
-
-        :param bytes pk_ctx: Pickled context URI.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator(tuple)
-        :return: Generator of triples.
-        """
-        with self.cur('c:spo') as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(pk_ctx):
-                tkeys = cur.iternext_dup()
-                return {self._key_to_triple(tk) for tk in tkeys}
-            else:
-                return set()
-
-
-    def _ctx_for_key(self, tkey):
-        """
-        Convenience method to list all contexts that a key is in.
-
-        :param bytes tkey: Triple key.
-
-        :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.URIRef)
-        :return: Generator of context URIs.
-        """
-        with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(tkey):
-                ctx = cur.iternext_dup()
-                return {self._unpickle(c) for c in ctx}
-            else:
-                return set()
+    #def _keys_in_ctx(self, pk_ctx):
+    #    """
+    #    Convenience method to list all keys in a context.
+
+    #    :param bytes pk_ctx: Pickled context URI.
+
+    #    :rtype: Iterator(tuple)
+    #    :return: Generator of triples.
+    #    """
+    #    with self.cur('c:spo') as cur:
+    #        if cur.set_key(pk_ctx):
+    #            tkeys = cur.iternext_dup()
+    #            return {self._key_to_triple(tk) for tk in tkeys}
+    #        else:
+    #            return set()
+
+
+    #def _ctx_for_key(self, tkey):
+    #    """
+    #    Convenience method to list all contexts that a key is in.
+
+    #    :param bytes tkey: Triple key.
+
+    #    :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.URIRef)
+    #    :return: Generator of context URIs.
+    #    """
+    #    with self.cur('spo:c') as cur:
+    #        if cur.set_key(tkey):
+    #            ctx = cur.iternext_dup()
+    #            return {self._unpickle(c) for c in ctx}
+    #        else:
+    #            return set()

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.c

@@ -0,0 +1,39149 @@
+/* Generated by Cython 0.28.4 */
+
+/* BEGIN: Cython Metadata
+{
+    "distutils": {
+        "depends": [],
+        "extra_compile_args": [
+            "-fopenmp"
+        ],
+        "extra_link_args": [
+            "-fopenmp"
+        ],
+        "include_dirs": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/include",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/cy_include"
+        ],
+        "libraries": [
+            "crypto"
+        ],
+        "name": "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term",
+        "sources": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/tpl.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/mdb.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/midl.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx"
+        ]
+    },
+    "module_name": "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term"
+}
+END: Cython Metadata */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "Python.h"
+#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H
+    #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python.
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000 || (0x03000000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000)
+    #error Cython requires Python 2.6+ or Python 3.3+.
+#else
+#define CYTHON_ABI "0_28_4"
+#define CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION 1
+#include <stddef.h>
+#ifndef offsetof
+  #define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member )
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #ifndef __stdcall
+    #define __stdcall
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __cdecl
+    #define __cdecl
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __fastcall
+    #define __fastcall
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_IMPORT
+  #define DL_IMPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_EXPORT
+  #define DL_EXPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#define __PYX_COMMA ,
+#ifndef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    #define HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG
+  #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL
+  #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL
+#endif
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+  #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1
+  #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+  #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#elif defined(PYSTON_VERSION)
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030300F0
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT (0 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000)
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL)
+#define CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL  (CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B1)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+  #undef SHIFT
+  #undef BASE
+  #undef MASK
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+  #define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_cpp_attribute
+  #define __has_cpp_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED
+# if defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4))
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+#   else
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED
+#   endif
+# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+# else
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR
+#  if defined(__cplusplus)
+     template<class T> void CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR( const T& ) { }
+#  else
+#    define CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(x) (void)(x)
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# else
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_void_to_None(void_result) ((void)(void_result), Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned char     uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned int      uint32_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int8   uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned __int32  uint32_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+  #if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(clang::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(gnu::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #if __has_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH __attribute__((fallthrough))
+    #else
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #if defined(__clang__ ) && defined(__apple_build_version__)
+    #if __apple_build_version__ < 7000000
+      #undef  CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE
+  #if defined(__clang__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__ __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+  #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE inline
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070600 && !defined(Py_OptimizeFlag)
+  #define Py_OptimizeFlag 0
+#endif
+#define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n"
+#define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z"
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "__builtin__"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a+k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyClass_Type
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030700A3 || !defined(METH_FASTCALL)
+  #ifndef METH_FASTCALL
+     #define METH_FASTCALL 0x80
+  #endif
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args,
+                                                          Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast _PyCFunctionFast
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func)\
+    ((PyCFunction_Check(func) && (METH_FASTCALL == (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_KEYWORDS)))))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func) 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Malloc)
+  #define PyObject_Malloc(s)   PyMem_Malloc(s)
+  #define PyObject_Free(p)     PyMem_Free(p)
+  #define PyObject_Realloc(p)  PyMem_Realloc(p)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)  (frame)->f_lineno = (lineno)
+#endif
+#if !CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_Current
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030700A2 && !defined(PyThread_tss_create) && !defined(Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT)
+#include "pythread.h"
+#define Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT 0
+typedef int Py_tss_t;
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_create(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  *key = PyThread_create_key();
+  return 0; // PyThread_create_key reports success always
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_tss_t * PyThread_tss_alloc(void) {
+  Py_tss_t *key = (Py_tss_t *)PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(Py_tss_t));
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+  return key;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_free(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyObject_Free(key);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_is_created(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return *key != Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_delete(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyThread_delete_key(*key);
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_set(Py_tss_t *key, void *value) {
+  return PyThread_set_key_value(*key, value);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void * PyThread_tss_get(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return PyThread_get_key_value(*key);
+}
+#endif // TSS (Thread Specific Storage) API
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyDict_NewPresized)
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  ((n <= 8) ? PyDict_New() : _PyDict_NewPresized(n))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  PyDict_New()
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 || CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_Divide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500A1 && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(dict, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  PyDict_GetItem(dict, name)
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x03030000 && defined(PyUnicode_KIND)
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 1
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ?\
+                                              0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op)))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         PyUnicode_KIND(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         PyUnicode_DATA(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)))
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 0
+  #define PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND  1
+  #define PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND  2
+  #define PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND  4
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) ((Py_UCS4)(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   ((sizeof(Py_UNICODE) == 2) ? 65535 : 1114111)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         (sizeof(Py_UNICODE))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         ((void*)PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   ((void)(k), (Py_UCS4)(((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  (((void)(k)), ((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i] = ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ?\
+      PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyUnicode_Contains)
+  #define PyUnicode_Contains(u, s)  PySequence_Contains(u, s)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyByteArray_Check)
+  #define PyByteArray_Check(obj)  PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyByteArray_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Format)
+  #define PyObject_Format(obj, fmt)  PyObject_CallMethod(obj, "__format__", "O", fmt)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyString_FormatSafe(a, b)   ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyUnicode_Format(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyString_Format(a, b)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && !defined(PyObject_ASCII)
+  #define PyObject_ASCII(o)            PyObject_Repr(o)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBaseString_Type            PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyStringObject               PyUnicodeObject
+  #define PyString_Type                PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyString_Check               PyUnicode_Check
+  #define PyString_CheckExact          PyUnicode_CheckExact
+  #define PyObject_Unicode             PyObject_Str
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) PyUnicode_Check(obj)
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyString_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) (PyString_CheckExact(obj) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj))
+#endif
+#ifndef PySet_CheckExact
+  #define PySet_CheckExact(obj)        (Py_TYPE(obj) == &PySet_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  Py_SIZE(seq)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  PySequence_Size(seq)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyIntObject                  PyLongObject
+  #define PyInt_Type                   PyLong_Type
+  #define PyInt_Check(op)              PyLong_Check(op)
+  #define PyInt_CheckExact(op)         PyLong_CheckExact(op)
+  #define PyInt_FromString             PyLong_FromString
+  #define PyInt_FromUnicode            PyLong_FromUnicode
+  #define PyInt_FromLong               PyLong_FromLong
+  #define PyInt_FromSize_t             PyLong_FromSize_t
+  #define PyInt_FromSsize_t            PyLong_FromSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsLong                 PyLong_AsLong
+  #define PyInt_AS_LONG                PyLong_AS_LONG
+  #define PyInt_AsSsize_t              PyLong_AsSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask     PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask
+  #define PyNumber_Int                 PyNumber_Long
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBoolObject                 PyLongObject
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #ifndef PyUnicode_InternFromString
+    #define PyUnicode_InternFromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030200A4
+  typedef long Py_hash_t;
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromLong
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsLong
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromSsize_t
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsSsize_t
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) ((self) ? PyMethod_New(func, self) : (Py_INCREF(func), func))
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) PyMethod_New(func, self, klass)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500B1
+    #define __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct PyAsyncMethods
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_async)
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) ((__Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct*) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_reserved))
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) NULL
+#endif
+#ifndef __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct
+    typedef struct {
+        unaryfunc am_await;
+        unaryfunc am_aiter;
+        unaryfunc am_anext;
+    } __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#endif
+#include <math.h>
+#ifdef NAN
+#define __PYX_NAN() ((float) NAN)
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE float __PYX_NAN() {
+  float value;
+  memset(&value, 0xFF, sizeof(value));
+  return value;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL)
+#define __Pyx_truncl trunc
+#else
+#define __Pyx_truncl truncl
+#endif
+
+
+#define __PYX_ERR(f_index, lineno, Ln_error) \
+{ \
+  __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; __pyx_lineno = lineno; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto Ln_error; \
+}
+
+#ifndef __PYX_EXTERN_C
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C"
+  #else
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#define __PYX_HAVE__lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__lmdb_triplestore
+#define __PYX_HAVE_API__lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__lmdb_triplestore
+/* Early includes */
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include "lmdb.h"
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <openssl/sha.h>
+#ifdef _OPENMP
+#include <omp.h>
+#endif /* _OPENMP */
+
+#if defined(PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) && !defined(CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS)
+#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {PyObject **p; const char *s; const Py_ssize_t n; const char* encoding;
+                const char is_unicode; const char is_str; const char intern; } __Pyx_StringTabEntry;
+
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING ""
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define __Pyx_uchar_cast(c) ((unsigned char)c)
+#define __Pyx_long_cast(x) ((long)x)
+#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed)  (\
+    (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                 v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)  &&\
+          (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||\
+                                v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                               v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)))  )
+#if defined (__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #include <cstdlib>
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) std::abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_INT >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) labs(value)
+#elif defined (_MSC_VER)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((Py_ssize_t)_abs64(value))
+#elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) llabs(value)
+#elif defined (__GNUC__)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) __builtin_llabs(value)
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((value<0) ? -value : value)
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length);
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(s) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, strlen((const char*)s))
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString        PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char*);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s)     ((char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s)     ((const char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(s)    ((char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromCString(s)  __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyStr_FromCString(s)     __Pyx_PyStr_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((const char*)s)
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u) {
+    const Py_UNICODE *u_end = u;
+    while (*u_end++) ;
+    return (size_t)(u_end - u - 1);
+}
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u)       PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u, __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(u))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicodeAndLength PyUnicode_FromUnicode
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode            PyUnicode_AsUnicode
+#define __Pyx_NewRef(obj) (Py_INCREF(obj), obj)
+#define __Pyx_Owned_Py_None(b) __Pyx_NewRef(Py_None)
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x);
+#define __Pyx_PySequence_Tuple(obj)\
+    (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_Tuple(obj))
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t);
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#else
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x)
+#endif
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyLong_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Long(x))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyInt_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Int(x))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Float(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Float(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+static int __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_u = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_b = NULL;
+    const char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    if (strcmp(default_encoding_c, "ascii") == 0) {
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 0;
+    } else {
+        char ascii_chars[128];
+        int c;
+        for (c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+            ascii_chars[c] = c;
+        }
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 1;
+        ascii_chars_u = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(ascii_chars, 128, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_u) goto bad;
+        ascii_chars_b = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(ascii_chars_u, default_encoding_c, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_b || !PyBytes_Check(ascii_chars_b) || memcmp(ascii_chars, PyBytes_AS_STRING(ascii_chars_b), 128) != 0) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "This module compiled with c_string_encoding=ascii, but default encoding '%.200s' is not a superset of ascii.",
+                default_encoding_c);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL)
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+static char* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) (const char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING = (char*) malloc(strlen(default_encoding_c));
+    if (!__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING) goto bad;
+    strcpy(__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, default_encoding_c);
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
+#if defined(__GNUC__)     && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)))
+  #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+  #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */
+  #define likely(x)   (x)
+  #define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(void* ptr) { (void)ptr; }
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_m = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_b;
+static PyObject *__pyx_cython_runtime = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_unicode;
+static int __pyx_lineno;
+static int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+static const char * __pyx_cfilenm= __FILE__;
+static const char *__pyx_filename;
+
+
+static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
+  "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx",
+  "stringsource",
+};
+/* NoFastGil.proto */
+#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Ensure PyGILState_Ensure
+#define __Pyx_PyGILState_Release PyGILState_Release
+#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Remember()
+#define __Pyx_FastGIL_Forget()
+#define __Pyx_FastGilFuncInit()
+
+
+/*--- Type declarations ---*/
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples;
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats;
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":10
+ *     lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+ * 
+ *     void _check(int rc, str message=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *message;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":26
+ *         void _clear_stale_readers(self) except *
+ *         void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *
+ *         void _init_dbis(self, create=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         void _txn_begin(self, write=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=*) except *
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *create;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":27
+ *         void _cur_close(self, lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur) except *
+ *         void _init_dbis(self, create=*) except *
+ *         void _txn_begin(self, write=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *parent=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ *         void _txn_abort(self) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *write;
+  MDB_txn *parent;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":30
+ *         void _txn_commit(self) except *
+ *         void _txn_abort(self) except *
+ *         inline bint _key_exists(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             self, unsigned char *key, unsigned char klen,
+ *             unsigned char *dblabel=*) except -1
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":35
+ * 
+ *         size_t _txn_id(self) except -1
+ *         lmdb.MDB_cursor *_cur_open(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*) except *
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":38
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         lmdb.MDB_dbi get_dbi(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":41
+ *                 self, unsigned char *dblabel=*, lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*)
+ * 
+ *         void _put(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t key_size, unsigned char *data,
+ *                 size_t data_size, unsigned char *dblabel=*,
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+  unsigned int flags;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":46
+ *                 lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=*, unsigned int flags=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         void _get_data(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen, lmdb.MDB_val *rv,
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":50
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ * 
+ *         void _delete(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 self, unsigned char *key, size_t klen,
+ *                 unsigned char *dblabel=*) except *
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":57
+ *         #int _reader_list_callback(self, const unsigned char *msg, void *str_)
+ * 
+ *     cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef void destroy(self, _path=*) except *
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  int commit_pending_transaction;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":58
+ * 
+ *     cpdef void close_env(self, bint commit_pending_transaction=*) except *
+ *     cpdef void destroy(self, _path=*) except *             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *_path;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":61
+ *     #cpdef get_dup_data(self, unsigned char *key, db=*)
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ *     cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=*)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=*)
+ *     cpdef int txn_id(self)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *dblabel;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":62
+ *     #cpdef get_all_pairs(self, db=*)
+ *     cpdef bytes get_data(self, key, dblabel=*)
+ *     cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=*)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cpdef int txn_id(self)
+ *     #cpdef str reader_list(self)
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *new_txn;
+};
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_IdentifierTerm;
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_LiteralTerm;
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pxd":10
+ *     #size_t pack_size
+ * 
+ *     struct IdentifierTerm:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         char type
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ */
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_IdentifierTerm {
+  char type;
+  unsigned char *data;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pxd":14
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ * 
+ *     struct LiteralTerm:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         char type
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ */
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_LiteralTerm {
+  char type;
+  unsigned char *data;
+  unsigned char *datatype;
+  unsigned char *lang;
+};
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__len;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_triple_keys;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_contexts;
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__append;
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":81
+ * 
+ * 
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Key[KLEN]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * ctypedef unsigned char DoubleKey[DBL_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]
+ */
+typedef unsigned char __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key[5];
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":82
+ * 
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Key[KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char DoubleKey[DBL_KLEN]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char QuadKey[QUAD_KLEN]
+ */
+typedef unsigned char __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_DoubleKey[10];
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":83
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Key[KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char DoubleKey[DBL_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * ctypedef unsigned char QuadKey[QUAD_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Hash[HLEN]
+ */
+typedef unsigned char __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_TripleKey[15];
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":84
+ * ctypedef unsigned char DoubleKey[DBL_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char QuadKey[QUAD_KLEN]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Hash[HLEN]
+ * 
+ */
+typedef unsigned char __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_QuadKey[20];
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":85
+ * ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char QuadKey[QUAD_KLEN]
+ * ctypedef unsigned char Hash[HLEN]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * 
+ */
+typedef unsigned char __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Hash[20];
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":653
+ *     # DB management methods.
+ * 
+ *     cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=True):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """Gather statistics about the database."""
+ *         st = self._stats()
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *new_txn;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":661
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     cpdef size_t _len(self, context=None) except -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Return the length of the dataset.
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__len {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *context;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":696
+ *     # Triple and graph methods.
+ * 
+ *     cpdef add(self, triple, context=None, quoted=False):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Add a triple and start indexing.
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *context;
+  PyObject *quoted;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":875
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     cpdef void _remove(self, tuple triple_pattern, context=None) except *:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         cdef:
+ *             unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *context;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1229
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     cpdef ResultSet triple_keys(self, tuple triple_pattern, context=None):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Top-level lookup method.
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_triple_keys {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *context;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1784
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     cpdef tuple all_contexts(self, triple=None):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Get a list of all contexts.
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_contexts {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  PyObject *triple;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1939
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     cdef void _append(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             self, unsigned char *value, size_t vlen, Key *nkey,
+ *             unsigned char *dblabel=b'', lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=NULL,
+ */
+struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__append {
+  int __pyx_n;
+  unsigned char *dblabel;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+  unsigned int flags;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":13
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class BaseLmdbStore:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cdef:
+ *         readonly bint is_txn_open
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_vtab;
+  int is_txn_open;
+  int _open;
+  unsigned int _readers;
+  PyObject *env_path;
+  MDB_dbi *dbis;
+  MDB_env *dbenv;
+  MDB_txn *txn;
+  MDB_cursor **curs;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":131
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class ResultSet:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     Pre-allocated result set.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_vtab;
+  unsigned char *data;
+  unsigned char itemsize;
+  size_t ct;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":237
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class SimpleGraph:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     Fast and simple implementation of a graph.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_vtab;
+  PyObject *data;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":460
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class Imr(SimpleGraph):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     In-memory resource data container.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph __pyx_base;
+  PyObject *uri;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":585
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class LmdbTriplestore(BaseLmdbStore):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     """
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore __pyx_base;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":206
+ *     # Access methods.
+ * 
+ *     def to_tuple(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Return the data set as a Python tuple.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":211
+ *         """
+ *         return tuple(
+ *                 self.data[i: i + self.itemsize]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *                 for i in range(0, self.size, self.itemsize))
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_i;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1157
+ * 
+ *     # TODO Deprecate RDFLib API?
+ *     def contexts(self, triple=None):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Get a list of all contexts.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_ctx_uri;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_triple;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1167
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     def triples(self, triple_pattern, context=None):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Generator over matching triples.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_c_uri;
+  unsigned char __pyx_v_ck[5];
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_context;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_contexts;
+  MDB_cursor *__pyx_v_cur;
+  struct MDB_val __pyx_v_data_v;
+  size_t __pyx_v_i;
+  size_t __pyx_v_j;
+  struct MDB_val __pyx_v_key_v;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_rset;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self;
+  unsigned char __pyx_v_spok[15];
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_triple_pattern;
+  size_t __pyx_t_0;
+  size_t __pyx_t_1;
+  size_t __pyx_t_2;
+};
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1741
+ * 
+ * 
+ *     def all_terms(self, term_type):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         """
+ *         Return all terms of a type (``s``, ``p``, or ``o``) in the store.
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_key;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_term_type;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/base_lmdb_store.pxd":13
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class BaseLmdbStore:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cdef:
+ *         readonly bint is_txn_open
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore {
+  void (*_clear_stale_readers)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*_cur_close)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, MDB_cursor *);
+  void (*_init_dbis)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__init_dbis *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_txn_begin)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__txn_begin *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_txn_commit)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*_txn_abort)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  int (*_key_exists)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, unsigned char, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__key_exists *__pyx_optional_args);
+  size_t (*_txn_id)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  MDB_cursor *(*_cur_open)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__cur_open *__pyx_optional_args);
+  MDB_dbi (*get_dbi)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_dbi *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_put)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, unsigned char *, size_t, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__put *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_get_data)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, struct MDB_val *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__get_data *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_delete)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, unsigned char *, size_t, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore__delete *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*_stats)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *);
+  void (*close_env)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_close_env *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*destroy)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_destroy *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*get_data)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_get_data *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*stats)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_13BaseLmdbStore_stats *__pyx_optional_args);
+  int (*txn_id)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore;
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":131
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class ResultSet:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     Pre-allocated result set.
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet {
+  void (*resize)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *, size_t);
+  unsigned char *(*get_item)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *, PyObject *);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet;
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":237
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class SimpleGraph:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     Fast and simple implementation of a graph.
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph {
+  void (*_data_from_lookup)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *);
+  void (*set)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  void (*remove_triples)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  PyObject *(*as_rdflib)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  PyObject *(*_slice)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+  PyObject *(*lookup)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  PyObject *(*terms)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph;
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":460
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class Imr(SimpleGraph):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     """
+ *     In-memory resource data container.
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr {
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph __pyx_base;
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr;
+
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":585
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef class LmdbTriplestore(BaseLmdbStore):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     """
+ */
+
+struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore {
+  struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore __pyx_base;
+  size_t (*_len)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__len *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*add)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*add_graph)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  void (*_add_graph)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char *, size_t, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  void (*_remove)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_index_triple)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, unsigned char *);
+  void (*_remove_graph)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *(*triple_keys)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_triple_keys *__pyx_optional_args);
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *(*_lookup)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *);
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *(*_lookup_1bound)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char, PyObject *);
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *(*_lookup_2bound)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char, PyObject *, unsigned char, PyObject *);
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *(*_all_term_keys)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  PyObject *(*all_namespaces)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch);
+  PyObject *(*all_contexts)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_contexts *__pyx_optional_args);
+  PyObject *(*from_key)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char *);
+  PyObject *(*from_trp_key)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char *);
+  void (*_to_key)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *);
+  void (*_to_triple_key)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_TripleKey *);
+  void (*_append)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char *, size_t, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__append *__pyx_optional_args);
+  void (*_next_key)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, unsigned char *, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *);
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore;
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__to_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__to_triple_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *, PyObject *, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_TripleKey *);
+
+/* --- Runtime support code (head) --- */
+/* Refnanny.proto */
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+          __Pyx_RefNanny->FinishContext(&__pyx_refnanny)
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+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->DECREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->GOTREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r) __Pyx_RefNanny->GIVEREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_INCREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_DECREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GOTREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GIVEREF(r);}} while(0)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext()
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r) Py_INCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r) Py_DECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r) Py_XINCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r) Py_XDECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_XDECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_XDECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_DECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_CLEAR(r)    do { PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);} while(0)
+#define __Pyx_XCLEAR(r)   do { if((r) != NULL) {PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);}} while(0)
+
+/* PyObjectGetAttrStr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n) PyObject_GetAttr(o,n)
+#endif
+
+/* GetBuiltinName.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* PyThreadStateGet.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare  PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate;
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign  __pyx_tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  __pyx_tstate->curexc_type
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  PyErr_Occurred()
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrFetchRestore.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) (Py_INCREF(exc), __Pyx_ErrRestore((exc), NULL, NULL))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#endif
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() PyErr_Clear()
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* Profile.proto */
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 1
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL 0
+#else
+  #if CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL && !defined(CYTHON_TRACE)
+    #define CYTHON_TRACE 1
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  #undef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_PROFILE || CYTHON_TRACE
+  #include "compile.h"
+  #include "frameobject.h"
+  #include "traceback.h"
+  #if CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER static
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame)
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame) Py_CLEAR(frame)
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations\
+  static PyCodeObject *__pyx_frame_code = NULL;\
+  CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER PyFrameObject *__pyx_frame = NULL;\
+  int __Pyx_use_tracing = 0;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)\
+  if (codeobj) __pyx_frame_code = (PyCodeObject*) codeobj;
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (nogil) {\
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+          PyThreadState *tstate;\
+          PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+          tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+                  (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+              __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          }\
+          PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  } else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  {   PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          tstate->tracing++;\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 0;\
+          PyObject *exc_info = __Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(tstate);\
+          if (exc_info) {\
+              if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)\
+                  tstate->c_tracefunc(\
+                      tstate->c_traceobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              tstate->c_profilefunc(\
+                  tstate->c_profileobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              Py_DECREF(exc_info);\
+          }\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 1;\
+          tstate->tracing--;\
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+  }
+  static void __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, PyObject *result) {
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)
+          tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      if (tstate->c_profilefunc)
+          tstate->c_profilefunc(tstate->c_profileobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+                  __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+              __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+          __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+  static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code, PyFrameObject** frame, PyThreadState* tstate, const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  static int __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, int lineno) {
+      int ret;
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      ret = tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_LINE, NULL);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      if (likely(!ret)) {
+          __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+      } else {
+          Py_XDECREF(type);
+          Py_XDECREF(value);
+          Py_XDECREF(traceback);
+      }
+      return ret;
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              int ret = 0;\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+                  ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+              int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+          int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+          if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+#endif
+
+/* WriteUnraisableException.proto */
+static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, int clineno,
+                                  int lineno, const char *filename,
+                                  int full_traceback, int nogil);
+
+/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid.proto */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(const char* func_name, int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min, Py_ssize_t num_max, Py_ssize_t num_found);
+
+/* RaiseDoubleKeywords.proto */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(const char* func_name, PyObject* kw_name);
+
+/* ParseKeywords.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(PyObject *kwds, PyObject **argnames[],\
+    PyObject *kwds2, PyObject *values[], Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,\
+    const char* function_name);
+
+/* None.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseClosureNameError(const char *varname);
+
+/* PyObjectCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw)
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseException.proto */
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause);
+
+/* GetModuleGlobalName.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* PyCFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)  (assert(0), NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* PyFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)\
+    __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict((func), (args), (nargs), NULL)
+#if 1 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600B1
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, int nargs, PyObject *kwargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs) _PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethO.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallOneArg.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+
+/* FetchCommonType.proto */
+static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonType(PyTypeObject* type);
+
+/* CythonFunction.proto */
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_USED 1
+#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD  0x01
+#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CLASSMETHOD   0x02
+#define __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS        0x04
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClosure(f)\
+    (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_closure)
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_GetClassObj(f)\
+    (((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->func_classobj)
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(type, f)\
+    ((type *)(((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults))
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsGetter(f, g)\
+    ((__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) (f))->defaults_getter = (g)
+typedef struct {
+    PyCFunctionObject func;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030500A0
+    PyObject *func_weakreflist;
+#endif
+    PyObject *func_dict;
+    PyObject *func_name;
+    PyObject *func_qualname;
+    PyObject *func_doc;
+    PyObject *func_globals;
+    PyObject *func_code;
+    PyObject *func_closure;
+    PyObject *func_classobj;
+    void *defaults;
+    int defaults_pyobjects;
+    int flags;
+    PyObject *defaults_tuple;
+    PyObject *defaults_kwdict;
+    PyObject *(*defaults_getter)(PyObject *);
+    PyObject *func_annotations;
+} __pyx_CyFunctionObject;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_CyFunctionType = 0;
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_NewEx(ml, flags, qualname, self, module, globals, code)\
+    __Pyx_CyFunction_New(__pyx_CyFunctionType, ml, flags, qualname, self, module, globals, code)
+static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyTypeObject *, PyMethodDef *ml,
+                                      int flags, PyObject* qualname,
+                                      PyObject *self,
+                                      PyObject *module, PyObject *globals,
+                                      PyObject* code);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *m,
+                                                         size_t size,
+                                                         int pyobjects);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *m,
+                                                            PyObject *tuple);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *m,
+                                                             PyObject *dict);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *m,
+                                                              PyObject *dict);
+static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(void);
+
+/* ArgTypeTest.proto */
+#define __Pyx_ArgTypeTest(obj, type, none_allowed, name, exact)\
+    ((likely((Py_TYPE(obj) == type) | (none_allowed && (obj == Py_None)))) ? 1 :\
+        __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(obj, type, name, exact))
+static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact);
+
+/* ExtTypeTest.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type);
+
+/* IncludeStringH.proto */
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* pyfrozenset_new.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyFrozenSet_New(PyObject* it);
+
+/* py_set_remove.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySet_Remove(PyObject *set, PyObject *key);
+
+/* PyObjectFormatSimple.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyString_CheckExact(s)) ? PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(s, NULL, "strict") :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyLong_CheckExact(s)) ? PyLong_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(s)) ? PyFloat_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#endif
+
+/* BuildPyUnicode.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, char* chars, int clength,
+                                                int prepend_sign, char padding_char);
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char);
+
+/* JoinPyUnicode.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject* value_tuple, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength,
+                                      Py_UCS4 max_char);
+
+/* PySetContains.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySet_ContainsTF(PyObject* key, PyObject* set, int eq);
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(func) __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* PySequenceContains.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySequence_ContainsTF(PyObject* item, PyObject* seq, int eq) {
+    int result = PySequence_Contains(seq, item);
+    return unlikely(result < 0) ? result : (result == (eq == Py_EQ));
+}
+
+/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected);
+
+/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index);
+
+/* IterFinish.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IterFinish(void);
+
+/* UnpackItemEndCheck.proto */
+static int __Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(PyObject *retval, Py_ssize_t expected);
+
+/* set_iter.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_set_iterator(PyObject* iterable, int is_set,
+                                                  Py_ssize_t* p_orig_length, int* p_source_is_set);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_set_iter_next(
+        PyObject* iter_obj, Py_ssize_t orig_length,
+        Py_ssize_t* ppos, PyObject **value,
+        int source_is_set);
+
+/* GetItemInt.proto */
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck)\
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck) :\
+    (is_list ? (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL) :\
+               __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, to_py_func(i))))
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_List(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck)\
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck) :\
+    (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "list index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL))
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+#define __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple(o, i, type, is_signed, to_py_func, is_list, wraparound, boundscheck)\
+    (__Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(i, type, is_signed) ?\
+    __Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(o, (Py_ssize_t)i, wraparound, boundscheck) :\
+    (PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "tuple index out of range"), (PyObject*)NULL))
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                     int is_list, int wraparound, int boundscheck);
+
+/* ObjectGetItem.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject* key);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(obj, key)  PyObject_GetItem(obj, key)
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrExceptionMatches.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err) __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(__pyx_tstate, err)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(PyThreadState* tstate, PyObject* err);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err)  PyErr_ExceptionMatches(err)
+#endif
+
+/* GetAttr.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+
+/* GetAttr3.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *);
+
+/* DictGetItem.proto */
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *d, PyObject* key);
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Dict_GetItem(obj, name)\
+    (likely(PyDict_CheckExact(obj)) ?\
+     __Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(obj, name) : PyObject_GetItem(obj, name))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(d, key) PyObject_GetItem(d, key)
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Dict_GetItem(obj, name)  PyObject_GetItem(obj, name)
+#endif
+
+/* SaveResetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSave(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionReset(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)   PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* FastTypeChecks.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject *type);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, type1, type2) (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type2))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception)
+
+/* GetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* SwapException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* BytesEquals.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals);
+
+/* UnicodeEquals.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals);
+
+/* ListAppend.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyList_Append(PyObject* list, PyObject* x) {
+    PyListObject* L = (PyListObject*) list;
+    Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(list);
+    if (likely(L->allocated > len) & likely(len > (L->allocated >> 1))) {
+        Py_INCREF(x);
+        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, len, x);
+        Py_SIZE(list) = len+1;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return PyList_Append(list, x);
+}
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyList_Append(L,x) PyList_Append(L,x)
+#endif
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_size_t(size_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char);
+
+/* RaiseNoneIterError.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void);
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_unsigned_char(unsigned char value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char);
+
+/* None.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname);
+
+/* decode_c_string_utf16.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 0;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16LE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = -1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16BE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+
+/* decode_c_string.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors));
+
+/* Import.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level);
+
+/* ImportFrom.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name);
+
+/* HasAttr.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+
+/* CallNextTpDealloc.proto */
+static void __Pyx_call_next_tp_dealloc(PyObject* obj, destructor current_tp_dealloc);
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict PyObject_GenericGetAttr
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr PyObject_GenericGetAttr
+#endif
+
+/* SetVTable.proto */
+static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable);
+
+/* SetupReduce.proto */
+static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj);
+
+/* GetVTable.proto */
+static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyObject *dict);
+
+/* GetNameInClass.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetNameInClass(PyObject *nmspace, PyObject *name);
+
+/* CLineInTraceback.proto */
+#ifdef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+#define __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line)  (((CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK)) ? c_line : 0)
+#else
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line);
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache.proto */
+typedef struct {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int code_line;
+} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry;
+struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache {
+    int count;
+    int max_count;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries;
+};
+static struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache = {0,0,NULL};
+static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line);
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line);
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object);
+
+/* AddTraceback.proto */
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_char(unsigned char value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_MDB_dbi(MDB_dbi value);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_char(char value);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned char __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_char(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *);
+
+/* BytesContains.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_BytesContains(PyObject* bytes, char character);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *);
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethod1.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg);
+static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg);
+
+/* CoroutineBase.proto */
+typedef PyObject *(*__pyx_coroutine_body_t)(PyObject *, PyThreadState *, PyObject *);
+typedef struct {
+    PyObject_HEAD
+    __pyx_coroutine_body_t body;
+    PyObject *closure;
+    PyObject *exc_type;
+    PyObject *exc_value;
+    PyObject *exc_traceback;
+    PyObject *gi_weakreflist;
+    PyObject *classobj;
+    PyObject *yieldfrom;
+    PyObject *gi_name;
+    PyObject *gi_qualname;
+    PyObject *gi_modulename;
+    PyObject *gi_code;
+    int resume_label;
+    char is_running;
+} __pyx_CoroutineObject;
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_New(
+    PyTypeObject *type, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+    PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name);
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(
+            __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name);
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(PyObject *self);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Send(PyObject *self, PyObject *value);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Close(PyObject *self);
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *gen, PyObject *args);
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_SwapException(self) {\
+    __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(&(self)->exc_type, &(self)->exc_value, &(self)->exc_traceback);\
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(self);\
+    }
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetAndClearException(self) {\
+    __Pyx_ExceptionReset((self)->exc_type, (self)->exc_value, (self)->exc_traceback);\
+    (self)->exc_type = (self)->exc_value = (self)->exc_traceback = NULL;\
+    }
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyGen_FetchStopIterationValue(pvalue)\
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__pyx_tstate, pvalue)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyGen_FetchStopIterationValue(pvalue)\
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, pvalue)
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **pvalue);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self);
+
+/* PatchModuleWithCoroutine.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(PyObject* module, const char* py_code);
+
+/* PatchGeneratorABC.proto */
+static int __Pyx_patch_abc(void);
+
+/* Generator.proto */
+#define __Pyx_Generator_USED
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_GeneratorType = 0;
+#define __Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(obj) (Py_TYPE(obj) == __pyx_GeneratorType)
+#define __Pyx_Generator_New(body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name)\
+    __Pyx__Coroutine_New(__pyx_GeneratorType, body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name)
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Generator_Next(PyObject *self);
+static int __pyx_Generator_init(void);
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion.proto */
+static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void);
+
+/* PyIdentifierFromString.proto */
+#if !defined(__Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString)
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(s) PyString_FromString(s)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* ModuleImport.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name);
+
+/* TypeImport.proto */
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name, size_t size, int strict);
+
+/* VoidPtrImport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ImportVoidPtr(PyObject *module, const char *name, void **p, const char *sig);
+
+/* FunctionImport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ImportFunction(PyObject *module, const char *funcname, void (**f)(void), const char *sig);
+
+/* InitStrings.proto */
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t);
+
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_resize(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self, size_t __pyx_v_ct); /* proto*/
+static unsigned char *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_get_item(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_i); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph__data_from_lookup(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lookup, struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_store); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_set(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_trp, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_remove_triples(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_pattern, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_as_rdflib(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph__slice(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_s, PyObject *__pyx_v_p, PyObject *__pyx_v_o); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_lookup(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_s, PyObject *__pyx_v_p, PyObject *__pyx_v_o, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_terms(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_type, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_as_rdflib(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static size_t __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__len(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__len *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_triple, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_add_graph(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_graph, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__add_graph(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_pk_c, size_t __pyx_v_pk_size, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_triple_pattern, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__index_triple(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_op, unsigned char *__pyx_v_spok); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__remove_graph(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_gr_uri, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_triple_keys(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_triple_pattern, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_triple_keys *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__lookup(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_triple_pattern); /* proto*/
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__lookup_1bound(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char __pyx_v_idx, PyObject *__pyx_v_term); /* proto*/
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__lookup_2bound(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char __pyx_v_idx1, PyObject *__pyx_v_term1, unsigned char __pyx_v_idx2, PyObject *__pyx_v_term2); /* proto*/
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__all_term_keys(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_term_type, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_namespaces(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_contexts(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_skip_dispatch, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_all_contexts *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_from_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key); /* proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_from_trp_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key); /* proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__to_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_term, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *__pyx_v_key); /* proto*/
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__to_triple_key(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_terms, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_TripleKey *__pyx_v_tkey); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__append(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_value, size_t __pyx_v_vlen, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *__pyx_v_nkey, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__append *__pyx_optional_args); /* proto*/
+static void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore__next_key(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_key, __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Key *__pyx_v_nkey); /* proto*/
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdint' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'posix.types' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include.cylmdb' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store' */
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore = 0;
+static int *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_rc = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_rc (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_rc)
+static size_t *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_i = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_i (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_i)
+static struct MDB_val *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_key_v = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_key_v (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_key_v)
+static struct MDB_val *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_data_v = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_data_v (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_data_v)
+static MDB_dbi *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_dbi = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_dbi (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_dbi)
+static void (*__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check)(int, struct __pyx_opt_args_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store__check *__pyx_optional_args); /*proto*/
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython.mem' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.string' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdlib' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term' */
+static unsigned char *__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_type = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_type (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_type)
+static unsigned char **__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_pack_fmt = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_pack_fmt (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_pack_fmt)
+static unsigned char **__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_data = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_data (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_data)
+static unsigned char **__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_datatype = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_datatype (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_datatype)
+static unsigned char **__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_lang = 0;
+#define __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_lang (*__pyx_vp_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_lang)
+static int (*__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_serialize)(PyObject *, unsigned char **, size_t *); /*proto*/
+static PyObject *(*__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_deserialize)(unsigned char *, size_t); /*proto*/
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore' */
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms = 0;
+static unsigned char __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_first_key[5];
+static unsigned char __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_lookup_rank[3];
+static unsigned char __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_lookup_ordering[3][3];
+static unsigned char __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_lookup_ordering_2bound[3][3];
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore__hash(unsigned char const *, size_t, unsigned char *); /*proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph__set_state(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+static PyObject *__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_unpickle_Imr__set_state(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *, PyObject *); /*proto*/
+#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore"
+extern int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__lmdb_triplestore;
+int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__lmdb_triplestore = 0;
+
+/* Implementation of 'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore' */
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_range;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_TypeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_hex;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_id;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_super;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_RuntimeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_enumerate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_all;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_any;
+static const char __pyx_k_c[] = "c:";
+static const char __pyx_k_o[] = "o";
+static const char __pyx_k_p[] = "p";
+static const char __pyx_k_s[] = "s";
+static const char __pyx_k__8[] = "<";
+static const char __pyx_k__9[] = " @";
+static const char __pyx_k_ct[] = "ct";
+static const char __pyx_k_eq[] = "__eq__";
+static const char __pyx_k_fn[] = "fn";
+static const char __pyx_k_id[] = "id";
+static const char __pyx_k_or[] = "__or__";
+static const char __pyx_k_os[] = "os";
+static const char __pyx_k_Add[] = "Add ";
+static const char __pyx_k_DBI[] = "DBI: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Key[] = "Key ";
+static const char __pyx_k__10[] = ">";
+static const char __pyx_k__11[] = ".";
+static const char __pyx_k__12[] = ", ";
+static const char __pyx_k__27[] = ": ";
+static const char __pyx_k_add[] = "add";
+static const char __pyx_k_all[] = "all";
+static const char __pyx_k_and[] = "__and__";
+static const char __pyx_k_any[] = "any";
+static const char __pyx_k_hex[] = "hex";
+static const char __pyx_k_ior[] = "__ior__";
+static const char __pyx_k_len[] = "_len";
+static const char __pyx_k_luk[] = "luk: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_new[] = "__new__";
+static const char __pyx_k_set[] = "set";
+static const char __pyx_k_spo[] = "spo";
+static const char __pyx_k_sub[] = "__sub__";
+static const char __pyx_k_uri[] = "uri";
+static const char __pyx_k_xor[] = "__xor__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Node[] = "Node";
+static const char __pyx_k_args[] = "args";
+static const char __pyx_k_data[] = "data";
+static const char __pyx_k_dict[] = "__dict__";
+static const char __pyx_k_iand[] = "__iand__";
+static const char __pyx_k_init[] = "__init__";
+static const char __pyx_k_isub[] = "__isub__";
+static const char __pyx_k_iter[] = "__iter__";
+static const char __pyx_k_ixor[] = "__ixor__";
+static const char __pyx_k_luk1[] = "luk1: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_luk2[] = "luk2: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_main[] = "__main__";
+static const char __pyx_k_name[] = "__name__";
+static const char __pyx_k_o_sp[] = "o:sp";
+static const char __pyx_k_p_so[] = "p:so";
+static const char __pyx_k_pk_c[] = "pk_c";
+static const char __pyx_k_po_s[] = "po:s";
+static const char __pyx_k_s_po[] = "s:po";
+static const char __pyx_k_self[] = "self";
+static const char __pyx_k_send[] = "send";
+static const char __pyx_k_so_p[] = "so:p";
+static const char __pyx_k_sp_o[] = "sp:o";
+static const char __pyx_k_step[] = "step";
+static const char __pyx_k_stop[] = "stop";
+static const char __pyx_k_t_st[] = "t:st";
+static const char __pyx_k_test[] = "__test__";
+static const char __pyx_k_th_t[] = "th:t";
+static const char __pyx_k_Graph[] = "Graph";
+static const char __pyx_k_bytes[] = " bytes.";
+static const char __pyx_k_c_spo[] = "c:spo";
+static const char __pyx_k_class[] = "__class__";
+static const char __pyx_k_close[] = "close";
+static const char __pyx_k_debug[] = "debug";
+static const char __pyx_k_flags[] = "flags";
+static const char __pyx_k_index[] = "index";
+static const char __pyx_k_other[] = "other";
+static const char __pyx_k_range[] = "range";
+static const char __pyx_k_spo_c[] = "spo:c";
+static const char __pyx_k_start[] = "start";
+static const char __pyx_k_stats[] = "stats";
+static const char __pyx_k_store[] = "store";
+static const char __pyx_k_super[] = "super";
+static const char __pyx_k_terms[] = "terms";
+static const char __pyx_k_throw[] = "throw";
+static const char __pyx_k_uri_2[] = " uri=";
+static const char __pyx_k_wraps[] = "wraps";
+static const char __pyx_k_Remove[] = "Remove ";
+static const char __pyx_k_format[] = "format";
+static const char __pyx_k_import[] = "__import__";
+static const char __pyx_k_length[] = " length=";
+static const char __pyx_k_logger[] = "logger";
+static const char __pyx_k_lookup[] = "lookup";
+static const char __pyx_k_ns_pfx[] = "ns:pfx";
+static const char __pyx_k_pfx_ns[] = "pfx:ns";
+static const char __pyx_k_pickle[] = "pickle";
+static const char __pyx_k_quoted[] = "quoted";
+static const char __pyx_k_rdflib[] = "rdflib";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce[] = "__reduce__";
+static const char __pyx_k_remove[] = "_remove";
+static const char __pyx_k_strict[] = "strict";
+static const char __pyx_k_triple[] = "triple";
+static const char __pyx_k_update[] = "update";
+static const char __pyx_k_Removed[] = "Removed: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_asm_rng[] = "asm_rng: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_context[] = "context";
+static const char __pyx_k_genexpr[] = "genexpr";
+static const char __pyx_k_hashlib[] = "hashlib";
+static const char __pyx_k_idx_add[] = "_idx_add";
+static const char __pyx_k_logging[] = "logging";
+static const char __pyx_k_new_txn[] = "new_txn";
+static const char __pyx_k_options[] = "options";
+static const char __pyx_k_pk_size[] = "pk_size";
+static const char __pyx_k_triples[] = "triples";
+static const char __pyx_k_wrapper[] = "_wrapper";
+static const char __pyx_k_DB_label[] = "DB label: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Removing[] = "Removing ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Sequence[] = "Sequence";
+static const char __pyx_k_and_term[] = " and term ";
+static const char __pyx_k_contexts[] = "contexts";
+static const char __pyx_k_db_stats[] = "db_stats";
+static const char __pyx_k_getstate[] = "__getstate__";
+static const char __pyx_k_itemsize[] = "itemsize";
+static const char __pyx_k_length_2[] = ", length=";
+static const char __pyx_k_map_size[] = "map_size";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_type[] = "__pyx_type";
+static const char __pyx_k_resource[] = "resource";
+static const char __pyx_k_setstate[] = "__setstate__";
+static const char __pyx_k_to_tuple[] = "to_tuple";
+static const char __pyx_k_use_data[] = "use_data";
+static const char __pyx_k_Allocated[] = "Allocated ";
+static const char __pyx_k_LmdbError[] = "LmdbError";
+static const char __pyx_k_Page_size[] = "Page size: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_TypeError[] = "TypeError";
+static const char __pyx_k_add_graph[] = "add_graph";
+static const char __pyx_k_all_terms[] = "all_terms";
+static const char __pyx_k_as_rdflib[] = "as_rdflib";
+static const char __pyx_k_dbi_flags[] = "dbi_flags";
+static const char __pyx_k_enumerate[] = "enumerate";
+static const char __pyx_k_from_main[] = " from main.";
+static const char __pyx_k_functools[] = "functools";
+static const char __pyx_k_getLogger[] = "getLogger";
+static const char __pyx_k_is_txn_rw[] = "is_txn_rw";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_state[] = "__pyx_state";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce_ex[] = "__reduce_ex__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Double_key[] = "Double key ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Lookup_key[] = "Lookup key: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Term_order[] = "Term order: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_ValueError[] = "ValueError";
+static const char __pyx_k_dbi_labels[] = "dbi_labels";
+static const char __pyx_k_identifier[] = "identifier";
+static const char __pyx_k_idx_remove[] = "_idx_remove";
+static const char __pyx_k_ms_entries[] = "ms_entries";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_result[] = "__pyx_result";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_vtable[] = "__pyx_vtable__";
+static const char __pyx_k_ret_offset[] = "ret_offset: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_term_order[] = "term order: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_to_indices[] = " to indices.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Entries_for[] = "Entries for ";
+static const char __pyx_k_LUK_offsets[] = "LUK offsets: {}, {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_MemoryError[] = "MemoryError";
+static const char __pyx_k_PickleError[] = "PickleError";
+static const char __pyx_k_add_graph_2[] = "_add_graph";
+static const char __pyx_k_at_position[] = " at position ";
+static const char __pyx_k_i_in_0bound[] = "i in 0bound: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_num_triples[] = "num_triples";
+static const char __pyx_k_rdflib_term[] = "rdflib.term";
+static const char __pyx_k_triple_keys[] = "triple_keys";
+static const char __pyx_k_RuntimeError[] = "RuntimeError";
+static const char __pyx_k_all_contexts[] = "all_contexts";
+static const char __pyx_k_from_indices[] = " from indices.";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_checksum[] = "__pyx_checksum";
+static const char __pyx_k_rdflib_graph[] = "rdflib.graph";
+static const char __pyx_k_remove_graph[] = "_remove_graph";
+static const char __pyx_k_stringsource[] = "stringsource";
+static const char __pyx_k_Triples_found[] = "Triples found: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_all_term_keys[] = "_all_term_keys";
+static const char __pyx_k_bytes_of_data[] = " bytes of data.";
+static const char __pyx_k_lookup_1bound[] = "lookup 1bound: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_reduce_cython[] = "__reduce_cython__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Database_label[] = "Database label: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Invalid_triple[] = "Invalid triple: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_KeyExistsError[] = "KeyExistsError";
+static const char __pyx_k_Looking_in_key[] = "Looking in key: {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_all_namespaces[] = "all_namespaces";
+static const char __pyx_k_exists_already[] = " exists already.";
+static const char __pyx_k_lookup_indices[] = "lookup_indices";
+static const char __pyx_k_remove_triples[] = "remove_triples";
+static const char __pyx_k_triple_pattern[] = "triple_pattern";
+static const char __pyx_k_Adding_to_index[] = "Adding to index `{}`: {}, {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_collections_abc[] = "collections.abc";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_PickleError[] = "__pyx_PickleError";
+static const char __pyx_k_setstate_cython[] = "__setstate_cython__";
+static const char __pyx_k_Entries_in_c_spo[] = "Entries in c:spo: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError[] = "KeyNotFoundError";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_unpickle_Imr[] = "__pyx_unpickle_Imr";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_setting_key[] = "Error setting key {}.";
+static const char __pyx_k_normalize_context[] = "_normalize_context";
+static const char __pyx_k_Got_data_in_2bound[] = "Got data in 2bound ({}): {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Not_found_in_index[] = "Not found in index: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Wrong_slice_format[] = "Wrong slice format: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_cline_in_traceback[] = "cline_in_traceback";
+static const char __pyx_k_Getting_triples_for[] = "Getting triples for: {}, {}";
+static const char __pyx_k_Looking_up_in_graph[] = "Looking up in graph: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Removing_from_graph[] = "Removing from graph: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_2bound_lookup_for_term[] = "2bound lookup for term ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Getting_all_DB_triples[] = "Getting all DB triples.";
+static const char __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_triples[] = "LmdbTriplestore.triples";
+static const char __pyx_k_to_tuple_locals_genexpr[] = "to_tuple.<locals>.genexpr";
+static const char __pyx_k_DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID[] = "DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_gathering_DB_stats[] = "Error gathering DB stats.";
+static const char __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_contexts[] = "LmdbTriplestore.contexts";
+static const char __pyx_k_RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI[] = "RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph[] = "__pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph";
+static const char __pyx_k_use_data_locals__wrapper[] = "use_data.<locals>._wrapper";
+static const char __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_all_terms[] = "LmdbTriplestore.all_terms";
+static const char __pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key[] = "Error getting data for key '{}'.";
+static const char __pyx_k_More_than_one_value_found_for[] = "More than one value found for {}, {}.";
+static const char __pyx_k_BAD_DAY_Sequence_exhausted_No_mo[] = "BAD DAY: Sequence exhausted. No more combinations are possible.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0x8d[] = "Incompatible checksums (%s vs 0x8d777f3 = (data))";
+static const char __pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0xbf[] = "Incompatible checksums (%s vs 0xbf84141 = (data, uri))";
+static const char __pyx_k_Index_operation_is_not_supported[] = "Index operation '{}' is not supported.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Indices_and_not_found_in_LU_keys[] = "Indices {} and {} not found in LU keys.";
+static const char __pyx_k_Store_not_specified_for_triple_l[] = "Store not specified for triple lookup.";
+static const char __pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_base_lmdb_sto[] = "lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store";
+static const char __pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t[] = "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore";
+static const char __pyx_k_no_default___reduce___due_to_non[] = "no default __reduce__ due to non-trivial __cinit__";
+static const char __pyx_k_self_curs_self_dbenv_self_dbis_s[] = "self.curs,self.dbenv,self.dbis,self.txn cannot be converted to a Python object for pickling";
+static const char __pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t_2[] = "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx";
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_2bound_lookup_for_term;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Add;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Adding_to_index;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Allocated;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_BAD_DAY_Sequence_exhausted_No_mo;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_DBI;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_DB_label;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Database_label;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Double_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Entries_for;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Entries_in_c_spo;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_gathering_DB_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_data_for_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Getting_all_DB_triples;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Getting_triples_for;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Got_data_in_2bound;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_Graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0x8d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0xbf;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Index_operation_is_not_supported;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Indices_and_not_found_in_LU_keys;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Invalid_triple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_KeyExistsError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_KeyNotFoundError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_LUK_offsets;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_LmdbError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_all_terms;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_contexts;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_triples;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Looking_in_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Looking_up_in_graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Lookup_key;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_MemoryError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_More_than_one_value_found_for;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_Node;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Not_found_in_index;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Page_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_PickleError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Remove;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Removed;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Removing;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Removing_from_graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_RuntimeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_Sequence;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Store_not_specified_for_triple_l;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Term_order;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Triples_found;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_TypeError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Wrong_slice_format;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__10;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__11;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__12;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__27;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__8;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u__9;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_add;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_add_graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_add_graph_2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_all;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_all_contexts;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_all_namespaces;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_all_term_keys;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_all_terms;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_and;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_and_term;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_any;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_args;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_as_rdflib;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_asm_rng;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_at_position;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_bytes;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_bytes_of_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_c;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_c_spo;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_class;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_close;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_collections_abc;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_context;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_contexts;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ct;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_db_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dbi_flags;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dbi_labels;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_debug;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_dict;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_enumerate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_eq;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_exists_already;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_flags;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_fn;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_format;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_from_indices;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_from_main;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_functools;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_genexpr;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getLogger;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_getstate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_hashlib;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_hex;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_i_in_0bound;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_iand;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_id;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_identifier;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_idx_add;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_idx_remove;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_import;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_index;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_init;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ior;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_is_txn_rw;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_isub;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_itemsize;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_iter;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ixor;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_base_lmdb_sto;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t_2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_len;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_length;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_length_2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_logger;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_logging;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lookup;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_lookup_1bound;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lookup_indices;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_luk;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_luk1;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_luk2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_main;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_map_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_ms_entries;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_name;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_new;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_new_txn;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_no_default___reduce___due_to_non;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_normalize_context;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_ns_pfx;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_num_triples;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_o;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_o_sp;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_o_sp;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_options;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_or;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_os;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_other;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_p_so;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_p_so;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_pfx_ns;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pickle;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pk_c;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pk_size;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_po_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_po_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_PickleError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_checksum;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_result;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_state;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_type;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_unpickle_Imr;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_quoted;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_range;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rdflib;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rdflib_graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rdflib_term;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce_cython;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_reduce_ex;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_remove;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_remove_graph;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_remove_triples;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_resource;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_ret_offset;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_s_po;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_s_po;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_self;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_self_curs_self_dbenv_self_dbis_s;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_send;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_set;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_setstate;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_setstate_cython;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_so_p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_so_p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_sp_o;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_sp_o;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_spo;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_spo_c;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_start;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_stats;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_step;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_stop;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_store;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_strict;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_stringsource;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_sub;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_super;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_t_st;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_term_order;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_terms;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_test;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_th_t;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_throw;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_to_indices;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_to_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_to_tuple_locals_genexpr;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_triple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_triple_keys;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_triple_pattern;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_triples;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_update;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_uri;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_uri_2;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_use_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_use_data_locals__wrapper;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_wrapper;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_wraps;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_xor;
+static int __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self, size_t __pyx_v_ct, unsigned char __pyx_v_itemsize); /* proto */
+static void __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_8to_tuple_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4to_tuple(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_6get_item_obj(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_i); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4data___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_8itemsize___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_2ct___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4size___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_8__reduce_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_10__setstate_cython__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *__pyx_v_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_8use_data__wrapper(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_use_data(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_fn); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph___init__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_data, PyObject *__pyx_v_lookup, PyObject *__pyx_v_store); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_2add(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_dataset); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_4remove(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */
+static Py_ssize_t __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_6__len__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_8__eq__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_10__repr__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_12__str__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_14__sub__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_16__isub__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_18__and__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_20__iand__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_22__or__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_24__ior__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_26__xor__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_28__ixor__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_30__contains__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_32__iter__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_34__getitem__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_36set(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_trp); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_38remove_triples(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_pattern); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_40as_rdflib(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_42lookup(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_s, PyObject *__pyx_v_p, PyObject *__pyx_v_o); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_44terms(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_type); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_4data___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_46__reduce_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_48__setstate_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */
+static int __pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr___init__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_uri, PyObject *__pyx_v_args, PyObject *__pyx_v_kwargs); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_10identifier___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_5graph___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_2__repr__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_4__sub__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_6__and__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_8__or__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_10__xor__(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_other); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_12__getitem__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_item); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_14value(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_p, PyObject *__pyx_v_strict); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_16as_rdflib(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_3uri___get__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_18__reduce_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_20__setstate_cython__(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v___pyx_state); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_new_txn); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_2_len(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_context); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_4add(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_triple, PyObject *__pyx_v_context, PyObject *__pyx_v_quoted); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_6add_graph(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_graph); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_8_add_graph(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *__pyx_v_self, unsigned char *__pyx_v_pk_c, size_t __pyx_v_pk_size); /* proto */
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+  /* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":895
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+ */
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+        __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
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+      #endif
+      {
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+        __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_8);
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+        __Pyx_INCREF(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_v___pyx_state, 2));
+        __Pyx_GIVEREF(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_v___pyx_state, 2));
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_8, 0+1, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_v___pyx_state, 2));
+        __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_7, __pyx_t_8, NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(1, 12, __pyx_L1_error)
+        __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+        __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_8); __pyx_t_8 = 0;
+      }
+    }
+    __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_7 = 0;
+    __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+    /* "(tree fragment)":11
+ * cdef __pyx_unpickle_Imr__set_state(Imr __pyx_result, tuple __pyx_state):
+ *     __pyx_result.data = __pyx_state[0]; __pyx_result.uri = __pyx_state[1]
+ *     if len(__pyx_state) > 2 and hasattr(__pyx_result, '__dict__'):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         __pyx_result.__dict__.update(__pyx_state[2])
+ */
+  }
+
+  /* "(tree fragment)":9
+ *         __pyx_unpickle_Imr__set_state(<Imr> __pyx_result, __pyx_state)
+ *     return __pyx_result
+ * cdef __pyx_unpickle_Imr__set_state(Imr __pyx_result, tuple __pyx_state):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     __pyx_result.data = __pyx_state[0]; __pyx_result.uri = __pyx_state[1]
+ *     if len(__pyx_state) > 2 and hasattr(__pyx_result, '__dict__'):
+ */
+
+  /* function exit code */
+  __pyx_r = Py_None; __Pyx_INCREF(Py_None);
+  goto __pyx_L0;
+  __pyx_L1_error:;
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_6);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_7);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_8);
+  __Pyx_AddTraceback("lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_unpickle_Imr__set_state", __pyx_clineno, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename);
+  __pyx_r = 0;
+  __pyx_L0:;
+  __Pyx_XGIVEREF(__pyx_r);
+  __Pyx_TraceReturn(__pyx_r, 0);
+  __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
+  return __pyx_r;
+}
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet __pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *p;
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (likely((t->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT) == 0)) {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  } else {
+    o = (PyObject *) PyBaseObject_Type.tp_new(t, __pyx_empty_tuple, 0);
+  }
+  if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *)o);
+  p->__pyx_vtab = __pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet;
+  if (unlikely(__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_1__cinit__(o, a, k) < 0)) goto bad;
+  return o;
+  bad:
+  Py_DECREF(o); o = 0;
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet(PyObject *o) {
+  #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  if (unlikely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(o), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE) && Py_TYPE(o)->tp_finalize) && (!PyType_IS_GC(Py_TYPE(o)) || !_PyGC_FINALIZED(o))) {
+    if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return;
+  }
+  #endif
+  {
+    PyObject *etype, *eval, *etb;
+    PyErr_Fetch(&etype, &eval, &etb);
+    ++Py_REFCNT(o);
+    __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_3__dealloc__(o);
+    --Py_REFCNT(o);
+    PyErr_Restore(etype, eval, etb);
+  }
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_data(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4data_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_itemsize(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_8itemsize_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_ct(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_2ct_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_size(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4size_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet[] = {
+  {"to_tuple", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_5to_tuple, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_4to_tuple},
+  {"get_item_obj", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_7get_item_obj, METH_O, 0},
+  {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_9__reduce_cython__, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_11__setstate_cython__, METH_O, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet[] = {
+  {(char *)"data", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_data, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"itemsize", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_itemsize, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"ct", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_ct, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {(char *)"size", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_9ResultSet_size, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.ResultSet", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
+  "\n    Pre-allocated result set.\n\n    Data in the set are stored as a 1D contiguous array of characters.\n    Access to elements at an arbitrary index position is achieved by using the\n    ``itemsize`` property multiplied by the index number.\n\n    Key properties:\n\n    ``ct``: number of elements in the set.\n    ``itemsize``: size of each element, in bytes. All elements have the same\n        size.\n    ``size``: Total size, in bytes, of the data set. This is the product of\n        ``itemsize`` and ``ct``.\n    ", /*tp_doc*/
+  0, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph __pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *p;
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (likely((t->tp_flags & Py_TPFLAGS_IS_ABSTRACT) == 0)) {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  } else {
+    o = (PyObject *) PyBaseObject_Type.tp_new(t, __pyx_empty_tuple, 0);
+  }
+  if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *)o);
+  p->__pyx_vtab = __pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph;
+  p->data = ((PyObject*)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *)o;
+  #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  if (unlikely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(o), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE) && Py_TYPE(o)->tp_finalize) && !_PyGC_FINALIZED(o)) {
+    if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return;
+  }
+  #endif
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->data);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *)o;
+  if (p->data) {
+    e = (*v)(p->data, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyObject *o) {
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *)o;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->data);
+  p->data = ((PyObject*)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *__pyx_sq_item_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i) {
+  PyObject *r;
+  PyObject *x = PyInt_FromSsize_t(i); if(!x) return 0;
+  r = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript(o, x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_richcompare_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int op) {
+  switch (op) {
+    case Py_EQ: {
+      return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_9__eq__(o1, o2);
+    }
+    case Py_NE: {
+      PyObject *ret;
+      ret = __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_9__eq__(o1, o2);
+      if (likely(ret && ret != Py_NotImplemented)) {
+        int b = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(ret); Py_DECREF(ret);
+        if (unlikely(b < 0)) return NULL;
+        ret = (b) ? Py_False : Py_True;
+        Py_INCREF(ret);
+      }
+      return ret;
+    }
+    default: {
+      return __Pyx_NewRef(Py_NotImplemented);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_data(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_4data_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph[] = {
+  {"add", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_3add, METH_O, 0},
+  {"remove", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_5remove, METH_O, 0},
+  {"set", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_37set, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_36set},
+  {"remove_triples", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_39remove_triples, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_38remove_triples},
+  {"as_rdflib", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_41as_rdflib, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_40as_rdflib},
+  {"lookup", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_43lookup, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_42lookup},
+  {"terms", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_45terms, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_44terms},
+  {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_47__reduce_cython__, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_49__setstate_cython__, METH_O, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph[] = {
+  {(char *)"data", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_data, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number_SimpleGraph = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_15__sub__, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_19__and__, /*nb_and*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_27__xor__, /*nb_xor*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_23__or__, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_17__isub__, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_21__iand__, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_29__ixor__, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_25__ior__, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000
+  0, /*nb_matrix_multiply*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000
+  0, /*nb_inplace_matrix_multiply*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence_SimpleGraph = {
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_7__len__, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  __pyx_sq_item_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_31__contains__, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping_SimpleGraph = {
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_7__len__, /*mp_length*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_35__getitem__, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.SimpleGraph", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_11__repr__, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number_SimpleGraph, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence_SimpleGraph, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping_SimpleGraph, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_13__str__, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  "\n    Fast and simple implementation of a graph.\n\n    Most functions should mimic RDFLib's graph with less overhead. It uses\n        the same funny but functional slicing notation.\n    ", /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_richcompare_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_33__iter__, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_1__init__, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr __pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *p;
+  PyObject *o = __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(t, a, k);
+  if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_base.__pyx_vtab = (struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph*)__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr;
+  p->uri = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *)o;
+  #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  if (unlikely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(o), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE) && Py_TYPE(o)->tp_finalize) && !_PyGC_FINALIZED(o)) {
+    if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return;
+  }
+  #endif
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->uri);
+  PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *)o;
+  e = __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(o, v, a); if (e) return e;
+  if (p->uri) {
+    e = (*v)(p->uri, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr(PyObject *o) {
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr *)o;
+  __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph(o);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->uri);
+  p->uri = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *__pyx_sq_item_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i) {
+  PyObject *r;
+  PyObject *x = PyInt_FromSsize_t(i); if(!x) return 0;
+  r = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_mapping->mp_subscript(o, x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_identifier(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_10identifier_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_graph(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_5graph_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_uri(PyObject *o, CYTHON_UNUSED void *x) {
+  return __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_3uri_1__get__(o);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr[] = {
+  {"value", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_15value, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_14value},
+  {"as_rdflib", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_17as_rdflib, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_16as_rdflib},
+  {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_19__reduce_cython__, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_21__setstate_cython__, METH_O, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static struct PyGetSetDef __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr[] = {
+  {(char *)"identifier", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_identifier, 0, (char *)"\n        IMR URI. For compatibility with RDFLib Resource.\n\n        :rtype: string\n        ", 0},
+  {(char *)"graph", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_graph, 0, (char *)"\n        Return a SimpleGraph with the same data.\n\n        :rtype: SimpleGraph\n        ", 0},
+  {(char *)"uri", __pyx_getprop_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_uri, 0, (char *)0, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number_Imr = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_5__sub__, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_7__and__, /*nb_and*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_11__xor__, /*nb_xor*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_9__or__, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_17__isub__, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  #else
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 || (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000)
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_21__iand__, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  #else
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  #endif
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_29__ixor__, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  #else
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  #endif
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_25__ior__, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  #else
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000
+  0, /*nb_matrix_multiply*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000
+  0, /*nb_inplace_matrix_multiply*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence_Imr = {
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_7__len__, /*sq_length*/
+  #else
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  __pyx_sq_item_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_31__contains__, /*sq_contains*/
+  #else
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping_Imr = {
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_7__len__, /*mp_length*/
+  #else
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  #endif
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_13__getitem__, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.Imr", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_3__repr__, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number_Imr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence_Imr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping_Imr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_13__str__, /*tp_str*/
+  #else
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  "\n    In-memory resource data container.\n\n    This is an extension of :py:class:`~SimpleGraph` that adds a subject URI to\n    the data set and some convenience methods.\n\n    Some set operations that produce a new object (``-``, ``|``, ``&``, ``^``)\n    will create a new ``Imr`` instance with the same subject URI.\n    ", /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_11SimpleGraph_33__iter__, /*tp_iter*/
+  #else
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  __pyx_getsets_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  __pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_1__init__, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore __pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore(PyTypeObject *t, PyObject *a, PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *p;
+  PyObject *o = __pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore->tp_new(t, a, k);
+  if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore *)o);
+  p->__pyx_base.__pyx_vtab = (struct __pyx_vtabstruct_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore*)__pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore(PyObject *o) {
+  #if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  if (unlikely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(o), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE) && Py_TYPE(o)->tp_finalize) && (!PyType_IS_GC(Py_TYPE(o)) || !_PyGC_FINALIZED(o))) {
+    if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(o)) return;
+  }
+  #endif
+  if (likely(__pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore)) __pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_15base_lmdb_store_BaseLmdbStore->tp_dealloc(o); else __Pyx_call_next_tp_dealloc(o, __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore);
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore[] = {
+  {"stats", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_1stats, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_stats},
+  {"_len", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_3_len, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_2_len},
+  {"add", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_5add, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_4add},
+  {"add_graph", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_7add_graph, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_6add_graph},
+  {"_add_graph", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_9_add_graph, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_8_add_graph},
+  {"_remove", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_11_remove, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, 0},
+  {"_remove_graph", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_13_remove_graph, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_12_remove_graph},
+  {"contexts", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_15contexts, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_14contexts},
+  {"triples", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_18triples, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_17triples},
+  {"triple_keys", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_21triple_keys, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_20triple_keys},
+  {"_all_term_keys", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_23_all_term_keys, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_22_all_term_keys},
+  {"all_terms", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_25all_terms, METH_O, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_24all_terms},
+  {"all_namespaces", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_28all_namespaces, METH_NOARGS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_27all_namespaces},
+  {"all_contexts", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_30all_contexts, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __pyx_doc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_29all_contexts},
+  {"__reduce_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_32__reduce_cython__, METH_NOARGS, 0},
+  {"__setstate_cython__", (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_15LmdbTriplestore_34__setstate_cython__, METH_O, 0},
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.LmdbTriplestore", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_BASETYPE, /*tp_flags*/
+  "\n    Low-level storage layer.\n\n    This class extends the RDFLib-compatible :py:class:`BaseLmdbStore` and maps\n    triples and contexts to key-value records in LMDB.\n\n    This class uses the original LMDB C API rather than the Python bindings,\n    because several data manipulations happen after retrieval from the store,\n    which are more efficiently performed at the C level.\n    ", /*tp_doc*/
+  0, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_LmdbTriplestore, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple(PyObject *o) {
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple *)o;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_ResultSet *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct__to_tuple, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_i);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_i) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_i, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_1_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_ctx_uri);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_triple);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_ctx_uri) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_ctx_uri, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_triple) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_triple, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_2_contexts, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_c_uri);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_context);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_contexts);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_rset);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_triple_pattern);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_c_uri) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_c_uri, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_context) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_context, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_contexts) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_contexts, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_rset) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_rset), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_triple_pattern) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_triple_pattern, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_scope_struct_3_triples", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_3_triples, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms[8];
+static int __pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms = 0;
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  PyObject *o;
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && likely((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms > 0) & (t->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms)))) {
+    o = (PyObject*)__pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms[--__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms];
+    memset(o, 0, sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms));
+    (void) PyObject_INIT(o, t);
+    PyObject_GC_Track(o);
+  } else {
+    o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!o)) return 0;
+  }
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *)o;
+  PyObject_GC_UnTrack(o);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_key);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_term_type);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  if (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && ((__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms < 8) & (Py_TYPE(o)->tp_basicsize == sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms)))) {
+    __pyx_freelist_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms[__pyx_freecount_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms++] = ((struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *)o);
+  } else {
+    (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+  }
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *p = (struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_key) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_key, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject *)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_term_type) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_term_type, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore.__pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms", /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  0, /*tp_as_async*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  0, /*tp_as_number*/
+  0, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  0, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  0, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_VERSION_TAG|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms, /*tp_traverse*/
+  0, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  0, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore___pyx_scope_struct_4_all_terms, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+  0, /*tp_finalize*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+static PyObject* __pyx_pymod_create(PyObject *spec, PyModuleDef *def); /*proto*/
+static int __pyx_pymod_exec_lmdb_triplestore(PyObject* module); /*proto*/
+static PyModuleDef_Slot __pyx_moduledef_slots[] = {
+  {Py_mod_create, (void*)__pyx_pymod_create},
+  {Py_mod_exec, (void*)__pyx_pymod_exec_lmdb_triplestore},
+  {0, NULL}
+};
+#endif
+
+static struct PyModuleDef __pyx_moduledef = {
+    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
+    "lmdb_triplestore",
+    0, /* m_doc */
+  #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    0, /* m_size */
+  #else
+    -1, /* m_size */
+  #endif
+    __pyx_methods /* m_methods */,
+  #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    __pyx_moduledef_slots, /* m_slots */
+  #else
+    NULL, /* m_reload */
+  #endif
+    NULL, /* m_traverse */
+    NULL, /* m_clear */
+    NULL /* m_free */
+};
+#endif
+
+static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_2bound_lookup_for_term, __pyx_k_2bound_lookup_for_term, sizeof(__pyx_k_2bound_lookup_for_term), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Add, __pyx_k_Add, sizeof(__pyx_k_Add), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Adding_to_index, __pyx_k_Adding_to_index, sizeof(__pyx_k_Adding_to_index), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Allocated, __pyx_k_Allocated, sizeof(__pyx_k_Allocated), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_BAD_DAY_Sequence_exhausted_No_mo, __pyx_k_BAD_DAY_Sequence_exhausted_No_mo, sizeof(__pyx_k_BAD_DAY_Sequence_exhausted_No_mo), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID, __pyx_k_DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID, sizeof(__pyx_k_DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_DBI, __pyx_k_DBI, sizeof(__pyx_k_DBI), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_DB_label, __pyx_k_DB_label, sizeof(__pyx_k_DB_label), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Database_label, __pyx_k_Database_label, sizeof(__pyx_k_Database_label), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Double_key, __pyx_k_Double_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Double_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Entries_for, __pyx_k_Entries_for, sizeof(__pyx_k_Entries_for), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Entries_in_c_spo, __pyx_k_Entries_in_c_spo, sizeof(__pyx_k_Entries_in_c_spo), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_gathering_DB_stats, __pyx_k_Error_gathering_DB_stats, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_gathering_DB_stats), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_getting_data_for_key, __pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_getting_data_for_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Error_setting_key, __pyx_k_Error_setting_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Error_setting_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Getting_all_DB_triples, __pyx_k_Getting_all_DB_triples, sizeof(__pyx_k_Getting_all_DB_triples), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Getting_triples_for, __pyx_k_Getting_triples_for, sizeof(__pyx_k_Getting_triples_for), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Got_data_in_2bound, __pyx_k_Got_data_in_2bound, sizeof(__pyx_k_Got_data_in_2bound), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_Graph, __pyx_k_Graph, sizeof(__pyx_k_Graph), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0x8d, __pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0x8d, sizeof(__pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0x8d), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0xbf, __pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0xbf, sizeof(__pyx_k_Incompatible_checksums_s_vs_0xbf), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Index_operation_is_not_supported, __pyx_k_Index_operation_is_not_supported, sizeof(__pyx_k_Index_operation_is_not_supported), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Indices_and_not_found_in_LU_keys, __pyx_k_Indices_and_not_found_in_LU_keys, sizeof(__pyx_k_Indices_and_not_found_in_LU_keys), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Invalid_triple, __pyx_k_Invalid_triple, sizeof(__pyx_k_Invalid_triple), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Key, __pyx_k_Key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_KeyExistsError, __pyx_k_KeyExistsError, sizeof(__pyx_k_KeyExistsError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_KeyNotFoundError, __pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError, sizeof(__pyx_k_KeyNotFoundError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_LUK_offsets, __pyx_k_LUK_offsets, sizeof(__pyx_k_LUK_offsets), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_LmdbError, __pyx_k_LmdbError, sizeof(__pyx_k_LmdbError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_all_terms, __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_all_terms, sizeof(__pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_all_terms), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_contexts, __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_contexts, sizeof(__pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_contexts), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_LmdbTriplestore_triples, __pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_triples, sizeof(__pyx_k_LmdbTriplestore_triples), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Looking_in_key, __pyx_k_Looking_in_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Looking_in_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Looking_up_in_graph, __pyx_k_Looking_up_in_graph, sizeof(__pyx_k_Looking_up_in_graph), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Lookup_key, __pyx_k_Lookup_key, sizeof(__pyx_k_Lookup_key), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_MemoryError, __pyx_k_MemoryError, sizeof(__pyx_k_MemoryError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_More_than_one_value_found_for, __pyx_k_More_than_one_value_found_for, sizeof(__pyx_k_More_than_one_value_found_for), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_Node, __pyx_k_Node, sizeof(__pyx_k_Node), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Not_found_in_index, __pyx_k_Not_found_in_index, sizeof(__pyx_k_Not_found_in_index), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Page_size, __pyx_k_Page_size, sizeof(__pyx_k_Page_size), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_PickleError, __pyx_k_PickleError, sizeof(__pyx_k_PickleError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI, __pyx_k_RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI, sizeof(__pyx_k_RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Remove, __pyx_k_Remove, sizeof(__pyx_k_Remove), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Removed, __pyx_k_Removed, sizeof(__pyx_k_Removed), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Removing, __pyx_k_Removing, sizeof(__pyx_k_Removing), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Removing_from_graph, __pyx_k_Removing_from_graph, sizeof(__pyx_k_Removing_from_graph), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_RuntimeError, __pyx_k_RuntimeError, sizeof(__pyx_k_RuntimeError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_Sequence, __pyx_k_Sequence, sizeof(__pyx_k_Sequence), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Store_not_specified_for_triple_l, __pyx_k_Store_not_specified_for_triple_l, sizeof(__pyx_k_Store_not_specified_for_triple_l), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Term_order, __pyx_k_Term_order, sizeof(__pyx_k_Term_order), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Triples_found, __pyx_k_Triples_found, sizeof(__pyx_k_Triples_found), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_TypeError, __pyx_k_TypeError, sizeof(__pyx_k_TypeError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_ValueError, __pyx_k_ValueError, sizeof(__pyx_k_ValueError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_Wrong_slice_format, __pyx_k_Wrong_slice_format, sizeof(__pyx_k_Wrong_slice_format), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__10, __pyx_k__10, sizeof(__pyx_k__10), 0, 1, 0, 0},
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+  {&__pyx_kp_u__12, __pyx_k__12, sizeof(__pyx_k__12), 0, 1, 0, 0},
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+  {&__pyx_kp_u__8, __pyx_k__8, sizeof(__pyx_k__8), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u__9, __pyx_k__9, sizeof(__pyx_k__9), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_add, __pyx_k_add, sizeof(__pyx_k_add), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_add_graph, __pyx_k_add_graph, sizeof(__pyx_k_add_graph), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_add_graph_2, __pyx_k_add_graph_2, sizeof(__pyx_k_add_graph_2), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_all, __pyx_k_all, sizeof(__pyx_k_all), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_all_contexts, __pyx_k_all_contexts, sizeof(__pyx_k_all_contexts), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_all_namespaces, __pyx_k_all_namespaces, sizeof(__pyx_k_all_namespaces), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_all_term_keys, __pyx_k_all_term_keys, sizeof(__pyx_k_all_term_keys), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_all_terms, __pyx_k_all_terms, sizeof(__pyx_k_all_terms), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_and, __pyx_k_and, sizeof(__pyx_k_and), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_and_term, __pyx_k_and_term, sizeof(__pyx_k_and_term), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_any, __pyx_k_any, sizeof(__pyx_k_any), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_args, __pyx_k_args, sizeof(__pyx_k_args), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_as_rdflib, __pyx_k_as_rdflib, sizeof(__pyx_k_as_rdflib), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_asm_rng, __pyx_k_asm_rng, sizeof(__pyx_k_asm_rng), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_at_position, __pyx_k_at_position, sizeof(__pyx_k_at_position), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_bytes, __pyx_k_bytes, sizeof(__pyx_k_bytes), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_bytes_of_data, __pyx_k_bytes_of_data, sizeof(__pyx_k_bytes_of_data), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_c, __pyx_k_c, sizeof(__pyx_k_c), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_c_spo, __pyx_k_c_spo, sizeof(__pyx_k_c_spo), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_class, __pyx_k_class, sizeof(__pyx_k_class), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback, __pyx_k_cline_in_traceback, sizeof(__pyx_k_cline_in_traceback), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_close, __pyx_k_close, sizeof(__pyx_k_close), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_collections_abc, __pyx_k_collections_abc, sizeof(__pyx_k_collections_abc), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_context, __pyx_k_context, sizeof(__pyx_k_context), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_debug, __pyx_k_debug, sizeof(__pyx_k_debug), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_dict, __pyx_k_dict, sizeof(__pyx_k_dict), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_enumerate, __pyx_k_enumerate, sizeof(__pyx_k_enumerate), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_eq, __pyx_k_eq, sizeof(__pyx_k_eq), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_exists_already, __pyx_k_exists_already, sizeof(__pyx_k_exists_already), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_flags, __pyx_k_flags, sizeof(__pyx_k_flags), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_fn, __pyx_k_fn, sizeof(__pyx_k_fn), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_format, __pyx_k_format, sizeof(__pyx_k_format), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_from_indices, __pyx_k_from_indices, sizeof(__pyx_k_from_indices), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_from_main, __pyx_k_from_main, sizeof(__pyx_k_from_main), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_functools, __pyx_k_functools, sizeof(__pyx_k_functools), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_getLogger, __pyx_k_getLogger, sizeof(__pyx_k_getLogger), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_getstate, __pyx_k_getstate, sizeof(__pyx_k_getstate), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_kp_u_i_in_0bound, __pyx_k_i_in_0bound, sizeof(__pyx_k_i_in_0bound), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_iand, __pyx_k_iand, sizeof(__pyx_k_iand), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_ixor, __pyx_k_ixor, sizeof(__pyx_k_ixor), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t, __pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t, sizeof(__pyx_k_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s_len, __pyx_k_len, sizeof(__pyx_k_len), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_kp_u_lookup_1bound, __pyx_k_lookup_1bound, sizeof(__pyx_k_lookup_1bound), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_lookup_indices, __pyx_k_lookup_indices, sizeof(__pyx_k_lookup_indices), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_luk, __pyx_k_luk, sizeof(__pyx_k_luk), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_luk1, __pyx_k_luk1, sizeof(__pyx_k_luk1), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_luk2, __pyx_k_luk2, sizeof(__pyx_k_luk2), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_main, __pyx_k_main, sizeof(__pyx_k_main), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_map_size, __pyx_k_map_size, sizeof(__pyx_k_map_size), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_ms_entries, __pyx_k_ms_entries, sizeof(__pyx_k_ms_entries), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_name, __pyx_k_name, sizeof(__pyx_k_name), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_new, __pyx_k_new, sizeof(__pyx_k_new), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_new_txn, __pyx_k_new_txn, sizeof(__pyx_k_new_txn), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_no_default___reduce___due_to_non, __pyx_k_no_default___reduce___due_to_non, sizeof(__pyx_k_no_default___reduce___due_to_non), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_normalize_context, __pyx_k_normalize_context, sizeof(__pyx_k_normalize_context), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_ns_pfx, __pyx_k_ns_pfx, sizeof(__pyx_k_ns_pfx), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_u_num_triples, __pyx_k_num_triples, sizeof(__pyx_k_num_triples), 0, 1, 0, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_o, __pyx_k_o, sizeof(__pyx_k_o), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_b_o_sp, __pyx_k_o_sp, sizeof(__pyx_k_o_sp), 0, 0, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_o_sp, __pyx_k_o_sp, sizeof(__pyx_k_o_sp), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_options, __pyx_k_options, sizeof(__pyx_k_options), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_or, __pyx_k_or, sizeof(__pyx_k_or), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_kp_u_p_so, __pyx_k_p_so, sizeof(__pyx_k_p_so), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_pfx_ns, __pyx_k_pfx_ns, sizeof(__pyx_k_pfx_ns), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pickle, __pyx_k_pickle, sizeof(__pyx_k_pickle), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pk_c, __pyx_k_pk_c, sizeof(__pyx_k_pk_c), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pk_size, __pyx_k_pk_size, sizeof(__pyx_k_pk_size), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_b_po_s, __pyx_k_po_s, sizeof(__pyx_k_po_s), 0, 0, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_u_po_s, __pyx_k_po_s, sizeof(__pyx_k_po_s), 0, 1, 0, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_PickleError, __pyx_k_pyx_PickleError, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_PickleError), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_checksum, __pyx_k_pyx_checksum, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_checksum), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_result, __pyx_k_pyx_result, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_result), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_state, __pyx_k_pyx_state, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_state), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_type, __pyx_k_pyx_type, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_type), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_pyx_unpickle_Imr, __pyx_k_pyx_unpickle_Imr, sizeof(__pyx_k_pyx_unpickle_Imr), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  __pyx_vtabptr_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr = &__pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr;
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+  __pyx_vtable_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.__pyx_base.as_rdflib = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph *, int __pyx_skip_dispatch))__pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3Imr_as_rdflib;
+  __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.tp_base = __pyx_ptype_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_SimpleGraph;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr) < 0) __PYX_ERR(0, 460, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.tp_print = 0;
+  if ((CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP) && likely(!__pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.tp_dictoffset && __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.tp_getattro == PyObject_GenericGetAttr)) {
+    __pyx_type_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_Imr.tp_getattro = __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr;
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+ *     if __pyx_checksum != 0x8d777f3:
+ *         from pickle import PickleError as __pyx_PickleError
+ */
+  __pyx_t_12 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_3__pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph, NULL, __pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) __PYX_ERR(1, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph, __pyx_t_12) < 0) __PYX_ERR(1, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
+
+  /* "(tree fragment)":9
+ *         __pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph__set_state(<SimpleGraph> __pyx_result, __pyx_state)
+ *     return __pyx_result
+ * cdef __pyx_unpickle_SimpleGraph__set_state(SimpleGraph __pyx_result, tuple __pyx_state):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     __pyx_result.data = __pyx_state[0]
+ *     if len(__pyx_state) > 1 and hasattr(__pyx_result, '__dict__'):
+ */
+  __pyx_t_12 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_16lmdb_triplestore_5__pyx_unpickle_Imr, NULL, __pyx_n_s_lakesuperior_store_ldp_rs_lmdb_t); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) __PYX_ERR(1, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_pyx_unpickle_Imr, __pyx_t_12) < 0) __PYX_ERR(1, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
+
+  /* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx":1
+ * import hashlib             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * import logging
+ * import os
+ */
+  __pyx_t_12 = __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_test, __pyx_t_12) < 0) __PYX_ERR(0, 1, __pyx_L1_error)
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
+  __Pyx_TraceReturn(Py_None, 0);
+
+  /*--- Wrapped vars code ---*/
+
+  goto __pyx_L0;
+  __pyx_L1_error:;
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_12);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_13);
+  __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_14);
+  if (__pyx_m) {
+    if (__pyx_d) {
+      __Pyx_AddTraceback("init lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore", 0, __pyx_lineno, __pyx_filename);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(__pyx_m); __pyx_m = 0;
+  } else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ImportError, "init lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore");
+  }
+  __pyx_L0:;
+  __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
+  #if CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  return (__pyx_m != NULL) ? 0 : -1;
+  #elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  return __pyx_m;
+  #else
+  return;
+  #endif
+}
+
+/* --- Runtime support code --- */
+/* Refnanny */
+#if CYTHON_REFNANNY
+static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname) {
+    PyObject *m = NULL, *p = NULL;
+    void *r = NULL;
+    m = PyImport_ImportModule((char *)modname);
+    if (!m) goto end;
+    p = PyObject_GetAttrString(m, (char *)"RefNannyAPI");
+    if (!p) goto end;
+    r = PyLong_AsVoidPtr(p);
+end:
+    Py_XDECREF(p);
+    Py_XDECREF(m);
+    return (__Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *)r;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectGetAttrStr */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (likely(tp->tp_getattro))
+        return tp->tp_getattro(obj, attr_name);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(tp->tp_getattr))
+        return tp->tp_getattr(obj, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name));
+#endif
+    return PyObject_GetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetBuiltinName */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject* result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, name);
+    if (unlikely(!result)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError,
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            "name '%U' is not defined", name);
+#else
+            "name '%.200s' is not defined", PyString_AS_STRING(name));
+#endif
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* PyErrFetchRestore */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    tmp_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = type;
+    tstate->curexc_value = value;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    *type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    *value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Profile */
+#if CYTHON_PROFILE
+static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code,
+                                   PyFrameObject** frame,
+                                   PyThreadState* tstate,
+                                   const char *funcname,
+                                   const char *srcfile,
+                                   int firstlineno) {
+    PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+    int retval;
+    if (*frame == NULL || !CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME) {
+        if (*code == NULL) {
+            *code = __Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);
+            if (*code == NULL) return 0;
+        }
+        *frame = PyFrame_New(
+            tstate,                          /*PyThreadState *tstate*/
+            *code,                           /*PyCodeObject *code*/
+            __pyx_d,                  /*PyObject *globals*/
+            0                                /*PyObject *locals*/
+        );
+        if (*frame == NULL) return 0;
+        if (CYTHON_TRACE && (*frame)->f_trace == NULL) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            (*frame)->f_trace = Py_None;
+        }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030400B1
+    } else {
+        (*frame)->f_tstate = tstate;
+#endif
+    }
+      __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(*frame, firstlineno);
+    retval = 1;
+    tstate->tracing++;
+    tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+    #if CYTHON_TRACE
+    if (tstate->c_tracefunc)
+        retval = tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, *frame, PyTrace_CALL, NULL) == 0;
+    if (retval && tstate->c_profilefunc)
+    #endif
+        retval = tstate->c_profilefunc(tstate->c_profileobj, *frame, PyTrace_CALL, NULL) == 0;
+    tstate->use_tracing = (tstate->c_profilefunc ||
+                           (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc));
+    tstate->tracing--;
+    if (retval) {
+        __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+        return tstate->use_tracing && retval;
+    } else {
+        Py_XDECREF(type);
+        Py_XDECREF(value);
+        Py_XDECREF(traceback);
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
+static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno) {
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(srcfile);
+    #else
+    py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(srcfile);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_funcname | !py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    py_code = PyCode_New(
+        0,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        0,
+        #endif
+        0,
+        0,
+        CO_OPTIMIZED | CO_NEWLOCALS,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes,     /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,     /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,     /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,     /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,     /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple,     /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,       /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,      /*PyObject *name,*/
+        firstlineno,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes      /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    return py_code;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* WriteUnraisableException */
+static void __Pyx_WriteUnraisable(const char *name, CYTHON_UNUSED int clineno,
+                                  CYTHON_UNUSED int lineno, CYTHON_UNUSED const char *filename,
+                                  int full_traceback, CYTHON_UNUSED int nogil) {
+    PyObject *old_exc, *old_val, *old_tb;
+    PyObject *ctx;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+    PyGILState_STATE state;
+    if (nogil)
+        state = PyGILState_Ensure();
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    else state = (PyGILState_STATE)-1;
+#endif
+#endif
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&old_exc, &old_val, &old_tb);
+    if (full_traceback) {
+        Py_XINCREF(old_exc);
+        Py_XINCREF(old_val);
+        Py_XINCREF(old_tb);
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(old_exc, old_val, old_tb);
+        PyErr_PrintEx(1);
+    }
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    ctx = PyString_FromString(name);
+    #else
+    ctx = PyUnicode_FromString(name);
+    #endif
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(old_exc, old_val, old_tb);
+    if (!ctx) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(Py_None);
+    } else {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(ctx);
+        Py_DECREF(ctx);
+    }
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+    if (nogil)
+        PyGILState_Release(state);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* RaiseArgTupleInvalid */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid(
+    const char* func_name,
+    int exact,
+    Py_ssize_t num_min,
+    Py_ssize_t num_max,
+    Py_ssize_t num_found)
+{
+    Py_ssize_t num_expected;
+    const char *more_or_less;
+    if (num_found < num_min) {
+        num_expected = num_min;
+        more_or_less = "at least";
+    } else {
+        num_expected = num_max;
+        more_or_less = "at most";
+    }
+    if (exact) {
+        more_or_less = "exactly";
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "%.200s() takes %.8s %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d positional argument%.1s (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)",
+                 func_name, more_or_less, num_expected,
+                 (num_expected == 1) ? "" : "s", num_found);
+}
+
+/* RaiseDoubleKeywords */
+static void __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(
+    const char* func_name,
+    PyObject* kw_name)
+{
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%U'", func_name, kw_name);
+        #else
+        "%s() got multiple values for keyword argument '%s'", func_name,
+        PyString_AsString(kw_name));
+        #endif
+}
+
+/* ParseKeywords */
+static int __Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(
+    PyObject *kwds,
+    PyObject **argnames[],
+    PyObject *kwds2,
+    PyObject *values[],
+    Py_ssize_t num_pos_args,
+    const char* function_name)
+{
+    PyObject *key = 0, *value = 0;
+    Py_ssize_t pos = 0;
+    PyObject*** name;
+    PyObject*** first_kw_arg = argnames + num_pos_args;
+    while (PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &key, &value)) {
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        while (*name && (**name != key)) name++;
+        if (*name) {
+            values[name-argnames] = value;
+            continue;
+        }
+        name = first_kw_arg;
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(PyString_CheckExact(key)) || likely(PyString_Check(key))) {
+            while (*name) {
+                if ((CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PyString_GET_SIZE(**name) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key))
+                        && _PyString_Eq(**name, key)) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    if ((**argname == key) || (
+                            (CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || PyString_GET_SIZE(**argname) == PyString_GET_SIZE(key))
+                             && _PyString_Eq(**argname, key))) {
+                        goto arg_passed_twice;
+                    }
+                    argname++;
+                }
+            }
+        } else
+        #endif
+        if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(key))) {
+            while (*name) {
+                int cmp = (**name == key) ? 0 :
+                #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                    (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**name) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                #endif
+                    PyUnicode_Compare(**name, key);
+                if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                if (cmp == 0) {
+                    values[name-argnames] = value;
+                    break;
+                }
+                name++;
+            }
+            if (*name) continue;
+            else {
+                PyObject*** argname = argnames;
+                while (argname != first_kw_arg) {
+                    int cmp = (**argname == key) ? 0 :
+                    #if !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                        (PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(**argname) != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(key)) ? 1 :
+                    #endif
+                        PyUnicode_Compare(**argname, key);
+                    if (cmp < 0 && unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) goto bad;
+                    if (cmp == 0) goto arg_passed_twice;
+                    argname++;
+                }
+            }
+        } else
+            goto invalid_keyword_type;
+        if (kwds2) {
+            if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItem(kwds2, key, value))) goto bad;
+        } else {
+            goto invalid_keyword;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+arg_passed_twice:
+    __Pyx_RaiseDoubleKeywordsError(function_name, key);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword_type:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "%.200s() keywords must be strings", function_name);
+    goto bad;
+invalid_keyword:
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        "%.200s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%.200s'",
+        function_name, PyString_AsString(key));
+    #else
+        "%s() got an unexpected keyword argument '%U'",
+        function_name, key);
+    #endif
+bad:
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* None */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseClosureNameError(const char *varname) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_NameError, "free variable '%s' referenced before assignment in enclosing scope", varname);
+}
+
+/* PyObjectCall */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    ternaryfunc call = func->ob_type->tp_call;
+    if (unlikely(!call))
+        return PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw);
+    if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")))
+        return NULL;
+    result = (*call)(func, arg, kw);
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseException */
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb,
+                        CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *cause) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    Py_XINCREF(type);
+    if (!value || value == Py_None)
+        value = NULL;
+    else
+        Py_INCREF(value);
+    if (!tb || tb == Py_None)
+        tb = NULL;
+    else {
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        if (!PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyType_Check(type)) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        if (!value) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+#endif
+        PyErr_NormalizeException(&type, &value, &tb);
+    } else {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
+    return;
+raise_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    Py_XDECREF(type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    return;
+}
+#else
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
+    PyObject* owned_instance = NULL;
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        tb = 0;
+    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (value == Py_None)
+        value = 0;
+    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+    } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+        PyObject *instance_class = NULL;
+        if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+            instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+            if (instance_class != type) {
+                int is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type);
+                if (!is_subclass) {
+                    instance_class = NULL;
+                } else if (unlikely(is_subclass == -1)) {
+                    goto bad;
+                } else {
+                    type = instance_class;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!instance_class) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            if (!value)
+                args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) {
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+                args = value;
+            } else
+                args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value);
+            if (!args)
+                goto bad;
+            owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            if (!owned_instance)
+                goto bad;
+            value = owned_instance;
+            if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "calling %R should have returned an instance of "
+                             "BaseException, not %R",
+                             type, Py_TYPE(value));
+                goto bad;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (cause) {
+        PyObject *fixed_cause;
+        if (cause == Py_None) {
+            fixed_cause = NULL;
+        } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
+            if (fixed_cause == NULL)
+                goto bad;
+        } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = cause;
+            Py_INCREF(fixed_cause);
+        } else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "exception causes must derive from "
+                            "BaseException");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);
+    if (tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+        PyErr_Fetch(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        PyErr_Restore(tmp_type, tmp_value, tb);
+        Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+        PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
+            Py_INCREF(tb);
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_instance);
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetModuleGlobalName */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+#if !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500A1
+    result = _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(__pyx_d, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash);
+    if (likely(result)) {
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+    } else if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        result = NULL;
+    } else {
+#else
+    result = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (likely(result)) {
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+    } else {
+#endif
+#else
+    result = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (!result) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+#endif
+        result = __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* PyCFunctionFastCall */
+    #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(PyObject *func_obj, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs) {
+    PyCFunctionObject *func = (PyCFunctionObject*)func_obj;
+    PyCFunction meth = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func);
+    PyObject *self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(func);
+    int flags = PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func);
+    assert(PyCFunction_Check(func));
+    assert(METH_FASTCALL == (flags & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_KEYWORDS)));
+    assert(nargs >= 0);
+    assert(nargs == 0 || args != NULL);
+    /* _PyCFunction_FastCallDict() must not be called with an exception set,
+       because it may clear it (directly or indirectly) and so the
+       caller loses its exception */
+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
+    if ((PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030700A0) || unlikely(flags & METH_KEYWORDS)) {
+        return (*((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords)meth)) (self, args, nargs, NULL);
+    } else {
+        return (*((__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast)meth)) (self, args, nargs);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyFunctionFastCall */
+    #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+#include "frameobject.h"
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t na,
+                                               PyObject *globals) {
+    PyFrameObject *f;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    PyObject **fastlocals;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+    PyObject *result;
+    assert(globals != NULL);
+    /* XXX Perhaps we should create a specialized
+       PyFrame_New() that doesn't take locals, but does
+       take builtins without sanity checking them.
+       */
+    assert(tstate != NULL);
+    f = PyFrame_New(tstate, co, globals, NULL);
+    if (f == NULL) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    fastlocals = f->f_localsplus;
+    for (i = 0; i < na; i++) {
+        Py_INCREF(*args);
+        fastlocals[i] = *args++;
+    }
+    result = PyEval_EvalFrameEx(f,0);
+    ++tstate->recursion_depth;
+    Py_DECREF(f);
+    --tstate->recursion_depth;
+    return result;
+}
+#if 1 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600B1
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, int nargs, PyObject *kwargs) {
+    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)PyFunction_GET_CODE(func);
+    PyObject *globals = PyFunction_GET_GLOBALS(func);
+    PyObject *argdefs = PyFunction_GET_DEFAULTS(func);
+    PyObject *closure;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    PyObject *kwdefs;
+#endif
+    PyObject *kwtuple, **k;
+    PyObject **d;
+    Py_ssize_t nd;
+    Py_ssize_t nk;
+    PyObject *result;
+    assert(kwargs == NULL || PyDict_Check(kwargs));
+    nk = kwargs ? PyDict_Size(kwargs) : 0;
+    if (Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            co->co_kwonlyargcount == 0 &&
+#endif
+            likely(kwargs == NULL || nk == 0) &&
+            co->co_flags == (CO_OPTIMIZED | CO_NEWLOCALS | CO_NOFREE)) {
+        if (argdefs == NULL && co->co_argcount == nargs) {
+            result = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(co, args, nargs, globals);
+            goto done;
+        }
+        else if (nargs == 0 && argdefs != NULL
+                 && co->co_argcount == Py_SIZE(argdefs)) {
+            /* function called with no arguments, but all parameters have
+               a default value: use default values as arguments .*/
+            args = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argdefs, 0);
+            result =__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(co, args, Py_SIZE(argdefs), globals);
+            goto done;
+        }
+    }
+    if (kwargs != NULL) {
+        Py_ssize_t pos, i;
+        kwtuple = PyTuple_New(2 * nk);
+        if (kwtuple == NULL) {
+            result = NULL;
+            goto done;
+        }
+        k = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, 0);
+        pos = i = 0;
+        while (PyDict_Next(kwargs, &pos, &k[i], &k[i+1])) {
+            Py_INCREF(k[i]);
+            Py_INCREF(k[i+1]);
+            i += 2;
+        }
+        nk = i / 2;
+    }
+    else {
+        kwtuple = NULL;
+        k = NULL;
+    }
+    closure = PyFunction_GET_CLOSURE(func);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    kwdefs = PyFunction_GET_KW_DEFAULTS(func);
+#endif
+    if (argdefs != NULL) {
+        d = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(argdefs, 0);
+        nd = Py_SIZE(argdefs);
+    }
+    else {
+        d = NULL;
+        nd = 0;
+    }
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    result = PyEval_EvalCodeEx((PyObject*)co, globals, (PyObject *)NULL,
+                               args, nargs,
+                               k, (int)nk,
+                               d, (int)nd, kwdefs, closure);
+#else
+    result = PyEval_EvalCodeEx(co, globals, (PyObject *)NULL,
+                               args, nargs,
+                               k, (int)nk,
+                               d, (int)nd, closure);
+#endif
+    Py_XDECREF(kwtuple);
+done:
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethO */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *self, *result;
+    PyCFunction cfunc;
+    cfunc = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(func);
+    self = PyCFunction_GET_SELF(func);
+    if (unlikely(Py_EnterRecursiveCall((char*)" while calling a Python object")))
+        return NULL;
+    result = cfunc(self, arg);
+    Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
+    if (unlikely(!result) && unlikely(!PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_SystemError,
+            "NULL result without error in PyObject_Call");
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallOneArg */
+    #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_New(1);
+    if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(arg);
+    PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, arg);
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    return result;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, &arg, 1);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func))) {
+        if (likely(PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_O)) {
+            return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, arg);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+        } else if (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_FASTCALL) {
+            return __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(func, &arg, 1);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    return __Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg(func, arg);
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_Pack(1, arg);
+    if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL;
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* FetchCommonType */
+    static PyTypeObject* __Pyx_FetchCommonType(PyTypeObject* type) {
+    PyObject* fake_module;
+    PyTypeObject* cached_type = NULL;
+    fake_module = PyImport_AddModule((char*) "_cython_" CYTHON_ABI);
+    if (!fake_module) return NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(fake_module);
+    cached_type = (PyTypeObject*) PyObject_GetAttrString(fake_module, type->tp_name);
+    if (cached_type) {
+        if (!PyType_Check((PyObject*)cached_type)) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "Shared Cython type %.200s is not a type object",
+                type->tp_name);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        if (cached_type->tp_basicsize != type->tp_basicsize) {
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "Shared Cython type %.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling",
+                type->tp_name);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) goto bad;
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        if (PyType_Ready(type) < 0) goto bad;
+        if (PyObject_SetAttrString(fake_module, type->tp_name, (PyObject*) type) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        cached_type = type;
+    }
+done:
+    Py_DECREF(fake_module);
+    return cached_type;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cached_type);
+    cached_type = NULL;
+    goto done;
+}
+
+/* CythonFunction */
+    #include <structmember.h>
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, CYTHON_UNUSED void *closure)
+{
+    if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL)) {
+        if (op->func.m_ml->ml_doc) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+            op->func_doc = PyUnicode_FromString(op->func.m_ml->ml_doc);
+#else
+            op->func_doc = PyString_FromString(op->func.m_ml->ml_doc);
+#endif
+            if (unlikely(op->func_doc == NULL))
+                return NULL;
+        } else {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            return Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_doc);
+    return op->func_doc;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp = op->func_doc;
+    if (value == NULL) {
+        value = Py_None;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    op->func_doc = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        op->func_name = PyUnicode_InternFromString(op->func.m_ml->ml_name);
+#else
+        op->func_name = PyString_InternFromString(op->func.m_ml->ml_name);
+#endif
+        if (unlikely(op->func_name == NULL))
+            return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_name);
+    return op->func_name;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__name__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = op->func_name;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    op->func_name = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_qualname);
+    return op->func_qualname;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__qualname__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = op->func_qualname;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    op->func_qualname = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_self(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, CYTHON_UNUSED void *closure)
+{
+    PyObject *self;
+    self = m->func_closure;
+    if (self == NULL)
+        self = Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(self);
+    return self;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL)) {
+        op->func_dict = PyDict_New();
+        if (unlikely(op->func_dict == NULL))
+            return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_dict);
+    return op->func_dict;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_dict(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+               "function's dictionary may not be deleted");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!PyDict_Check(value))) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+               "setting function's dictionary to a non-dict");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = op->func_dict;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    op->func_dict = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_globals);
+    return op->func_globals;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure(CYTHON_UNUSED __pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+    return Py_None;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+    PyObject* result = (op->func_code) ? op->func_code : Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) {
+    int result = 0;
+    PyObject *res = op->defaults_getter((PyObject *) op);
+    if (unlikely(!res))
+        return -1;
+    #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    op->defaults_tuple = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 0);
+    Py_INCREF(op->defaults_tuple);
+    op->defaults_kwdict = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(res, 1);
+    Py_INCREF(op->defaults_kwdict);
+    #else
+    op->defaults_tuple = PySequence_ITEM(res, 0);
+    if (unlikely(!op->defaults_tuple)) result = -1;
+    else {
+        op->defaults_kwdict = PySequence_ITEM(res, 1);
+        if (unlikely(!op->defaults_kwdict)) result = -1;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_DECREF(res);
+    return result;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value) {
+    PyObject* tmp;
+    if (!value) {
+        value = Py_None;
+    } else if (value != Py_None && !PyTuple_Check(value)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__defaults__ must be set to a tuple object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    tmp = op->defaults_tuple;
+    op->defaults_tuple = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) {
+    PyObject* result = op->defaults_tuple;
+    if (unlikely(!result)) {
+        if (op->defaults_getter) {
+            if (__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0) return NULL;
+            result = op->defaults_tuple;
+        } else {
+            result = Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value) {
+    PyObject* tmp;
+    if (!value) {
+        value = Py_None;
+    } else if (value != Py_None && !PyDict_Check(value)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__kwdefaults__ must be set to a dict object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    tmp = op->defaults_kwdict;
+    op->defaults_kwdict = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) {
+    PyObject* result = op->defaults_kwdict;
+    if (unlikely(!result)) {
+        if (op->defaults_getter) {
+            if (__Pyx_CyFunction_init_defaults(op) < 0) return NULL;
+            result = op->defaults_kwdict;
+        } else {
+            result = Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op, PyObject* value) {
+    PyObject* tmp;
+    if (!value || value == Py_None) {
+        value = NULL;
+    } else if (!PyDict_Check(value)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__annotations__ must be set to a dict object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_XINCREF(value);
+    tmp = op->func_annotations;
+    op->func_annotations = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op) {
+    PyObject* result = op->func_annotations;
+    if (unlikely(!result)) {
+        result = PyDict_New();
+        if (unlikely(!result)) return NULL;
+        op->func_annotations = result;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(result);
+    return result;
+}
+static PyGetSetDef __pyx_CyFunction_getsets[] = {
+    {(char *) "func_doc", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__doc__",  (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_doc, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_doc, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_name", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__name__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_name, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__qualname__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_qualname, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_qualname, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__self__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_self, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_dict", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_dict, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__dict__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_dict, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_dict, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_globals", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__globals__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_globals, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_closure", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__closure__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_closure, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_code", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__code__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_code, 0, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "func_defaults", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__defaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_defaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_defaults, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__kwdefaults__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_kwdefaults, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_kwdefaults, 0, 0},
+    {(char *) "__annotations__", (getter)__Pyx_CyFunction_get_annotations, (setter)__Pyx_CyFunction_set_annotations, 0, 0},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyMemberDef __pyx_CyFunction_members[] = {
+    {(char *) "__module__", T_OBJECT, offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_module), PY_WRITE_RESTRICTED, 0},
+    {0, 0, 0,  0, 0}
+};
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_CyFunction_reduce(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *args)
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return PyUnicode_FromString(m->func.m_ml->ml_name);
+#else
+    return PyString_FromString(m->func.m_ml->ml_name);
+#endif
+}
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_CyFunction_methods[] = {
+    {"__reduce__", (PyCFunction)__Pyx_CyFunction_reduce, METH_VARARGS, 0},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030500A0
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) ((cyfunc)->func_weakreflist)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(cyfunc) ((cyfunc)->func.m_weakreflist)
+#endif
+static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_New(PyTypeObject *type, PyMethodDef *ml, int flags, PyObject* qualname,
+                                      PyObject *closure, PyObject *module, PyObject* globals, PyObject* code) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *op = PyObject_GC_New(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, type);
+    if (op == NULL)
+        return NULL;
+    op->flags = flags;
+    __Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(op) = NULL;
+    op->func.m_ml = ml;
+    op->func.m_self = (PyObject *) op;
+    Py_XINCREF(closure);
+    op->func_closure = closure;
+    Py_XINCREF(module);
+    op->func.m_module = module;
+    op->func_dict = NULL;
+    op->func_name = NULL;
+    Py_INCREF(qualname);
+    op->func_qualname = qualname;
+    op->func_doc = NULL;
+    op->func_classobj = NULL;
+    op->func_globals = globals;
+    Py_INCREF(op->func_globals);
+    Py_XINCREF(code);
+    op->func_code = code;
+    op->defaults_pyobjects = 0;
+    op->defaults = NULL;
+    op->defaults_tuple = NULL;
+    op->defaults_kwdict = NULL;
+    op->defaults_getter = NULL;
+    op->func_annotations = NULL;
+    PyObject_GC_Track(op);
+    return (PyObject *) op;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_CyFunction_clear(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m)
+{
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_closure);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func.m_module);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_dict);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_name);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_qualname);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_doc);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_globals);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_code);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_classobj);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_tuple);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->defaults_kwdict);
+    Py_CLEAR(m->func_annotations);
+    if (m->defaults) {
+        PyObject **pydefaults = __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(PyObject *, m);
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < m->defaults_pyobjects; i++)
+            Py_XDECREF(pydefaults[i]);
+        PyObject_Free(m->defaults);
+        m->defaults = NULL;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static void __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m)
+{
+    if (__Pyx_CyFunction_weakreflist(m) != NULL)
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs((PyObject *) m);
+    __Pyx_CyFunction_clear(m);
+    PyObject_GC_Del(m);
+}
+static void __Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m)
+{
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(m);
+    __Pyx__CyFunction_dealloc(m);
+}
+static int __Pyx_CyFunction_traverse(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *m, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_closure);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func.m_module);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_dict);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_name);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_qualname);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_doc);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_globals);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_code);
+    Py_VISIT(m->func_classobj);
+    Py_VISIT(m->defaults_tuple);
+    Py_VISIT(m->defaults_kwdict);
+    if (m->defaults) {
+        PyObject **pydefaults = __Pyx_CyFunction_Defaults(PyObject *, m);
+        int i;
+        for (i = 0; i < m->defaults_pyobjects; i++)
+            Py_VISIT(pydefaults[i]);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_descr_get(PyObject *func, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
+{
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    if (m->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD) {
+        Py_INCREF(func);
+        return func;
+    }
+    if (m->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CLASSMETHOD) {
+        if (type == NULL)
+            type = (PyObject *)(Py_TYPE(obj));
+        return __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, type, (PyObject *)(Py_TYPE(type)));
+    }
+    if (obj == Py_None)
+        obj = NULL;
+    return __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, obj, type);
+}
+static PyObject*
+__Pyx_CyFunction_repr(__pyx_CyFunctionObject *op)
+{
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<cyfunction %U at %p>",
+                                op->func_qualname, (void *)op);
+#else
+    return PyString_FromFormat("<cyfunction %s at %p>",
+                               PyString_AsString(op->func_qualname), (void *)op);
+#endif
+}
+static PyObject * __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *self, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) {
+    PyCFunctionObject* f = (PyCFunctionObject*)func;
+    PyCFunction meth = f->m_ml->ml_meth;
+    Py_ssize_t size;
+    switch (f->m_ml->ml_flags & (METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS | METH_NOARGS | METH_O)) {
+    case METH_VARARGS:
+        if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0))
+            return (*meth)(self, arg);
+        break;
+    case METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS:
+        return (*(PyCFunctionWithKeywords)meth)(self, arg, kw);
+    case METH_NOARGS:
+        if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) {
+            size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg);
+            if (likely(size == 0))
+                return (*meth)(self, NULL);
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "%.200s() takes no arguments (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)",
+                f->m_ml->ml_name, size);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    case METH_O:
+        if (likely(kw == NULL || PyDict_Size(kw) == 0)) {
+            size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(arg);
+            if (likely(size == 1)) {
+                PyObject *result, *arg0;
+                #if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+                arg0 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0);
+                #else
+                arg0 = PySequence_ITEM(arg, 0); if (unlikely(!arg0)) return NULL;
+                #endif
+                result = (*meth)(self, arg0);
+                #if !(CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS)
+                Py_DECREF(arg0);
+                #endif
+                return result;
+            }
+            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "%.200s() takes exactly one argument (%" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d given)",
+                f->m_ml->ml_name, size);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Bad call flags in "
+                        "__Pyx_CyFunction_Call. METH_OLDARGS is no "
+                        "longer supported!");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "%.200s() takes no keyword arguments",
+                 f->m_ml->ml_name);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw) {
+    return __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_self, arg, kw);
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod(PyObject *func, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *cyfunc = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    if ((cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_CCLASS) && !(cyfunc->flags & __Pyx_CYFUNCTION_STATICMETHOD)) {
+        Py_ssize_t argc;
+        PyObject *new_args;
+        PyObject *self;
+        argc = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
+        new_args = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, argc);
+        if (unlikely(!new_args))
+            return NULL;
+        self = PyTuple_GetItem(args, 0);
+        if (unlikely(!self)) {
+            Py_DECREF(new_args);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        result = __Pyx_CyFunction_CallMethod(func, self, new_args, kw);
+        Py_DECREF(new_args);
+    } else {
+        result = __Pyx_CyFunction_Call(func, args, kw);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_CyFunctionType_type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+    "cython_function_or_method",
+    sizeof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject),
+    0,
+    (destructor) __Pyx_CyFunction_dealloc,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    0,
+#else
+    0,
+#endif
+    (reprfunc) __Pyx_CyFunction_repr,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    __Pyx_CyFunction_CallAsMethod,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
+    0,
+    (traverseproc) __Pyx_CyFunction_traverse,
+    (inquiry) __Pyx_CyFunction_clear,
+    0,
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030500A0
+    offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_weakreflist),
+#else
+    offsetof(PyCFunctionObject, m_weakreflist),
+#endif
+    0,
+    0,
+    __pyx_CyFunction_methods,
+    __pyx_CyFunction_members,
+    __pyx_CyFunction_getsets,
+    0,
+    0,
+    __Pyx_CyFunction_descr_get,
+    0,
+    offsetof(__pyx_CyFunctionObject, func_dict),
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+    0,
+#endif
+};
+static int __pyx_CyFunction_init(void) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionType = __Pyx_FetchCommonType(&__pyx_CyFunctionType_type);
+    if (unlikely(__pyx_CyFunctionType == NULL)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void *__Pyx_CyFunction_InitDefaults(PyObject *func, size_t size, int pyobjects) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    m->defaults = PyObject_Malloc(size);
+    if (unlikely(!m->defaults))
+        return PyErr_NoMemory();
+    memset(m->defaults, 0, size);
+    m->defaults_pyobjects = pyobjects;
+    return m->defaults;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsTuple(PyObject *func, PyObject *tuple) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    m->defaults_tuple = tuple;
+    Py_INCREF(tuple);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetDefaultsKwDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    m->defaults_kwdict = dict;
+    Py_INCREF(dict);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_CyFunction_SetAnnotationsDict(PyObject *func, PyObject *dict) {
+    __pyx_CyFunctionObject *m = (__pyx_CyFunctionObject *) func;
+    m->func_annotations = dict;
+    Py_INCREF(dict);
+}
+
+/* ArgTypeTest */
+        static int __Pyx__ArgTypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type, const char *name, int exact)
+{
+    if (unlikely(!type)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    else if (exact) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2
+        if ((type == &PyBaseString_Type) && likely(__Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj))) return 1;
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type))) return 1;
+    }
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+        "Argument '%.200s' has incorrect type (expected %.200s, got %.200s)",
+        name, type->tp_name, Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ExtTypeTest */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_TypeTest(PyObject *obj, PyTypeObject *type) {
+    if (unlikely(!type)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, "Missing type object");
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (likely(__Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type)))
+        return 1;
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "Cannot convert %.200s to %.200s",
+                 Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name, type->tp_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* pyfrozenset_new */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyFrozenSet_New(PyObject* it) {
+    if (it) {
+        PyObject* result;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        PyObject* args;
+        args = PyTuple_Pack(1, it);
+        if (unlikely(!args))
+            return NULL;
+        result = PyObject_Call((PyObject*)&PyFrozenSet_Type, args, NULL);
+        Py_DECREF(args);
+        return result;
+#else
+        if (PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(it)) {
+            Py_INCREF(it);
+            return it;
+        }
+        result = PyFrozenSet_New(it);
+        if (unlikely(!result))
+            return NULL;
+        if (likely(PySet_GET_SIZE(result)))
+            return result;
+        Py_DECREF(result);
+#endif
+    }
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    return PyFrozenSet_Type.tp_new(&PyFrozenSet_Type, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
+#else
+    return PyObject_Call((PyObject*)&PyFrozenSet_Type, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* py_set_discard_unhashable */
+        static int __Pyx_PySet_DiscardUnhashable(PyObject *set, PyObject *key) {
+    PyObject *tmpkey;
+    int rv;
+    if (likely(!PySet_Check(key) || !PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError)))
+        return -1;
+    PyErr_Clear();
+    tmpkey = __Pyx_PyFrozenSet_New(key);
+    if (tmpkey == NULL)
+        return -1;
+    rv = PySet_Discard(set, tmpkey);
+    Py_DECREF(tmpkey);
+    return rv;
+}
+
+/* py_set_remove */
+        static int __Pyx_PySet_RemoveNotFound(PyObject *set, PyObject *key, int found) {
+    if (unlikely(found < 0)) {
+        found = __Pyx_PySet_DiscardUnhashable(set, key);
+    }
+    if (likely(found == 0)) {
+        PyObject *tup;
+        tup = PyTuple_Pack(1, key);
+        if (!tup)
+            return -1;
+        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, tup);
+        Py_DECREF(tup);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return found;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySet_Remove(PyObject *set, PyObject *key) {
+    int found = PySet_Discard(set, key);
+    if (unlikely(found != 1)) {
+        return __Pyx_PySet_RemoveNotFound(set, key, found);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* CIntToDigits */
+        static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_10[2*10*10+1] = {
+    "00010203040506070809"
+    "10111213141516171819"
+    "20212223242526272829"
+    "30313233343536373839"
+    "40414243444546474849"
+    "50515253545556575859"
+    "60616263646566676869"
+    "70717273747576777879"
+    "80818283848586878889"
+    "90919293949596979899"
+};
+static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_8[2*8*8+1] = {
+    "0001020304050607"
+    "1011121314151617"
+    "2021222324252627"
+    "3031323334353637"
+    "4041424344454647"
+    "5051525354555657"
+    "6061626364656667"
+    "7071727374757677"
+};
+static const char DIGITS_HEX[2*16+1] = {
+    "0123456789abcdef"
+    "0123456789ABCDEF"
+};
+
+/* BuildPyUnicode */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, char* chars, int clength,
+                                                int prepend_sign, char padding_char) {
+    PyObject *uval;
+    Py_ssize_t uoffset = ulength - clength;
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+#if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+    void *udata;
+    uval = PyUnicode_New(ulength, 127);
+    if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL;
+    udata = PyUnicode_DATA(uval);
+#else
+    Py_UNICODE *udata;
+    uval = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, ulength);
+    if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL;
+    udata = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(uval);
+#endif
+    if (uoffset > 0) {
+        i = 0;
+        if (prepend_sign) {
+            __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, 0, '-');
+            i++;
+        }
+        for (; i < uoffset; i++) {
+            __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, i, padding_char);
+        }
+    }
+    for (i=0; i < clength; i++) {
+        __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, uoffset+i, chars[i]);
+    }
+#else
+    {
+        uval = NULL;
+        PyObject *sign = NULL, *padding = NULL;
+        if (uoffset > 0) {
+            prepend_sign = !!prepend_sign;
+            if (uoffset > prepend_sign) {
+                padding = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char);
+                if (likely(padding) && uoffset > prepend_sign + 1) {
+                    PyObject *tmp;
+                    PyObject *repeat = PyInt_FromSize_t(uoffset - prepend_sign);
+                    if (unlikely(!repeat)) goto done_or_error;
+                    tmp = PyNumber_Multiply(padding, repeat);
+                    Py_DECREF(repeat);
+                    Py_DECREF(padding);
+                    padding = tmp;
+                }
+                if (unlikely(!padding)) goto done_or_error;
+            }
+            if (prepend_sign) {
+                sign = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal('-');
+                if (unlikely(!sign)) goto done_or_error;
+            }
+        }
+        uval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(chars, clength, NULL);
+        if (likely(uval) && padding) {
+            PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Add(padding, uval);
+            Py_DECREF(uval);
+            uval = tmp;
+        }
+        if (likely(uval) && sign) {
+            PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Add(sign, uval);
+            Py_DECREF(uval);
+            uval = tmp;
+        }
+done_or_error:
+        Py_XDECREF(padding);
+        Py_XDECREF(sign);
+    }
+#endif
+    return uval;
+}
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode */
+        #ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned short    uint16_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int16  uint16_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_Py_ssize_t(Py_ssize_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) {
+    char digits[sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2];
+    char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(Py_ssize_t)*3+2;
+    const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX;
+    Py_ssize_t length, ulength;
+    int prepend_sign, last_one_off;
+    Py_ssize_t remaining;
+    const Py_ssize_t neg_one = (Py_ssize_t) -1, const_zero = (Py_ssize_t) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (format_char == 'X') {
+        hex_digits += 16;
+        format_char = 'x';
+    }
+    remaining = value;
+    last_one_off = 0;
+    dpos = end;
+    do {
+        int digit_pos;
+        switch (format_char) {
+        case 'o':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8)));
+            remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (8*8));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_8)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8);
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10)));
+            remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / (10*10));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_10)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10);
+            break;
+        case 'x':
+            *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))];
+            remaining = (Py_ssize_t) (remaining / 16);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            break;
+        }
+    } while (unlikely(remaining != 0));
+    if (last_one_off) {
+        assert(*dpos == '0');
+        dpos++;
+    }
+    length = end - dpos;
+    ulength = length;
+    prepend_sign = 0;
+    if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) {
+        if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) {
+            *(--dpos) = '-';
+            ++length;
+        } else {
+            prepend_sign = 1;
+        }
+        ++ulength;
+    }
+    if (width > ulength) {
+        ulength = width;
+    }
+    if (ulength == 1) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char);
+}
+
+/* JoinPyUnicode */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_Join(PyObject* value_tuple, Py_ssize_t value_count, Py_ssize_t result_ulength,
+                                      CYTHON_UNUSED Py_UCS4 max_char) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS && CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    PyObject *result_uval;
+    int result_ukind;
+    Py_ssize_t i, char_pos;
+    void *result_udata;
+#if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+    result_uval = PyUnicode_New(result_ulength, max_char);
+    if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL;
+    result_ukind = (max_char <= 255) ? PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND : (max_char <= 65535) ? PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND : PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND;
+    result_udata = PyUnicode_DATA(result_uval);
+#else
+    result_uval = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, result_ulength);
+    if (unlikely(!result_uval)) return NULL;
+    result_ukind = sizeof(Py_UNICODE);
+    result_udata = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(result_uval);
+#endif
+    char_pos = 0;
+    for (i=0; i < value_count; i++) {
+        int ukind;
+        Py_ssize_t ulength;
+        void *udata;
+        PyObject *uval = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(value_tuple, i);
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(uval)))
+            goto bad;
+        ulength = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(uval);
+        if (unlikely(!ulength))
+            continue;
+        if (unlikely(char_pos + ulength < 0))
+            goto overflow;
+        ukind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(uval);
+        udata = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(uval);
+        if (!CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED || ukind == result_ukind) {
+            memcpy((char *)result_udata + char_pos * result_ukind, udata, (size_t) (ulength * result_ukind));
+        } else {
+            #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300F0 || defined(_PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters)
+            _PyUnicode_FastCopyCharacters(result_uval, char_pos, uval, 0, ulength);
+            #else
+            Py_ssize_t j;
+            for (j=0; j < ulength; j++) {
+                Py_UCS4 uchar = __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(ukind, udata, j);
+                __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(result_ukind, result_udata, char_pos+j, uchar);
+            }
+            #endif
+        }
+        char_pos += ulength;
+    }
+    return result_uval;
+overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "join() result is too long for a Python string");
+bad:
+    Py_DECREF(result_uval);
+    return NULL;
+#else
+    result_ulength++;
+    value_count++;
+    return PyUnicode_Join(__pyx_empty_unicode, value_tuple);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* PySetContains */
+        static int __Pyx_PySet_ContainsUnhashable(PyObject *set, PyObject *key) {
+    int result = -1;
+    if (PySet_Check(key) && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError)) {
+        PyObject *tmpkey;
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        tmpkey = __Pyx_PyFrozenSet_New(key);
+        if (tmpkey != NULL) {
+            result = PySet_Contains(set, tmpkey);
+            Py_DECREF(tmpkey);
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PySet_ContainsTF(PyObject* key, PyObject* set, int eq) {
+    int result = PySet_Contains(set, key);
+    if (unlikely(result < 0)) {
+        result = __Pyx_PySet_ContainsUnhashable(set, key);
+    }
+    return unlikely(result < 0) ? result : (result == (eq == Py_EQ));
+}
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg */
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, NULL, 0);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __Pyx_CyFunction_USED
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func) || __Pyx_TypeCheck(func, __pyx_CyFunctionType))) {
+#else
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func))) {
+#endif
+        if (likely(PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_NOARGS)) {
+            return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseTooManyValuesToUnpack */
+          static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(Py_ssize_t expected) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "too many values to unpack (expected %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d)", expected);
+}
+
+/* RaiseNeedMoreValuesToUnpack */
+          static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(Py_ssize_t index) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+                 "need more than %" CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "d value%.1s to unpack",
+                 index, (index == 1) ? "" : "s");
+}
+
+/* IterFinish */
+          static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IterFinish(void) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    PyObject* exc_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    if (unlikely(exc_type)) {
+        if (likely(__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+            PyObject *exc_value, *exc_tb;
+            exc_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+            exc_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+            tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+            tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+            Py_DECREF(exc_type);
+            Py_XDECREF(exc_value);
+            Py_XDECREF(exc_tb);
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* UnpackItemEndCheck */
+          static int __Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(PyObject *retval, Py_ssize_t expected) {
+    if (unlikely(retval)) {
+        Py_DECREF(retval);
+        __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(expected);
+        return -1;
+    } else {
+        return __Pyx_IterFinish();
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* set_iter */
+          static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_set_iterator(PyObject* iterable, int is_set,
+                                                  Py_ssize_t* p_orig_length, int* p_source_is_set) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    is_set = is_set || likely(PySet_CheckExact(iterable) || PyFrozenSet_CheckExact(iterable));
+    *p_source_is_set = is_set;
+    if (likely(is_set)) {
+        *p_orig_length = PySet_Size(iterable);
+        Py_INCREF(iterable);
+        return iterable;
+    }
+#else
+    (void)is_set;
+    *p_source_is_set = 0;
+#endif
+    *p_orig_length = 0;
+    return PyObject_GetIter(iterable);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_set_iter_next(
+        PyObject* iter_obj, Py_ssize_t orig_length,
+        Py_ssize_t* ppos, PyObject **value,
+        int source_is_set) {
+    if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || unlikely(!source_is_set)) {
+        *value = PyIter_Next(iter_obj);
+        if (unlikely(!*value)) {
+            return __Pyx_IterFinish();
+        }
+        (void)orig_length;
+        (void)ppos;
+        return 1;
+    }
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    if (unlikely(PySet_GET_SIZE(iter_obj) != orig_length)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(
+            PyExc_RuntimeError,
+            "set changed size during iteration");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    {
+        Py_hash_t hash;
+        int ret = _PySet_NextEntry(iter_obj, ppos, value, &hash);
+        assert (ret != -1);
+        if (likely(ret)) {
+            Py_INCREF(*value);
+            return 1;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* GetItemInt */
+          static PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(PyObject *o, PyObject* j) {
+    PyObject *r;
+    if (!j) return NULL;
+    r = PyObject_GetItem(o, j);
+    Py_DECREF(j);
+    return r;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_List_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int wraparound,
+                                                              CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i;
+    if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) {
+        wrapped_i += PyList_GET_SIZE(o);
+    }
+    if ((!boundscheck) || likely((0 <= wrapped_i) & (wrapped_i < PyList_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+        PyObject *r = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i);
+        Py_INCREF(r);
+        return r;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+#else
+    return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+#endif
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Tuple_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i,
+                                                              CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int wraparound,
+                                                              CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    Py_ssize_t wrapped_i = i;
+    if (wraparound & unlikely(i < 0)) {
+        wrapped_i += PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
+    }
+    if ((!boundscheck) || likely((0 <= wrapped_i) & (wrapped_i < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+        PyObject *r = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, wrapped_i);
+        Py_INCREF(r);
+        return r;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+#else
+    return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+#endif
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, int is_list,
+                                                     CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int wraparound,
+                                                     CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED int boundscheck) {
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS && CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    if (is_list || PyList_CheckExact(o)) {
+        Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyList_GET_SIZE(o);
+        if ((!boundscheck) || (likely((n >= 0) & (n < PyList_GET_SIZE(o))))) {
+            PyObject *r = PyList_GET_ITEM(o, n);
+            Py_INCREF(r);
+            return r;
+        }
+    }
+    else if (PyTuple_CheckExact(o)) {
+        Py_ssize_t n = ((!wraparound) | likely(i >= 0)) ? i : i + PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o);
+        if ((!boundscheck) || likely((n >= 0) & (n < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o)))) {
+            PyObject *r = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, n);
+            Py_INCREF(r);
+            return r;
+        }
+    } else {
+        PySequenceMethods *m = Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence;
+        if (likely(m && m->sq_item)) {
+            if (wraparound && unlikely(i < 0) && likely(m->sq_length)) {
+                Py_ssize_t l = m->sq_length(o);
+                if (likely(l >= 0)) {
+                    i += l;
+                } else {
+                    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_OverflowError))
+                        return NULL;
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+            return m->sq_item(o, i);
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    if (is_list || PySequence_Check(o)) {
+        return PySequence_GetItem(o, i);
+    }
+#endif
+    return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Generic(o, PyInt_FromSsize_t(i));
+}
+
+/* ObjectGetItem */
+          #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(PyObject *obj, PyObject* index) {
+    PyObject *runerr;
+    Py_ssize_t key_value;
+    PySequenceMethods *m = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_sequence;
+    if (unlikely(!(m && m->sq_item))) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "'%.200s' object is not subscriptable", Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    key_value = __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(index);
+    if (likely(key_value != -1 || !(runerr = PyErr_Occurred()))) {
+        return __Pyx_GetItemInt_Fast(obj, key_value, 0, 1, 1);
+    }
+    if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(runerr, PyExc_OverflowError)) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_IndexError, "cannot fit '%.200s' into an index-sized integer", Py_TYPE(index)->tp_name);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *obj, PyObject* key) {
+    PyMappingMethods *m = Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_mapping;
+    if (likely(m && m->mp_subscript)) {
+        return m->mp_subscript(obj, key);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_GetIndex(obj, key);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrExceptionMatches */
+          #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (exc_type == PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)) return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i))) return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesInState(PyThreadState* tstate, PyObject* err) {
+    PyObject *exc_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    if (exc_type == err) return 1;
+    if (unlikely(!exc_type)) return 0;
+    if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(err)))
+        return __Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatchesTuple(exc_type, err);
+    return __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_type, err);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetAttr */
+          static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n)))
+#else
+    if (likely(PyString_Check(n)))
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o, n);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_GetAttr(o, n);
+}
+
+/* GetAttr3 */
+          static PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3Default(PyObject *d) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)))
+        return NULL;
+    __Pyx_PyErr_Clear();
+    Py_INCREF(d);
+    return d;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr3(PyObject *o, PyObject *n, PyObject *d) {
+    PyObject *r = __Pyx_GetAttr(o, n);
+    return (likely(r)) ? r : __Pyx_GetAttr3Default(d);
+}
+
+/* DictGetItem */
+          #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && !CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyDict_GetItem(PyObject *d, PyObject* key) {
+    PyObject *value;
+    value = PyDict_GetItemWithError(d, key);
+    if (unlikely(!value)) {
+        if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyObject* args = PyTuple_Pack(1, key);
+            if (likely(args))
+                PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, args);
+            Py_XDECREF(args);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    return value;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* SaveResetException */
+          #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    *type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    #else
+    *type = tstate->exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(*type);
+    Py_XINCREF(*value);
+    Py_XINCREF(*tb);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* FastTypeChecks */
+          #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    while (a) {
+        a = a->tp_base;
+        if (a == b)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return b == &PyBaseObject_Type;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    PyObject *mro;
+    if (a == b) return 1;
+    mro = a->tp_mro;
+    if (likely(mro)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i, n;
+        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i) == (PyObject *)b)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_InBases(a, b);
+}
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2
+static int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject* exc_type2) {
+    PyObject *exception, *value, *tb;
+    int res;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&exception, &value, &tb);
+    res = exc_type1 ? PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+        res = 0;
+    }
+    if (!res) {
+        res = PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type2);
+        if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+            res = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(exception, value, tb);
+    return res;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    int res = exc_type1 ? __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (!res) {
+        res = __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type));
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (exc_type == PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)) return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        PyObject *t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i);
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(exc_type == t)) return 1;
+        #endif
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(t))) {
+            if (__Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(exc_type, NULL, t)) return 1;
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type) {
+    if (likely(err == exc_type)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, NULL, exc_type);
+        } else if (likely(PyTuple_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(err, exc_type);
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type1));
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type2));
+    if (likely(err == exc_type1 || err == exc_type2)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, exc_type1, exc_type2);
+    }
+    return (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type2));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetException */
+          #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#endif
+    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#endif
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
+#endif
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (local_tb) {
+        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
+    *type = local_type;
+    *value = local_value;
+    *tb = local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    *type = 0;
+    *value = 0;
+    *tb = 0;
+    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* SwapException */
+            #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #endif
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyErr_GetExcInfo(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(*type, *value, *tb);
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* BytesEquals */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals);
+#else
+    if (s1 == s2) {
+        return (equals == Py_EQ);
+    } else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(s1) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        const char *ps1, *ps2;
+        Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s1);
+        if (length != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s2))
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        ps1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s1);
+        ps2 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s2);
+        if (ps1[0] != ps2[0]) {
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        } else if (length == 1) {
+            return (equals == Py_EQ);
+        } else {
+            int result;
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+            Py_hash_t hash1, hash2;
+            hash1 = ((PyBytesObject*)s1)->ob_shash;
+            hash2 = ((PyBytesObject*)s2)->ob_shash;
+            if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) {
+                return (equals == Py_NE);
+            }
+#endif
+            result = memcmp(ps1, ps2, (size_t)length);
+            return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0);
+        }
+    } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s1)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else {
+        int result;
+        PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals);
+        if (!py_result)
+            return -1;
+        result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result);
+        Py_DECREF(py_result);
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* UnicodeEquals */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyUnicode_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals);
+#else
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    PyObject* owned_ref = NULL;
+#endif
+    int s1_is_unicode, s2_is_unicode;
+    if (s1 == s2) {
+        goto return_eq;
+    }
+    s1_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s1);
+    s2_is_unicode = PyUnicode_CheckExact(s2);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if ((s1_is_unicode & (!s2_is_unicode)) && PyString_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        owned_ref = PyUnicode_FromObject(s2);
+        if (unlikely(!owned_ref))
+            return -1;
+        s2 = owned_ref;
+        s2_is_unicode = 1;
+    } else if ((s2_is_unicode & (!s1_is_unicode)) && PyString_CheckExact(s1)) {
+        owned_ref = PyUnicode_FromObject(s1);
+        if (unlikely(!owned_ref))
+            return -1;
+        s1 = owned_ref;
+        s1_is_unicode = 1;
+    } else if (((!s2_is_unicode) & (!s1_is_unicode))) {
+        return __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(s1, s2, equals);
+    }
+#endif
+    if (s1_is_unicode & s2_is_unicode) {
+        Py_ssize_t length;
+        int kind;
+        void *data1, *data2;
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s1) < 0) || unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(s2) < 0))
+            return -1;
+        length = __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s1);
+        if (length != __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(s2)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        }
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+        {
+            Py_hash_t hash1, hash2;
+        #if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+            hash1 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s1)->hash;
+            hash2 = ((PyASCIIObject*)s2)->hash;
+        #else
+            hash1 = ((PyUnicodeObject*)s1)->hash;
+            hash2 = ((PyUnicodeObject*)s2)->hash;
+        #endif
+            if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) {
+                goto return_ne;
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+        kind = __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s1);
+        if (kind != __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(s2)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        }
+        data1 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s1);
+        data2 = __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(s2);
+        if (__Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data1, 0) != __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(kind, data2, 0)) {
+            goto return_ne;
+        } else if (length == 1) {
+            goto return_eq;
+        } else {
+            int result = memcmp(data1, data2, (size_t)(length * kind));
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+            #endif
+            return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0);
+        }
+    } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & s2_is_unicode) {
+        goto return_ne;
+    } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & s1_is_unicode) {
+        goto return_ne;
+    } else {
+        int result;
+        PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals);
+        if (!py_result)
+            return -1;
+        result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result);
+        Py_DECREF(py_result);
+        return result;
+    }
+return_eq:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+    #endif
+    return (equals == Py_EQ);
+return_ne:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_ref);
+    #endif
+    return (equals == Py_NE);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode */
+            #ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned short    uint16_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int16  uint16_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_size_t(size_t value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) {
+    char digits[sizeof(size_t)*3+2];
+    char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(size_t)*3+2;
+    const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX;
+    Py_ssize_t length, ulength;
+    int prepend_sign, last_one_off;
+    size_t remaining;
+    const size_t neg_one = (size_t) -1, const_zero = (size_t) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (format_char == 'X') {
+        hex_digits += 16;
+        format_char = 'x';
+    }
+    remaining = value;
+    last_one_off = 0;
+    dpos = end;
+    do {
+        int digit_pos;
+        switch (format_char) {
+        case 'o':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8)));
+            remaining = (size_t) (remaining / (8*8));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_8)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8);
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10)));
+            remaining = (size_t) (remaining / (10*10));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_10)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10);
+            break;
+        case 'x':
+            *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))];
+            remaining = (size_t) (remaining / 16);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            break;
+        }
+    } while (unlikely(remaining != 0));
+    if (last_one_off) {
+        assert(*dpos == '0');
+        dpos++;
+    }
+    length = end - dpos;
+    ulength = length;
+    prepend_sign = 0;
+    if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) {
+        if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) {
+            *(--dpos) = '-';
+            ++length;
+        } else {
+            prepend_sign = 1;
+        }
+        ++ulength;
+    }
+    if (width > ulength) {
+        ulength = width;
+    }
+    if (ulength == 1) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char);
+}
+
+/* RaiseNoneIterError */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseNoneNotIterableError(void) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "'NoneType' object is not iterable");
+}
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode */
+            #ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned short    uint16_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int16  uint16_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_unsigned_char(unsigned char value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) {
+    char digits[sizeof(unsigned char)*3+2];
+    char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(unsigned char)*3+2;
+    const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX;
+    Py_ssize_t length, ulength;
+    int prepend_sign, last_one_off;
+    unsigned char remaining;
+    const unsigned char neg_one = (unsigned char) -1, const_zero = (unsigned char) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (format_char == 'X') {
+        hex_digits += 16;
+        format_char = 'x';
+    }
+    remaining = value;
+    last_one_off = 0;
+    dpos = end;
+    do {
+        int digit_pos;
+        switch (format_char) {
+        case 'o':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8)));
+            remaining = (unsigned char) (remaining / (8*8));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_8)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8);
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10)));
+            remaining = (unsigned char) (remaining / (10*10));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_10)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10);
+            break;
+        case 'x':
+            *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))];
+            remaining = (unsigned char) (remaining / 16);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            break;
+        }
+    } while (unlikely(remaining != 0));
+    if (last_one_off) {
+        assert(*dpos == '0');
+        dpos++;
+    }
+    length = end - dpos;
+    ulength = length;
+    prepend_sign = 0;
+    if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) {
+        if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) {
+            *(--dpos) = '-';
+            ++length;
+        } else {
+            prepend_sign = 1;
+        }
+        ++ulength;
+    }
+    if (width > ulength) {
+        ulength = width;
+    }
+    if (ulength == 1) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char);
+}
+
+/* None */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError(const char *varname) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_UnboundLocalError, "local variable '%s' referenced before assignment", varname);
+}
+
+/* decode_c_string */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)) {
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+    if (unlikely((start < 0) | (stop < 0))) {
+        size_t slen = strlen(cstring);
+        if (unlikely(slen > (size_t) PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "c-string too long to convert to Python");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        length = (Py_ssize_t) slen;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += length;
+            if (start < 0)
+                start = 0;
+        }
+        if (stop < 0)
+            stop += length;
+    }
+    length = stop - start;
+    if (unlikely(length <= 0))
+        return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, 0);
+    cstring += start;
+    if (decode_func) {
+        return decode_func(cstring, length, errors);
+    } else {
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(cstring, length, encoding, errors);
+    }
+}
+
+/* Import */
+            static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level) {
+    PyObject *empty_list = 0;
+    PyObject *module = 0;
+    PyObject *global_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    PyObject *py_import;
+    py_import = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s_import);
+    if (!py_import)
+        goto bad;
+    #endif
+    if (from_list)
+        list = from_list;
+    else {
+        empty_list = PyList_New(0);
+        if (!empty_list)
+            goto bad;
+        list = empty_list;
+    }
+    global_dict = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!global_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    empty_dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (!empty_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        if (level == -1) {
+            if (strchr(__Pyx_MODULE_NAME, '.')) {
+                module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                    name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, 1);
+                if (!module) {
+                    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError))
+                        goto bad;
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+            level = 0;
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!module) {
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            PyObject *py_level = PyInt_FromLong(level);
+            if (!py_level)
+                goto bad;
+            module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, py_level, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(py_level);
+            #else
+            module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, level);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+bad:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(py_import);
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_list);
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
+    return module;
+}
+
+/* ImportFrom */
+            static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name) {
+    PyObject* value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, name);
+    if (unlikely(!value) && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            "cannot import name %.230s", PyString_AS_STRING(name));
+        #else
+            "cannot import name %S", name);
+        #endif
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+/* HasAttr */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) {
+    PyObject *r;
+    if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(n))) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "hasattr(): attribute name must be string");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    r = __Pyx_GetAttr(o, n);
+    if (unlikely(!r)) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        Py_DECREF(r);
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+
+/* CallNextTpDealloc */
+            static void __Pyx_call_next_tp_dealloc(PyObject* obj, destructor current_tp_dealloc) {
+    PyTypeObject* type = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    while (type && type->tp_dealloc != current_tp_dealloc)
+        type = type->tp_base;
+    while (type && type->tp_dealloc == current_tp_dealloc)
+        type = type->tp_base;
+    if (type)
+        type->tp_dealloc(obj);
+}
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict */
+            #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject *__Pyx_RaiseGenericGetAttributeError(PyTypeObject *tp, PyObject *attr_name) {
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_AttributeError,
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%U'",
+                 tp->tp_name, attr_name);
+#else
+                 "'%.50s' object has no attribute '%.400s'",
+                 tp->tp_name, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name));
+#endif
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    PyObject *descr;
+    PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (unlikely(!PyString_Check(attr_name))) {
+        return PyObject_GenericGetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+    }
+    assert(!tp->tp_dictoffset);
+    descr = _PyType_Lookup(tp, attr_name);
+    if (unlikely(!descr)) {
+        return __Pyx_RaiseGenericGetAttributeError(tp, attr_name);
+    }
+    Py_INCREF(descr);
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyType_HasFeature(Py_TYPE(descr), Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_CLASS)))
+    #endif
+    {
+        descrgetfunc f = Py_TYPE(descr)->tp_descr_get;
+        if (unlikely(f)) {
+            PyObject *res = f(descr, obj, (PyObject *)tp);
+            Py_DECREF(descr);
+            return res;
+        }
+    }
+    return descr;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObject_GenericGetAttr */
+            #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS && CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03070000
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name) {
+    if (unlikely(Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_dictoffset)) {
+        return PyObject_GenericGetAttr(obj, attr_name);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict(obj, attr_name);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* SetVTable */
+            static int __Pyx_SetVtable(PyObject *dict, void *vtable) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    PyObject *ob = PyCapsule_New(vtable, 0, 0);
+#else
+    PyObject *ob = PyCObject_FromVoidPtr(vtable, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!ob)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(dict, __pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable, ob) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(ob);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(ob);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* SetupReduce */
+            static int __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(PyObject* meth, PyObject* name) {
+  int ret;
+  PyObject *name_attr;
+  name_attr = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(meth, __pyx_n_s_name);
+  if (likely(name_attr)) {
+      ret = PyObject_RichCompareBool(name_attr, name, Py_EQ);
+  } else {
+      ret = -1;
+  }
+  if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
+      PyErr_Clear();
+      ret = 0;
+  }
+  Py_XDECREF(name_attr);
+  return ret;
+}
+static int __Pyx_setup_reduce(PyObject* type_obj) {
+    int ret = 0;
+    PyObject *object_reduce = NULL;
+    PyObject *object_reduce_ex = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce_ex = NULL;
+    PyObject *reduce_cython = NULL;
+    PyObject *setstate = NULL;
+    PyObject *setstate_cython = NULL;
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    if (_PyType_Lookup((PyTypeObject*)type_obj, __pyx_n_s_getstate)) goto GOOD;
+#else
+    if (PyObject_HasAttr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_getstate)) goto GOOD;
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    object_reduce_ex = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto BAD;
+#else
+    object_reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (!object_reduce_ex) goto BAD;
+#endif
+    reduce_ex = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce_ex); if (unlikely(!reduce_ex)) goto BAD;
+    if (reduce_ex == object_reduce_ex) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+        object_reduce = _PyType_Lookup(&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto BAD;
+#else
+        object_reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr((PyObject*)&PyBaseObject_Type, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (!object_reduce) goto BAD;
+#endif
+        reduce = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce); if (unlikely(!reduce)) goto BAD;
+        if (reduce == object_reduce || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(reduce, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython)) {
+            reduce_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(!reduce_cython)) goto BAD;
+            ret = PyDict_SetItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_reduce, reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            ret = PyDict_DelItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_reduce_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            setstate = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_setstate);
+            if (!setstate) PyErr_Clear();
+            if (!setstate || __Pyx_setup_reduce_is_named(setstate, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython)) {
+                setstate_cython = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(type_obj, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(!setstate_cython)) goto BAD;
+                ret = PyDict_SetItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_setstate, setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+                ret = PyDict_DelItem(((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_dict, __pyx_n_s_setstate_cython); if (unlikely(ret < 0)) goto BAD;
+            }
+            PyType_Modified((PyTypeObject*)type_obj);
+        }
+    }
+    goto GOOD;
+BAD:
+    if (!PyErr_Occurred())
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Unable to initialize pickling for %s", ((PyTypeObject*)type_obj)->tp_name);
+    ret = -1;
+GOOD:
+#if !CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    Py_XDECREF(object_reduce);
+    Py_XDECREF(object_reduce_ex);
+#endif
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce);
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce_ex);
+    Py_XDECREF(reduce_cython);
+    Py_XDECREF(setstate);
+    Py_XDECREF(setstate_cython);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* GetVTable */
+            static void* __Pyx_GetVtable(PyObject *dict) {
+    void* ptr;
+    PyObject *ob = PyObject_GetItem(dict, __pyx_n_s_pyx_vtable);
+    if (!ob)
+        goto bad;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    ptr = PyCapsule_GetPointer(ob, 0);
+#else
+    ptr = PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(ob);
+#endif
+    if (!ptr && !PyErr_Occurred())
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "invalid vtable found for imported type");
+    Py_DECREF(ob);
+    return ptr;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(ob);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* GetNameInClass */
+            static PyObject *__Pyx_GetGlobalNameAfterAttributeLookup(PyObject *name) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    if (unlikely(!__Pyx_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)))
+        return NULL;
+    __Pyx_PyErr_Clear();
+    return __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(name);
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetNameInClass(PyObject *nmspace, PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(nmspace, name);
+    if (!result) {
+        result = __Pyx_GetGlobalNameAfterAttributeLookup(name);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* CLineInTraceback */
+            #ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line) {
+    PyObject *use_cline;
+    PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject **cython_runtime_dict;
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(!__pyx_cython_runtime)) {
+        return c_line;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    cython_runtime_dict = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(__pyx_cython_runtime);
+    if (likely(cython_runtime_dict)) {
+      use_cline = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(*cython_runtime_dict, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+      PyObject *use_cline_obj = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+      if (use_cline_obj) {
+        use_cline = PyObject_Not(use_cline_obj) ? Py_False : Py_True;
+        Py_DECREF(use_cline_obj);
+      } else {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        use_cline = NULL;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!use_cline) {
+        c_line = 0;
+        PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback, Py_False);
+    }
+    else if (PyObject_Not(use_cline) != 0) {
+        c_line = 0;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
+    return c_line;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache */
+            static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) {
+    int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1;
+    if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) {
+        return count;
+    }
+    while (start < end) {
+        mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
+        if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) {
+            end = mid;
+        } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) {
+             start = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+            return mid;
+        }
+    }
+    if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) {
+        return mid;
+    } else {
+        return mid + 1;
+    }
+}
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int pos;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!__pyx_code_cache.entries)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if (unlikely(pos >= __pyx_code_cache.count) || unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    code_object = __pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_object;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+    return code_object;
+}
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object) {
+    int pos, i;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = __pyx_code_cache.entries;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (likely(entries)) {
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+            __pyx_code_cache.max_count = 64;
+            __pyx_code_cache.count = 1;
+            entries[0].code_line = code_line;
+            entries[0].code_object = code_object;
+            Py_INCREF(code_object);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if ((pos < __pyx_code_cache.count) && unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) {
+        PyCodeObject* tmp = entries[pos].code_object;
+        entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__pyx_code_cache.count == __pyx_code_cache.max_count) {
+        int new_max = __pyx_code_cache.max_count + 64;
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc(
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries, (size_t)new_max*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+        __pyx_code_cache.max_count = new_max;
+    }
+    for (i=__pyx_code_cache.count; i>pos; i--) {
+        entries[i] = entries[i-1];
+    }
+    entries[pos].code_line = code_line;
+    entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+    __pyx_code_cache.count++;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+}
+
+/* AddTraceback */
+            #include "compile.h"
+#include "frameobject.h"
+#include "traceback.h"
+static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            const char *funcname, int c_line,
+            int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(filename);
+    #else
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(filename);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    if (c_line) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+        #endif
+    }
+    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
+    py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes, /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
+        py_line,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+    Py_DECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_DECREF(py_funcname);
+    return py_code;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    if (c_line) {
+        c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line);
+    }
+    py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line);
+    if (!py_code) {
+        py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            funcname, c_line, py_line, filename);
+        if (!py_code) goto bad;
+        __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, py_code);
+    }
+    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
+        tstate,            /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
+        py_code,           /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_d,    /*PyObject *globals,*/
+        0                  /*PyObject *locals*/
+    );
+    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
+    __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(py_frame, py_line);
+    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPyVerify */
+            #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 0)
+#define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 1)
+#define __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, exc)\
+    {\
+        func_type value = func_value;\
+        if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {\
+            if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {\
+                func_type zero = 0;\
+                if (exc && unlikely(value == (func_type)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()))\
+                    return (target_type) -1;\
+                if (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero))\
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;\
+                else\
+                    goto raise_overflow;\
+            }\
+        }\
+        return (target_type) value;\
+    }
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_int(int value) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(int),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_unsigned_char(unsigned char value) {
+    const unsigned char neg_one = (unsigned char) -1, const_zero = (unsigned char) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned char) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(unsigned char),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_MDB_dbi(MDB_dbi value) {
+    const MDB_dbi neg_one = (MDB_dbi) -1, const_zero = (MDB_dbi) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(MDB_dbi) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(MDB_dbi),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_char(char value) {
+    const char neg_one = (char) -1, const_zero = (char) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(char) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(char) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(char) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(char) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(char),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(PyObject *x) {
+    const size_t neg_one = (size_t) -1, const_zero = (size_t) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(size_t) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (size_t) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (size_t) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (size_t) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (size_t) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) (((size_t)-1)*(((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(size_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(size_t, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(size_t) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (size_t) ((((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(size_t, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            size_t val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (size_t) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        size_t val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (size_t) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_size_t(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to size_t");
+    return (size_t) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to size_t");
+    return (size_t) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE unsigned char __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_char(PyObject *x) {
+    const unsigned char neg_one = (unsigned char) -1, const_zero = (unsigned char) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(unsigned char) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (unsigned char) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (unsigned char) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((((unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((((((unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((((((((unsigned char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (unsigned char) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned char, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned char, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (unsigned char) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((unsigned char)-1)*(((((unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) ((((((unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((unsigned char)-1)*(((((((unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) ((((((((unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) (((unsigned char)-1)*(((((((((unsigned char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(unsigned char, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(unsigned char) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (unsigned char) ((((((((((unsigned char)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned char)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned char, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(unsigned char) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(unsigned char, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            unsigned char val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (unsigned char) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        unsigned char val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (unsigned char) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_unsigned_char(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to unsigned char");
+    return (unsigned char) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to unsigned char");
+    return (unsigned char) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *x) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (long) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (long) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            long val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (long) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (long) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+}
+
+/* BytesContains */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_BytesContains(PyObject* bytes, char character) {
+    const Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
+    char* char_start = PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes);
+    return memchr(char_start, (unsigned char)character, (size_t)length) != NULL;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+            static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *x) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (int) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (int) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            int val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (int) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        int val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (int) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+}
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethod1 */
+            static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* method, PyObject* arg) {
+    PyObject *result = NULL;
+#if CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    if (likely(PyMethod_Check(method))) {
+        PyObject *self = PyMethod_GET_SELF(method);
+        if (likely(self)) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            PyObject *function = PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(method);
+            #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+            if (PyFunction_Check(function)) {
+                PyObject *args[2] = {self, arg};
+                result = __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(function, args, 2);
+                goto done;
+            }
+            #endif
+            #if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+            if (__Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(function)) {
+                PyObject *args[2] = {self, arg};
+                result = __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(function, args, 2);
+                goto done;
+            }
+            #endif
+            args = PyTuple_New(2);
+            if (unlikely(!args)) goto done;
+            Py_INCREF(self);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 0, self);
+            Py_INCREF(arg);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(args, 1, arg);
+            Py_INCREF(function);
+            result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(function, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            Py_DECREF(function);
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(method, arg);
+    goto done;
+done:
+    return result;
+}
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(PyObject* obj, PyObject* method_name, PyObject* arg) {
+    PyObject *method, *result;
+    method = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(obj, method_name);
+    if (unlikely(!method)) return NULL;
+    result = __Pyx__PyObject_CallMethod1(method, arg);
+    Py_DECREF(method);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* CoroutineBase */
+            #include <structmember.h>
+#include <frameobject.h>
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen) Py_CLEAR((gen)->yieldfrom)
+static int __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate, PyObject **pvalue) {
+    PyObject *et, *ev, *tb;
+    PyObject *value = NULL;
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&et, &ev, &tb);
+    if (!et) {
+        Py_XDECREF(tb);
+        Py_XDECREF(ev);
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        *pvalue = Py_None;
+        return 0;
+    }
+    if (likely(et == PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+        if (!ev) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300A0
+        else if (Py_TYPE(ev) == (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration) {
+            value = ((PyStopIterationObject *)ev)->value;
+            Py_INCREF(value);
+            Py_DECREF(ev);
+        }
+#endif
+        else if (unlikely(PyTuple_Check(ev))) {
+            if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(ev) >= 1) {
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS && !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+                value = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(ev, 0);
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+#else
+                value = PySequence_ITEM(ev, 0);
+#endif
+            } else {
+                Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+                value = Py_None;
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(ev);
+        }
+        else if (!__Pyx_TypeCheck(ev, (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+            value = ev;
+        }
+        if (likely(value)) {
+            Py_XDECREF(tb);
+            Py_DECREF(et);
+            *pvalue = value;
+            return 0;
+        }
+    } else if (!__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(et, PyExc_StopIteration)) {
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(et, ev, tb);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&et, &ev, &tb);
+    if (unlikely(!PyObject_TypeCheck(ev, (PyTypeObject*)PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+        __Pyx_ErrRestore(et, ev, tb);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    Py_DECREF(et);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030300A0
+    value = ((PyStopIterationObject *)ev)->value;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    Py_DECREF(ev);
+#else
+    {
+        PyObject* args = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(ev, __pyx_n_s_args);
+        Py_DECREF(ev);
+        if (likely(args)) {
+            value = PySequence_GetItem(args, 0);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+        }
+        if (unlikely(!value)) {
+            __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL);
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    *pvalue = value;
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+void __Pyx_Coroutine_ExceptionClear(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self) {
+    PyObject *exc_type = self->exc_type;
+    PyObject *exc_value = self->exc_value;
+    PyObject *exc_traceback = self->exc_traceback;
+    self->exc_type = NULL;
+    self->exc_value = NULL;
+    self->exc_traceback = NULL;
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(exc_traceback);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(CYTHON_UNUSED __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen) {
+    const char *msg;
+    if (0) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check((PyObject*)gen)) {
+        msg = "coroutine already executing";
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact((PyObject*)gen)) {
+        msg = "async generator already executing";
+    #endif
+    } else {
+        msg = "generator already executing";
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, msg);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_NotStartedError(gen)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_NotStartedError(gen), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_NotStartedError(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *gen) {
+    const char *msg;
+    if (0) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(gen)) {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started coroutine";
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen)) {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started async generator";
+    #endif
+    } else {
+        msg = "can't send non-None value to a just-started generator";
+    }
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, msg);
+}
+#define __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(gen, value, closing)  (__Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(gen, value, closing), (PyObject*)NULL)
+static void __Pyx__Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *gen, PyObject *value, CYTHON_UNUSED int closing) {
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    if (!closing && __Pyx_Coroutine_Check(gen)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "cannot reuse already awaited coroutine");
+    } else
+    #endif
+    if (value) {
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen))
+            PyErr_SetNone(__Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration);
+        else
+        #endif
+        PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_StopIteration);
+    }
+}
+static
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value, int closing) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    PyThreadState *tstate;
+    PyObject *retval;
+    assert(!self->is_running);
+    if (unlikely(self->resume_label == 0)) {
+        if (unlikely(value && value != Py_None)) {
+            return __Pyx_Coroutine_NotStartedError((PyObject*)self);
+        }
+    }
+    if (unlikely(self->resume_label == -1)) {
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyTerminatedError((PyObject*)self, value, closing);
+    }
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    tstate = __pyx_tstate;
+#else
+    tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+#endif
+    if (self->exc_type) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+#else
+        if (self->exc_traceback) {
+            PyTracebackObject *tb = (PyTracebackObject *) self->exc_traceback;
+            PyFrameObject *f = tb->tb_frame;
+            Py_XINCREF(tstate->frame);
+            assert(f->f_back == NULL);
+            f->f_back = tstate->frame;
+        }
+#endif
+        __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(&self->exc_type, &self->exc_value,
+                            &self->exc_traceback);
+    } else {
+        __Pyx_Coroutine_ExceptionClear(self);
+        __Pyx_ExceptionSave(&self->exc_type, &self->exc_value, &self->exc_traceback);
+    }
+    self->is_running = 1;
+    retval = self->body((PyObject *) self, tstate, value);
+    self->is_running = 0;
+    return retval;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_Coroutine_ResetFrameBackpointer(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self) {
+    if (likely(self->exc_traceback)) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+#else
+        PyTracebackObject *tb = (PyTracebackObject *) self->exc_traceback;
+        PyFrameObject *f = tb->tb_frame;
+        Py_CLEAR(f->f_back);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject* gen, PyObject *retval) {
+    if (unlikely(!retval)) {
+        __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+        __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+        if (!__Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()) {
+            PyObject *exc = PyExc_StopIteration;
+            #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+            if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(gen))
+                exc = __Pyx_PyExc_StopAsyncIteration;
+            #endif
+            __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc);
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE
+PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen) {
+    PyObject *ret;
+    PyObject *val = NULL;
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+    __Pyx_PyGen__FetchStopIterationValue(__Pyx_PyThreadState_Current, &val);
+    ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, val, 0);
+    Py_XDECREF(val);
+    return ret;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Send(PyObject *self, PyObject *value) {
+    PyObject *retval;
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject*) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenASend_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_async_gen_asend_send(yf, value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyGen_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, value == Py_None ? NULL : value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000 && defined(PyCoro_CheckExact) && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyCoro_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, value == Py_None ? NULL : value);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        {
+            if (value == Py_None)
+                ret = Py_TYPE(yf)->tp_iternext(yf);
+            else
+                ret = __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethod1(yf, __pyx_n_s_send, value);
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        if (likely(ret)) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+    } else {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, value, 0);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, retval);
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, PyObject *yf) {
+    PyObject *retval = NULL;
+    int err = 0;
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+    if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+    if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    if (__Pyx_CoroutineAwait_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_CoroutineAwait_Close((__pyx_CoroutineAwaitObject*)yf);
+        if (!retval)
+            return -1;
+    } else
+    #endif
+    #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenASend_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_async_gen_asend_close(yf, NULL);
+    } else
+    if (__pyx_PyAsyncGenAThrow_CheckExact(yf)) {
+        retval = __Pyx_async_gen_athrow_close(yf, NULL);
+    } else
+    #endif
+    {
+        PyObject *meth;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(yf, __pyx_n_s_close);
+        if (unlikely(!meth)) {
+            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(yf);
+            }
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        } else {
+            retval = PyObject_CallFunction(meth, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(meth);
+            if (!retval)
+                err = -1;
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+    }
+    Py_XDECREF(retval);
+    return err;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Generator_Next(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject*) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Generator_Next(yf);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03030000 && (defined(__linux__) || PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B3)
+        if (PyGen_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = _PyGen_Send((PyGenObject*)yf, NULL);
+        } else
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_Send(yf, Py_None);
+        } else
+        #endif
+            ret = Py_TYPE(yf)->tp_iternext(yf);
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        if (likely(ret)) {
+            return ret;
+        }
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, Py_None, 0);
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Close(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject *retval, *raised_exception;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    int err = 0;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        Py_INCREF(yf);
+        err = __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(gen, yf);
+        __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+        Py_DECREF(yf);
+    }
+    if (err == 0)
+        PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_GeneratorExit);
+    retval = __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 1);
+    if (unlikely(retval)) {
+        const char *msg;
+        Py_DECREF(retval);
+        if ((0)) {
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_Coroutine_Check(self)) {
+            msg = "coroutine ignored GeneratorExit";
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03060000
+            msg = "async generator ignored GeneratorExit - might require Python 3.6+ finalisation (PEP 525)";
+#else
+            msg = "async generator ignored GeneratorExit";
+#endif
+        #endif
+        } else {
+            msg = "generator ignored GeneratorExit";
+        }
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, msg);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    raised_exception = PyErr_Occurred();
+    if (likely(!raised_exception || __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(raised_exception, PyExc_GeneratorExit, PyExc_StopIteration))) {
+        if (raised_exception) PyErr_Clear();
+        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+        return Py_None;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *self, PyObject *typ, PyObject *val, PyObject *tb,
+                                        PyObject *args, int close_on_genexit) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject *yf = gen->yieldfrom;
+    if (unlikely(gen->is_running))
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_AlreadyRunningError(gen);
+    if (yf) {
+        PyObject *ret;
+        Py_INCREF(yf);
+        if (__Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(typ, PyExc_GeneratorExit) && close_on_genexit) {
+            int err = __Pyx_Coroutine_CloseIter(gen, yf);
+            Py_DECREF(yf);
+            __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+            if (err < 0)
+                return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 0));
+            goto throw_here;
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 1;
+        if (0
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+            || __Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(yf)
+        #endif
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+            || __Pyx_Coroutine_Check(yf)
+        #endif
+            ) {
+            ret = __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(yf, typ, val, tb, args, close_on_genexit);
+        #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        } else if (__Pyx_CoroutineAwait_CheckExact(yf)) {
+            ret = __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(((__pyx_CoroutineAwaitObject*)yf)->coroutine, typ, val, tb, args, close_on_genexit);
+        #endif
+        } else {
+            PyObject *meth = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(yf, __pyx_n_s_throw);
+            if (unlikely(!meth)) {
+                Py_DECREF(yf);
+                if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+                    gen->is_running = 0;
+                    return NULL;
+                }
+                PyErr_Clear();
+                __Pyx_Coroutine_Undelegate(gen);
+                gen->is_running = 0;
+                goto throw_here;
+            }
+            if (likely(args)) {
+                ret = PyObject_CallObject(meth, args);
+            } else {
+                ret = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(meth, typ, val, tb, NULL);
+            }
+            Py_DECREF(meth);
+        }
+        gen->is_running = 0;
+        Py_DECREF(yf);
+        if (!ret) {
+            ret = __Pyx_Coroutine_FinishDelegation(gen);
+        }
+        return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, ret);
+    }
+throw_here:
+    __Pyx_Raise(typ, val, tb, NULL);
+    return __Pyx_Coroutine_MethodReturn(self, __Pyx_Coroutine_SendEx(gen, NULL, 0));
+}
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Coroutine_Throw(PyObject *self, PyObject *args) {
+    PyObject *typ;
+    PyObject *val = NULL;
+    PyObject *tb = NULL;
+    if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, (char *)"throw", 1, 3, &typ, &val, &tb))
+        return NULL;
+    return __Pyx__Coroutine_Throw(self, typ, val, tb, args, 1);
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_traverse(__pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, visitproc visit, void *arg) {
+    Py_VISIT(gen->closure);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->classobj);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->yieldfrom);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_type);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_value);
+    Py_VISIT(gen->exc_traceback);
+    return 0;
+}
+static int __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->closure);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->classobj);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->yieldfrom);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_type);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_value);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->exc_traceback);
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        Py_CLEAR(((__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)gen)->ag_finalizer);
+    }
+#endif
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_code);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_name);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_qualname);
+    Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_modulename);
+    return 0;
+}
+static void __Pyx_Coroutine_dealloc(PyObject *self) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    PyObject_GC_UnTrack(gen);
+    if (gen->gi_weakreflist != NULL)
+        PyObject_ClearWeakRefs(self);
+    if (gen->resume_label >= 0) {
+        PyObject_GC_Track(self);
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1 && CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+        if (PyObject_CallFinalizerFromDealloc(self))
+#else
+        Py_TYPE(gen)->tp_del(self);
+        if (self->ob_refcnt > 0)
+#endif
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+        PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+    }
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        /* We have to handle this case for asynchronous generators
+           right here, because this code has to be between UNTRACK
+           and GC_Del. */
+        Py_CLEAR(((__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)self)->ag_finalizer);
+    }
+#endif
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_clear(self);
+    PyObject_GC_Del(gen);
+}
+static void __Pyx_Coroutine_del(PyObject *self) {
+    PyObject *error_type, *error_value, *error_traceback;
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = (__pyx_CoroutineObject *) self;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    if (gen->resume_label < 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+#if !CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    assert(self->ob_refcnt == 0);
+    self->ob_refcnt = 1;
+#endif
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&error_type, &error_value, &error_traceback);
+#ifdef __Pyx_AsyncGen_USED
+    if (__Pyx_AsyncGen_CheckExact(self)) {
+        __pyx_PyAsyncGenObject *agen = (__pyx_PyAsyncGenObject*)self;
+        PyObject *finalizer = agen->ag_finalizer;
+        if (finalizer && !agen->ag_closed) {
+            PyObject *res = __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(finalizer, self);
+            if (unlikely(!res)) {
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+            } else {
+                Py_DECREF(res);
+            }
+            __Pyx_ErrRestore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(gen->resume_label == 0 && !error_value)) {
+#ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+#ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+    if (!__Pyx_Generator_CheckExact(self))
+#endif
+        {
+        PyObject_GC_UnTrack(self);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3  || defined(PyErr_WarnFormat)
+        if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, 1, "coroutine '%.50S' was never awaited", gen->gi_qualname) < 0))
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+#else
+        {PyObject *msg;
+        char *cmsg;
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        msg = NULL;
+        cmsg = (char*) "coroutine was never awaited";
+        #else
+        char *cname;
+        PyObject *qualname;
+        qualname = gen->gi_qualname;
+        cname = PyString_AS_STRING(qualname);
+        msg = PyString_FromFormat("coroutine '%.50s' was never awaited", cname);
+        if (unlikely(!msg)) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+            cmsg = (char*) "coroutine was never awaited";
+        } else {
+            cmsg = PyString_AS_STRING(msg);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, cmsg, 1) < 0))
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+        Py_XDECREF(msg);}
+#endif
+        PyObject_GC_Track(self);
+        }
+#endif
+    } else {
+        PyObject *res = __Pyx_Coroutine_Close(self);
+        if (unlikely(!res)) {
+            if (PyErr_Occurred())
+                PyErr_WriteUnraisable(self);
+        } else {
+            Py_DECREF(res);
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(error_type, error_value, error_traceback);
+#if !CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    assert(self->ob_refcnt > 0);
+    if (--self->ob_refcnt == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    {
+        Py_ssize_t refcnt = self->ob_refcnt;
+        _Py_NewReference(self);
+        self->ob_refcnt = refcnt;
+    }
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    assert(PyType_IS_GC(self->ob_type) &&
+           _Py_AS_GC(self)->gc.gc_refs != _PyGC_REFS_UNTRACKED);
+    _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL;
+#endif
+#ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS
+    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_frees;
+    --Py_TYPE(self)->tp_allocs;
+#endif
+#endif
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_Coroutine_get_name(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *name = self->gi_name;
+    if (unlikely(!name)) name = Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(name);
+    return name;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_Coroutine_set_name(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__name__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = self->gi_name;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    self->gi_name = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static PyObject *
+__Pyx_Coroutine_get_qualname(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self)
+{
+    PyObject *name = self->gi_qualname;
+    if (unlikely(!name)) name = Py_None;
+    Py_INCREF(name);
+    return name;
+}
+static int
+__Pyx_Coroutine_set_qualname(__pyx_CoroutineObject *self, PyObject *value)
+{
+    PyObject *tmp;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(value))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(value == NULL || !PyString_Check(value))) {
+#endif
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                        "__qualname__ must be set to a string object");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    tmp = self->gi_qualname;
+    Py_INCREF(value);
+    self->gi_qualname = value;
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+    return 0;
+}
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_New(
+            PyTypeObject* type, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name) {
+    __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen = PyObject_GC_New(__pyx_CoroutineObject, type);
+    if (unlikely(!gen))
+        return NULL;
+    return __Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(gen, body, code, closure, name, qualname, module_name);
+}
+static __pyx_CoroutineObject *__Pyx__Coroutine_NewInit(
+            __pyx_CoroutineObject *gen, __pyx_coroutine_body_t body, PyObject *code, PyObject *closure,
+            PyObject *name, PyObject *qualname, PyObject *module_name) {
+    gen->body = body;
+    gen->closure = closure;
+    Py_XINCREF(closure);
+    gen->is_running = 0;
+    gen->resume_label = 0;
+    gen->classobj = NULL;
+    gen->yieldfrom = NULL;
+    gen->exc_type = NULL;
+    gen->exc_value = NULL;
+    gen->exc_traceback = NULL;
+    gen->gi_weakreflist = NULL;
+    Py_XINCREF(qualname);
+    gen->gi_qualname = qualname;
+    Py_XINCREF(name);
+    gen->gi_name = name;
+    Py_XINCREF(module_name);
+    gen->gi_modulename = module_name;
+    Py_XINCREF(code);
+    gen->gi_code = code;
+    PyObject_GC_Track(gen);
+    return gen;
+}
+
+/* PatchModuleWithCoroutine */
+                static PyObject* __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(PyObject* module, const char* py_code) {
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+    int result;
+    PyObject *globals, *result_obj;
+    globals = PyDict_New();  if (unlikely(!globals)) goto ignore;
+    result = PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_cython_coroutine_type",
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Coroutine_USED
+        (PyObject*)__pyx_CoroutineType);
+    #else
+        Py_None);
+    #endif
+    if (unlikely(result < 0)) goto ignore;
+    result = PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_cython_generator_type",
+    #ifdef __Pyx_Generator_USED
+        (PyObject*)__pyx_GeneratorType);
+    #else
+        Py_None);
+    #endif
+    if (unlikely(result < 0)) goto ignore;
+    if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "_module", module) < 0)) goto ignore;
+    if (unlikely(PyDict_SetItemString(globals, "__builtins__", __pyx_b) < 0)) goto ignore;
+    result_obj = PyRun_String(py_code, Py_file_input, globals, globals);
+    if (unlikely(!result_obj)) goto ignore;
+    Py_DECREF(result_obj);
+    Py_DECREF(globals);
+    return module;
+ignore:
+    Py_XDECREF(globals);
+    PyErr_WriteUnraisable(module);
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "Cython module failed to patch module with custom type", 1) < 0)) {
+        Py_DECREF(module);
+        module = NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    py_code++;
+#endif
+    return module;
+}
+
+/* PatchGeneratorABC */
+                #ifndef CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS
+#define CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS 1
+#endif
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+static PyObject* __Pyx_patch_abc_module(PyObject *module);
+static PyObject* __Pyx_patch_abc_module(PyObject *module) {
+    module = __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(
+        module, ""
+"if _cython_generator_type is not None:\n"
+"    try: Generator = _module.Generator\n"
+"    except AttributeError: pass\n"
+"    else: Generator.register(_cython_generator_type)\n"
+"if _cython_coroutine_type is not None:\n"
+"    try: Coroutine = _module.Coroutine\n"
+"    except AttributeError: pass\n"
+"    else: Coroutine.register(_cython_coroutine_type)\n"
+    );
+    return module;
+}
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_patch_abc(void) {
+#if defined(__Pyx_Generator_USED) || defined(__Pyx_Coroutine_USED)
+    static int abc_patched = 0;
+    if (CYTHON_REGISTER_ABCS && !abc_patched) {
+        PyObject *module;
+        module = PyImport_ImportModule((PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) ? "collections.abc" : "collections");
+        if (!module) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(NULL);
+            if (unlikely(PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_RuntimeWarning,
+                    ((PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3) ?
+                        "Cython module failed to register with collections.abc module" :
+                        "Cython module failed to register with collections module"), 1) < 0)) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+        } else {
+            module = __Pyx_patch_abc_module(module);
+            abc_patched = 1;
+            if (unlikely(!module))
+                return -1;
+            Py_DECREF(module);
+        }
+        module = PyImport_ImportModule("backports_abc");
+        if (module) {
+            module = __Pyx_patch_abc_module(module);
+            Py_XDECREF(module);
+        }
+        if (!module) {
+            PyErr_Clear();
+        }
+    }
+#else
+    if ((0)) __Pyx_Coroutine_patch_module(NULL, NULL);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Generator */
+                static PyMethodDef __pyx_Generator_methods[] = {
+    {"send", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Send, METH_O,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("send(arg) -> send 'arg' into generator,\nreturn next yielded value or raise StopIteration.")},
+    {"throw", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Throw, METH_VARARGS,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("throw(typ[,val[,tb]]) -> raise exception in generator,\nreturn next yielded value or raise StopIteration.")},
+    {"close", (PyCFunction) __Pyx_Coroutine_Close, METH_NOARGS,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("close() -> raise GeneratorExit inside generator.")},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyMemberDef __pyx_Generator_memberlist[] = {
+    {(char *) "gi_running", T_BOOL, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, is_running), READONLY, NULL},
+    {(char*) "gi_yieldfrom", T_OBJECT, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, yieldfrom), READONLY,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("object being iterated by 'yield from', or None")},
+    {(char*) "gi_code", T_OBJECT, offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, gi_code), READONLY, NULL},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyGetSetDef __pyx_Generator_getsets[] = {
+    {(char *) "__name__", (getter)__Pyx_Coroutine_get_name, (setter)__Pyx_Coroutine_set_name,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("name of the generator"), 0},
+    {(char *) "__qualname__", (getter)__Pyx_Coroutine_get_qualname, (setter)__Pyx_Coroutine_set_qualname,
+     (char*) PyDoc_STR("qualified name of the generator"), 0},
+    {0, 0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_GeneratorType_type = {
+    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+    "generator",
+    sizeof(__pyx_CoroutineObject),
+    0,
+    (destructor) __Pyx_Coroutine_dealloc,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE,
+    0,
+    (traverseproc) __Pyx_Coroutine_traverse,
+    0,
+    0,
+    offsetof(__pyx_CoroutineObject, gi_weakreflist),
+    0,
+    (iternextfunc) __Pyx_Generator_Next,
+    __pyx_Generator_methods,
+    __pyx_Generator_memberlist,
+    __pyx_Generator_getsets,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+    0,
+#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    0,
+#else
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_del,
+#endif
+    0,
+#if CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    __Pyx_Coroutine_del,
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1
+    0,
+#endif
+};
+static int __pyx_Generator_init(void) {
+    __pyx_GeneratorType_type.tp_getattro = __Pyx_PyObject_GenericGetAttrNoDict;
+    __pyx_GeneratorType_type.tp_iter = PyObject_SelfIter;
+    __pyx_GeneratorType = __Pyx_FetchCommonType(&__pyx_GeneratorType_type);
+    if (unlikely(!__pyx_GeneratorType)) {
+        return -1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion */
+                static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void) {
+    char ctversion[4], rtversion[4];
+    PyOS_snprintf(ctversion, 4, "%d.%d", PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION);
+    PyOS_snprintf(rtversion, 4, "%s", Py_GetVersion());
+    if (ctversion[0] != rtversion[0] || ctversion[2] != rtversion[2]) {
+        char message[200];
+        PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message),
+                      "compiletime version %s of module '%.100s' "
+                      "does not match runtime version %s",
+                      ctversion, __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, rtversion);
+        return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* ModuleImport */
+                #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name) {
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+    py_name = __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(name);
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    py_module = PyImport_Import(py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    return py_module;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* TypeImport */
+                #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name,
+    size_t size, int strict)
+{
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+    PyObject *result = 0;
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    char warning[200];
+    Py_ssize_t basicsize;
+#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API
+    PyObject *py_basicsize;
+#endif
+    py_module = __Pyx_ImportModule(module_name);
+    if (!py_module)
+        goto bad;
+    py_name = __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(class_name);
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    result = PyObject_GetAttr(py_module, py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    py_name = 0;
+    Py_DECREF(py_module);
+    py_module = 0;
+    if (!result)
+        goto bad;
+    if (!PyType_Check(result)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "%.200s.%.200s is not a type object",
+            module_name, class_name);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
+    basicsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize;
+#else
+    py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__basicsize__");
+    if (!py_basicsize)
+        goto bad;
+    basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize);
+    Py_DECREF(py_basicsize);
+    py_basicsize = 0;
+    if (basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+        goto bad;
+#endif
+    if (!strict && (size_t)basicsize > size) {
+        PyOS_snprintf(warning, sizeof(warning),
+            "%s.%s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. Expected %zd, got %zd",
+            module_name, class_name, basicsize, size);
+        if (PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, warning, 0) < 0) goto bad;
+    }
+    else if ((size_t)basicsize != size) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+            "%.200s.%.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling. Expected %zd, got %zd",
+            module_name, class_name, basicsize, size);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    return (PyTypeObject *)result;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_module);
+    Py_XDECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* VoidPtrImport */
+                #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportVoidPtr
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportVoidPtr
+static int __Pyx_ImportVoidPtr(PyObject *module, const char *name, void **p, const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d = 0;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    d = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, (char *)"__pyx_capi__");
+    if (!d)
+        goto bad;
+    cobj = PyDict_GetItemString(d, name);
+    if (!cobj) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
+            "%.200s does not export expected C variable %.200s",
+                PyModule_GetName(module), name);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    if (!PyCapsule_IsValid(cobj, sig)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "C variable %.200s.%.200s has wrong signature (expected %.500s, got %.500s)",
+             PyModule_GetName(module), name, sig, PyCapsule_GetName(cobj));
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    *p = PyCapsule_GetPointer(cobj, sig);
+#else
+    {const char *desc, *s1, *s2;
+    desc = (const char *)PyCObject_GetDesc(cobj);
+    if (!desc)
+        goto bad;
+    s1 = desc; s2 = sig;
+    while (*s1 != '\0' && *s1 == *s2) { s1++; s2++; }
+    if (*s1 != *s2) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "C variable %.200s.%.200s has wrong signature (expected %.500s, got %.500s)",
+             PyModule_GetName(module), name, sig, desc);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    *p = PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(cobj);}
+#endif
+    if (!(*p))
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* FunctionImport */
+                #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportFunction
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportFunction
+static int __Pyx_ImportFunction(PyObject *module, const char *funcname, void (**f)(void), const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d = 0;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    union {
+        void (*fp)(void);
+        void *p;
+    } tmp;
+    d = PyObject_GetAttrString(module, (char *)"__pyx_capi__");
+    if (!d)
+        goto bad;
+    cobj = PyDict_GetItemString(d, funcname);
+    if (!cobj) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
+            "%.200s does not export expected C function %.200s",
+                PyModule_GetName(module), funcname);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    if (!PyCapsule_IsValid(cobj, sig)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "C function %.200s.%.200s has wrong signature (expected %.500s, got %.500s)",
+             PyModule_GetName(module), funcname, sig, PyCapsule_GetName(cobj));
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    tmp.p = PyCapsule_GetPointer(cobj, sig);
+#else
+    {const char *desc, *s1, *s2;
+    desc = (const char *)PyCObject_GetDesc(cobj);
+    if (!desc)
+        goto bad;
+    s1 = desc; s2 = sig;
+    while (*s1 != '\0' && *s1 == *s2) { s1++; s2++; }
+    if (*s1 != *s2) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "C function %.200s.%.200s has wrong signature (expected %.500s, got %.500s)",
+             PyModule_GetName(module), funcname, sig, desc);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    tmp.p = PyCObject_AsVoidPtr(cobj);}
+#endif
+    *f = tmp.fp;
+    if (!(*f))
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* InitStrings */
+                static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
+    while (t->p) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (t->is_unicode) {
+            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
+        } else if (t->intern) {
+            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #else
+        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
+            if (t->intern) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
+            } else if (t->encoding) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
+            } else {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!*t->p)
+            return -1;
+        if (PyObject_Hash(*t->p) == -1)
+            return -1;
+        ++t;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char* c_str) {
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, (Py_ssize_t)strlen(c_str));
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) {
+    Py_ssize_t ignore;
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore);
+}
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+#if !CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+static const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    char* defenc_c;
+    PyObject* defenc = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(o, NULL);
+    if (!defenc) return NULL;
+    defenc_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(defenc);
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    {
+        char* end = defenc_c + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+        char* c;
+        for (c = defenc_c; c < end; c++) {
+            if ((unsigned char) (*c) >= 128) {
+                PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    *length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+    return defenc_c;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1)) return NULL;
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o))) {
+        *length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o);
+        return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o);
+    } else {
+        PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+            __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii &&
+#endif
+            PyUnicode_Check(o)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(o, length);
+    } else
+#endif
+#if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY) || (defined(PyByteArray_AS_STRING) && defined(PyByteArray_GET_SIZE))
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) {
+        *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o);
+        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        char* result;
+        int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length);
+        if (unlikely(r < 0)) {
+            return NULL;
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) {
+   int is_true = x == Py_True;
+   if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true;
+   else return PyObject_IsTrue(x);
+}
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(PyObject* result, const char* type_name) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (PyLong_Check(result)) {
+        if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1,
+                "__int__ returned non-int (type %.200s).  "
+                "The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int "
+                "is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name)) {
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "__%.4s__ returned non-%.4s (type %.200s)",
+                 type_name, type_name, Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  PyNumberMethods *m;
+#endif
+  const char *name = NULL;
+  PyObject *res = NULL;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x)))
+#else
+  if (likely(PyLong_Check(x)))
+#endif
+    return __Pyx_NewRef(x);
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number;
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  else if (m && m->nb_long) {
+    name = "long";
+    res = m->nb_long(x);
+  }
+  #else
+  if (likely(m && m->nb_int)) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(x) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(x)) {
+    res = PyNumber_Int(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(res)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (unlikely(!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(!PyLong_CheckExact(res))) {
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(res, name);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "an integer is required");
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) {
+  Py_ssize_t ival;
+  PyObject *x;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_CheckExact(b))) {
+    if (sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(long))
+        return PyInt_AS_LONG(b);
+    else
+        return PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) {
+    #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)b)->ob_digit;
+    const Py_ssize_t size = Py_SIZE(b);
+    if (likely(__Pyx_sst_abs(size) <= 1)) {
+        ival = likely(size) ? digits[0] : 0;
+        if (size == -1) ival = -ival;
+        return ival;
+    } else {
+      switch (size) {
+         case 2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+      }
+    }
+    #endif
+    return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b);
+  }
+  x = PyNumber_Index(b);
+  if (!x) return -1;
+  ival = PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return ival;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b) {
+  return b ? __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True) : __Pyx_NewRef(Py_False);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t ival) {
+    return PyInt_FromSize_t(ival);
+}
+
+
+#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/lmdb_triplestore.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,2020 @@
+import hashlib
+import logging
+import os
+import pickle
+
+from collections.abc import Sequence
+from functools import wraps
+
+from rdflib import Graph
+from rdflib.graph import DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID as RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
+from rdflib.term import Node
+
+from lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store import (
+        KeyExistsError, KeyNotFoundError, LmdbError)
+from lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store cimport _check
+
+from cpython.mem cimport PyMem_Malloc, PyMem_Realloc, PyMem_Free
+from cython.parallel import parallel, prange
+from libc.stdlib cimport free
+from libc.string cimport memcmp, memcpy, strchr
+
+from lakesuperior.cy_include cimport cylmdb as lmdb
+from lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store cimport (
+        BaseLmdbStore, data_v, dbi, key_v)
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term cimport serialize, deserialize
+
+
+DEF KLEN = 5
+"""
+Fixed length for term keys.
+
+4 or 5 is a safe range. 4 allows for ~4 billion (256 ** 4) unique terms
+in the store. 5 allows ~1 trillion terms. While these numbers may seem
+huge (the total number of Internet pages indexed by Google as of 2018 is 45
+billions), it must be reminded that the keys cannot be reused, so a
+repository that deletes a lot of triples may burn through a lot of terms.
+
+If a repository runs ot of keys it can no longer store new terms and must
+be migrated to a new database, which will regenerate and compact the keys.
+
+For smaller repositories it should be safe to set this value to 4, which
+could improve performance since keys make up the vast majority of record
+exchange between the store and the application. However it is sensible not
+to expose this value as a configuration option.
+
+TODO: Explore the option to use size_t (8 bits, or in some architectures,
+4 bits). If the overhead of handling 8
+vs. 5 bytes is not huge (and maybe counterbalanced by x86_64 arch optimizations
+for 8-byte words) it may be worth using those instead of char[5] to simplify
+the code significantly.
+"""
+
+DEF DBL_KLEN = KLEN * 2
+DEF TRP_KLEN = KLEN * 3
+DEF QUAD_KLEN = KLEN * 4
+
+
+DEF TERM_HASH_ALGO = 'sha1'
+""" Term hashing algorithm. SHA1 is the default. """
+
+DEF HLEN = 20
+""" Hash byte length. For SHA1 this is 20. """
+
+DEF KEY_START = b'\x01'
+"""
+Lexical sequence start. ``\\x01`` is fine since no special characters are
+used, but it's good to leave a spare for potential future use.
+"""
+
+DEF FIRST_KEY = KEY_START * KLEN
+"""First key of a sequence."""
+
+DEF IDX_OP_ADD = '_idx_add'
+DEF IDX_OP_REMOVE = '_idx_remove'
+
+
+cdef extern from '<openssl/sha.h>':
+    unsigned char *SHA1(const unsigned char *d, size_t n, unsigned char *md)
+
+
+ctypedef unsigned char Key[KLEN]
+ctypedef unsigned char DoubleKey[DBL_KLEN]
+ctypedef unsigned char TripleKey[TRP_KLEN]
+ctypedef unsigned char QuadKey[QUAD_KLEN]
+ctypedef unsigned char Hash[HLEN]
+
+
+cdef unsigned char first_key[KLEN]
+memcpy(first_key, FIRST_KEY, KLEN)
+
+cdef unsigned char lookup_rank[3]
+lookup_rank = [0, 2, 1]
+"""
+Order in which keys are looked up if two terms are bound.
+The indices with the smallest average number of values per key should be
+looked up first.
+
+0 = s:po
+1 = p:so
+2 = o:sp
+
+If we want to get fancy, this can be rebalanced from time to time by
+looking up the number of keys in (s:po, p:so, o:sp).
+"""
+
+cdef unsigned char lookup_ordering[3][3]
+lookup_ordering = [
+    [0, 1, 2], # spo
+    [1, 0, 2], # pso
+    [2, 0, 1], # osp
+]
+
+
+cdef unsigned char lookup_ordering_2bound[3][3]
+lookup_ordering_2bound = [
+    [1, 2, 0], # po:s
+    [0, 2, 1], # so:p
+    [0, 1, 2], # sp:o
+]
+
+
+cdef inline void _hash(
+        const unsigned char *message, size_t message_size, Hash digest):
+    """Get the hash value of a serialized object."""
+    SHA1(message, message_size, digest)
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+cdef class ResultSet:
+    """
+    Pre-allocated result set.
+
+    Data in the set are stored as a 1D contiguous array of characters.
+    Access to elements at an arbitrary index position is achieved by using the
+    ``itemsize`` property multiplied by the index number.
+
+    Key properties:
+
+    ``ct``: number of elements in the set.
+    ``itemsize``: size of each element, in bytes. All elements have the same
+        size.
+    ``size``: Total size, in bytes, of the data set. This is the product of
+        ``itemsize`` and ``ct``.
+    """
+    cdef:
+        readonly unsigned char *data
+        readonly unsigned char itemsize
+        readonly size_t ct, size
+
+    def __cinit__(self, size_t ct, unsigned char itemsize):
+        """
+        Initialize and allocate memory for the data set.
+
+        :param size_t ct: Number of elements to be accounted for.
+        :param unsigned char itemsize: Size of an individual item.
+            Note that the ``itemsize`` is an unsigned char,
+            i.e. an item can be at most 255 bytes. This is for economy reasons,
+            since many multiplications are done between ``itemsize`` and other
+            char variables.
+        """
+        self.ct = ct
+        self.itemsize = itemsize
+        self.size = self.itemsize * self.ct
+
+        #logger.debug('Got malloc sizes: {}, {}'.format(ct, itemsize))
+        #logger.debug(
+        #    'Allocating {0} ({1}x{2}) bytes of ResultSet data...'.format(
+        #        self.size, self.ct, self.itemsize))
+        self.data = <unsigned char *>PyMem_Malloc(ct * itemsize)
+        if not self.data:
+            raise MemoryError()
+        #logger.debug('...done allocating @ {0:x}.'.format(
+        #        <unsigned long>self.data))
+
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        #logger.debug(
+        #    'Releasing {0} ({1}x{2}) bytes of ResultSet @ {3:x}...'.format(
+        #        self.size, self.ct, self.itemsize,
+        #        <unsigned long>self.data))
+        PyMem_Free(self.data)
+        #logger.debug('...done releasing.')
+
+
+    cdef void resize(self, size_t ct) except *:
+        cdef unsigned char *tmp
+        self.ct = ct
+        self.size = self.itemsize * self.ct
+
+        #logger.debug(
+        #    'Resizing ResultSet to {0} ({1}x{2}) bytes @ {3:x}...'.format(
+        #        self.itemsize * ct, ct, self.itemsize,
+        #        <unsigned long>self.data))
+        tmp = <unsigned char *>PyMem_Realloc(self.data, ct * self.itemsize)
+        if not tmp:
+            raise MemoryError()
+        #logger.debug('...done resizing.')
+
+        self.data = tmp
+
+
+    # Access methods.
+
+    def to_tuple(self):
+        """
+        Return the data set as a Python tuple.
+        """
+        return tuple(
+                self.data[i: i + self.itemsize]
+                for i in range(0, self.size, self.itemsize))
+
+
+    def get_item_obj(self, i):
+        return self.get_item(i)[: self.itemsize]
+
+
+    cdef unsigned char *get_item(self, i):
+        """
+        Get an item at a given index position.
+
+        The item size is known by the ``itemsize`` property of the object.
+        """
+        return self.data + self.itemsize * i
+
+
+
+def use_data(fn):
+    @wraps(fn)
+    def _wrapper(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, SimpleGraph):
+            other = other.data
+    return _wrapper
+
+
+cdef class SimpleGraph:
+    """
+    Fast and simple implementation of a graph.
+
+    Most functions should mimic RDFLib's graph with less overhead. It uses
+        the same funny but functional slicing notation.
+    """
+
+    cdef:
+        readonly set data
+
+    def __init__(
+            self, set data=set(), tuple lookup=(), store=None):
+        """
+        Initialize the graph with pre-existing data or by looking up a store.
+
+        Either ``data``, or both ``lookup`` and ``store``, can be provided.
+        ``lookup`` and ``store`` have precedence. If none of them is specified,
+        an empty graph is initialized.
+
+        :param rdflib.URIRef uri: The graph URI.
+            This will serve as the subject for some queries.
+        :param set data: Initial data as a set of 3-tuples of RDFLib terms.
+        :param tuple lookup: tuple of a 3-tuple of lookup terms, and a context.
+            E.g. ``((URIRef('urn:ns:a'), None, None), URIRef('urn:ns:ctx'))``.
+            Any and all elements may be ``None``.
+        :param lmdbStore store: the store to look data up.
+        """
+        if data:
+            self.data = set(data)
+        else:
+            if not lookup:
+                self.data = set()
+            else:
+                if store is None:
+                    raise ValueError('Store not specified for triple lookup.')
+                self._data_from_lookup(lookup, store)
+
+
+    cdef void _data_from_lookup(
+            self, tuple lookup, LmdbTriplestore store) except *:
+        cdef:
+            size_t i
+            unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+
+        self.data = set()
+        keyset = store.triple_keys(*lookup)
+
+        for i in range(keyset.ct):
+            spok = keyset.data + i * TRP_KLEN
+            self.data.add(store.from_trp_key(spok[: TRP_KLEN]))
+
+    # Basic set operations.
+
+    def add(self, dataset):
+        self.data.add(dataset)
+
+    def remove(self, item):
+        self.data.remove(item)
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.data)
+
+    @use_data
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return self.data == other
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (f'<{self.__class__.__name__} @{hex(id(self))} '
+            f'length={len(self.data)}>')
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.data)
+
+    @use_data
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self.data - other
+
+    @use_data
+    def __isub__(self, other):
+        self.data -= other
+        return self
+
+    @use_data
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return self.data & other
+
+    @use_data
+    def __iand__(self, other):
+        self.data &= other
+        return self
+
+    @use_data
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return self.data | other
+
+    @use_data
+    def __ior__(self, other):
+        self.data |= other
+        return self
+
+    @use_data
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        return self.data ^ other
+
+    @use_data
+    def __ixor__(self, other):
+        self.data ^= other
+        return self
+
+    def __contains__(self, item):
+        return item in self.data
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self.data.__iter__()
+
+
+    # Slicing.
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, slice):
+            s, p, o = item.start, item.stop, item.step
+            return self._slice(s, p, o)
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Wrong slice format: {item}.')
+
+
+    cpdef void set(self, tuple trp) except *:
+        """
+        Set a single value for subject and predicate.
+
+        Remove all triples matching ``s`` and ``p`` before adding ``s p o``.
+        """
+        self.remove_triples((trp[0], trp[1], None))
+        if None in trp:
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid triple: {trp}')
+        self.data.add(trp)
+
+
+    cpdef void remove_triples(self, pattern) except *:
+        """
+        Remove triples by pattern.
+
+        The pattern used is similar to :py:meth:`LmdbTripleStore.delete`.
+        """
+        s, p, o = pattern
+        for match in self.lookup(s, p, o):
+            logger.debug(f'Removing from graph: {match}.')
+            self.data.remove(match)
+
+
+    cpdef object as_rdflib(self):
+        """
+        Return the data set as an RDFLib Graph.
+        :rtype: rdflib.Graph
+        """
+        gr = Graph()
+        for trp in self.data:
+            gr.add(trp)
+
+        return gr
+
+
+    cdef _slice(self, s, p, o):
+        """
+        Return terms filtered by other terms.
+
+        This behaves like the rdflib.Graph slicing policy.
+        """
+        if s is None and p is None and o is None:
+            return self.data
+        elif s is None and p is None:
+            return {(r[0], r[1]) for r in self.data if r[2] == o}
+        elif s is None and o is None:
+            return {(r[0], r[2]) for r in self.data if r[1] == p}
+        elif p is None and o is None:
+            return {(r[1], r[2]) for r in self.data if r[0] == s}
+        elif s is None:
+            return {r[0] for r in self.data if r[1] == p and r[2] == o}
+        elif p is None:
+            return {r[1] for r in self.data if r[0] == s and r[2] == o}
+        elif o is None:
+            return {r[2] for r in self.data if r[0] == s and r[1] == p}
+        else:
+            # all given
+            return (s,p,o) in self.data
+
+
+    cpdef lookup(self, s, p, o):
+        """
+        Look up triples by a pattern.
+        """
+        logger.debug(f'Looking up in graph: {s}, {p}, {o}.')
+        if s is None and p is None and o is None:
+            return self.data
+        elif s is None and p is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[2] == o}
+        elif s is None and o is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[1] == p}
+        elif p is None and o is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[0] == s}
+        elif s is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[1] == p and r[2] == o}
+        elif p is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[0] == s and r[2] == o}
+        elif o is None:
+            return {r for r in self.data if r[0] == s and r[1] == p}
+        else:
+            # all given
+            return (s,p,o) if (s, p, o) in self.data else set()
+
+
+    cpdef set terms(self, str type):
+        """
+        Get all terms of a type: subject, predicate or object.
+
+        :param str type: One of ``s``, ``p`` or ``o``.
+        """
+        i = 'spo'.index(type)
+        return {r[i] for r in self.data}
+
+
+
+cdef class Imr(SimpleGraph):
+    """
+    In-memory resource data container.
+
+    This is an extension of :py:class:`~SimpleGraph` that adds a subject URI to
+    the data set and some convenience methods.
+
+    Some set operations that produce a new object (``-``, ``|``, ``&``, ``^``)
+    will create a new ``Imr`` instance with the same subject URI.
+    """
+    cdef:
+        readonly object uri
+
+    def __init__(self, uri, *args, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Initialize the graph with pre-existing data or by looking up a store.
+
+        Either ``data``, or ``lookup`` *and* ``store``, can be provide.
+        ``lookup`` and ``store`` have precedence. If none of them is specified,
+        an empty graph is initialized.
+
+        :param rdflib.URIRef uri: The graph URI.
+            This will serve as the subject for some queries.
+        :param set data: Initial data as a set of 3-tuples of RDFLib terms.
+        :param tuple lookup: tuple of a 3-tuple of lookup terms, and a context.
+            E.g. ``((URIRef('urn:ns:a'), None, None), URIRef('urn:ns:ctx'))``.
+            Any and all elements may be ``None``.
+        :param lmdbStore store: the store to look data up.
+        """
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        self.uri = uri
+
+
+    @property
+    def identifier(self):
+        """
+        IMR URI. For compatibility with RDFLib Resource.
+
+        :rtype: string
+        """
+        return self.uri
+
+
+    @property
+    def graph(self):
+        """
+        Return a SimpleGraph with the same data.
+
+        :rtype: SimpleGraph
+        """
+        return SimpleGraph(self.data)
+
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (f'<{self.__class__.__name__} @{hex(id(self))} uri={self.uri}, '
+            f'length={len(self.data)}>')
+
+    @use_data
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(uri=self.uri, data=self.data - other)
+
+    @use_data
+    def __and__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(uri=self.uri, data=self.data & other)
+
+    @use_data
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(uri=self.uri, data=self.data | other)
+
+    @use_data
+    def __xor__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(uri=self.uri, data=self.data ^ other)
+
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        if isinstance(item, slice):
+            s, p, o = item.start, item.stop, item.step
+            return self._slice(s, p, o)
+
+        elif isinstance(item, Node):
+            # If a Node is given, return all values for that predicate.
+            return {
+                    r[2] for r in self.data
+                    if r[0] == self.uri and r[1] == item}
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f'Wrong slice format: {item}.')
+
+
+    def value(self, p, strict=False):
+        """
+        Get an individual value.
+
+        :param rdflib.termNode p: Predicate to search for.
+        :param bool strict: If set to ``True`` the method raises an error if
+            more than one value is found. If ``False`` (the default) only
+            the first found result is returned.
+        :rtype: rdflib.term.Node
+        """
+        values = self[p]
+
+        if strict and len(values) > 1:
+            raise RuntimeError('More than one value found for {}, {}.'.format(
+                    self.uri, p))
+
+        for ret in values:
+            return ret
+
+        return None
+
+
+    cpdef as_rdflib(self):
+        """
+        Return the IMR as a RDFLib Resource.
+
+        :rtype: rdflib.Resource
+        """
+        gr = Graph()
+        for trp in self.data:
+            gr.add(trp)
+
+        return gr.resource(identifier=self.uri)
+
+
+
+cdef class LmdbTriplestore(BaseLmdbStore):
+
+    """
+    Low-level storage layer.
+
+    This class extends the RDFLib-compatible :py:class:`BaseLmdbStore` and maps
+    triples and contexts to key-value records in LMDB.
+
+    This class uses the original LMDB C API rather than the Python bindings,
+    because several data manipulations happen after retrieval from the store,
+    which are more efficiently performed at the C level.
+    """
+
+    dbi_labels = [
+        # Main data
+        # Term key to serialized term content
+        't:st',
+        # Joined triple keys to context key
+        'spo:c',
+        # This has empty values and is used to keep track of empty contexts.
+        'c:',
+        # Prefix to namespace
+        'pfx:ns',
+
+        # Indices
+        # Namespace to prefix
+        'ns:pfx',
+        # Term hash to triple key
+        'th:t',
+        # Lookups
+        's:po',
+        'p:so',
+        'o:sp',
+        'po:s',
+        'so:p',
+        'sp:o',
+        'c:spo',
+    ]
+
+    lookup_indices = [
+        b's:po',
+        b'p:so',
+        b'o:sp',
+        b'po:s',
+        b'so:p',
+        b'sp:o',
+    ]
+
+    dbi_flags = {
+        's:po': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'p:so': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'o:sp': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'po:s': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'so:p': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'sp:o': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'c:spo': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+        'spo:c': lmdb.MDB_DUPSORT | lmdb.MDB_DUPFIXED,
+    }
+
+    flags = 0
+
+    options = {
+        'map_size': 1024 ** 4 # 1Tb.
+    }
+
+
+    # DB management methods.
+
+    cpdef dict stats(self, new_txn=True):
+        """Gather statistics about the database."""
+        st = self._stats()
+        st['num_triples'] = st['db_stats']['spo:c']['ms_entries']
+
+        return st
+
+
+    cpdef size_t _len(self, context=None) except -1:
+        """
+        Return the length of the dataset.
+
+        The RDFLib interface defines `__len__` in a nonstandard way that
+        causes a Cython compilation error, so this method is called by the
+        `__len__` method of its Python counterpart.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t ct
+
+        if context is not None:
+            self._to_key(context, <Key *>key_v.mv_data)
+            key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+
+            cur = self._cur_open('c:spo')
+            try:
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                        cur, &key_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_count(cur, &ct))
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                return 0
+            else:
+                return ct
+            finally:
+                #pass
+                self._cur_close(cur)
+        else:
+            return self.stats()['num_triples']
+
+
+    ## PRIVATE METHODS ##
+
+    # Triple and graph methods.
+
+    cpdef add(self, triple, context=None, quoted=False):
+        """
+        Add a triple and start indexing.
+
+        :param tuple(rdflib.Identifier) triple: Tuple of three identifiers.
+        :param context: Context identifier. ``None`` inserts in the default
+            graph.
+        :type context: rdflib.Identifier or None
+        :param bool quoted: Not used.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *icur
+            lmdb.MDB_val spo_v, c_v, null_v
+            unsigned char i
+            unsigned char *pk_t
+            unsigned char thash[HLEN]
+            # Using Key or TripleKey here breaks Cython. This might be a bug.
+            # See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2517
+            unsigned char spock[QUAD_KLEN]
+            unsigned char nkey[KLEN]
+            size_t term_size
+
+        c = self._normalize_context(context)
+        if c is None:
+            c = RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
+
+        # TODO: figure out how the RDFLib dispatcher is inherited
+        # (and if there is a use for it in a first place)
+        #Store.add(self, triple, context)
+
+        s, p, o = triple
+        #logger.debug('Trying to add a triple.')
+        icur = self._cur_open('th:t')
+        try:
+            for i, term in enumerate((s, p, o, c)):
+                serialize(term, &pk_t, &term_size)
+                _hash(pk_t, term_size, thash)
+                try:
+                    key_v.mv_data = &thash
+                    key_v.mv_size = HLEN
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_get(
+                            self.txn, self.get_dbi('th:t'), &key_v, &data_v))
+                    memcpy(spock + (i * KLEN), data_v.mv_data, KLEN)
+                    #logger.debug('Hash {} found. Not adding.'.format(thash[: HLEN]))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    # If term is not found, add it...
+                    #logger.debug('Hash {} not found. Adding to DB.'.format(
+                    #        thash[: HLEN]))
+                    self._append(pk_t, term_size, &nkey, dblabel=b't:st')
+                    free(pk_t)
+                    memcpy(spock + (i * KLEN), nkey, KLEN)
+
+                    # ...and index it.
+                    #logger.debug('Indexing on th:t: {}: {}'.format(
+                    #        thash[: HLEN], nkey[: KLEN]))
+                    key_v.mv_data = thash
+                    key_v.mv_size = HLEN
+                    data_v.mv_data = nkey
+                    data_v.mv_size = KLEN
+                    _check(
+                        lmdb.mdb_cursor_put(icur, &key_v, &data_v, 0),
+                        'Error setting key {}.'.format(thash))
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            self._cur_close(icur)
+            #logger.debug('Triple add action completed.')
+
+        spo_v.mv_data = spock
+        spo_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+        c_v.mv_data = spock + TRP_KLEN
+        c_v.mv_size = KLEN
+        null_v.mv_data = b''
+        null_v.mv_size = 0
+
+        #logger.debug('Adding context.')
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_put(
+                self.txn, self.get_dbi('c:'), &c_v, &null_v,
+                lmdb.MDB_NOOVERWRITE))
+        except KeyExistsError:
+            pass
+        #logger.debug('Added c:.')
+        try:
+            # Add triple:context association.
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_put(
+                self.txn, self.get_dbi('spo:c'), &spo_v, &c_v,
+                lmdb.MDB_NODUPDATA))
+        except KeyExistsError:
+            pass
+        #logger.debug('Added spo:c.')
+        try:
+            # Index context:triple association.
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_put(
+                self.txn, self.get_dbi('c:spo'), &c_v, &spo_v,
+                lmdb.MDB_NODUPDATA))
+        except KeyExistsError:
+            pass
+        #logger.debug('Added c:spo.')
+
+        #logger.debug('All main data entered. Indexing.')
+        self._index_triple(IDX_OP_ADD, spock[: TRP_KLEN])
+
+
+    cpdef add_graph(self, graph):
+        """
+        Add a graph to the database.
+
+        This creates an empty graph by associating the graph URI with the
+        pickled `None` value. This prevents from removing the graph when all
+        triples are removed.
+
+        This may be called by read-only operations:
+        https://github.com/RDFLib/rdflib/blob/master/rdflib/graph.py#L1623
+        In which case it needs to open a write transaction. This is not ideal
+        but the only way to handle datasets in RDFLib.
+
+        :param rdflib.URIRef graph: URI of the named graph to add.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char *pk_c
+            size_t pk_size
+
+        if isinstance(graph, Graph):
+            graph = graph.identifier
+
+        serialize(graph, &pk_c, &pk_size)
+        self._add_graph(pk_c, pk_size)
+        free(pk_c)
+
+
+    cpdef void _add_graph(
+            self, unsigned char *pk_c, size_t pk_size) except *:
+        """
+        Add a graph.
+
+        :param pk_c: Pickled context URIRef object.
+        :type pk_c: unsigned char*
+        :param pk_size: Size of pickled string.
+        :type pk_size: size_t
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char c_hash[HLEN]
+            unsigned char ck[KLEN]
+            lmdb.MDB_txn *tmp_txn
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *th_cur
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *pk_cur
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *ck_cur
+
+        _hash(pk_c, pk_size, c_hash)
+        #logger.debug('Adding a graph.')
+        if not self._key_exists(c_hash, HLEN, b'th:t'):
+            # Insert context term if not existing.
+            if self.is_txn_rw:
+                #logger.debug('Working in existing RW transaction.')
+                # Use existing R/W transaction.
+                # Main entry.
+                self._append(pk_c, pk_size, &ck, b't:st')
+                # Index.
+                self._put(c_hash, HLEN, ck, KLEN, b'th:t')
+                # Add to list of contexts.
+                self._put(ck, KLEN, b'', 0, 'c:')
+            else:
+                # Open new R/W transactions.
+                #logger.debug('Opening a temporary RW transaction.')
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_begin(self.dbenv, NULL, 0, &tmp_txn))
+                try:
+                    self._append(
+                            pk_c, pk_size, &ck, dblabel=b't:st', txn=tmp_txn)
+                    # Index.
+                    self._put(c_hash, HLEN, ck, KLEN, b'th:t', txn=tmp_txn)
+                    # Add to list of contexts.
+                    self._put(ck, KLEN, b'', 0, b'c:', txn=tmp_txn)
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_commit(tmp_txn))
+                    #logger.debug('Temp RW transaction closed.')
+                except:
+                    lmdb.mdb_txn_abort(tmp_txn)
+                    raise
+
+
+    cpdef void _remove(self, tuple triple_pattern, context=None) except *:
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+            size_t i = 0
+            Key ck
+            lmdb.MDB_val spok_v, ck_v
+
+        #logger.debug('Removing triple: {}'.format(triple_pattern))
+        if context is not None:
+            try:
+                self._to_key(context, &ck)
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                # If context is specified but not found, return to avoid
+                # deleting the wrong triples.
+                return
+
+        # Get the matching pattern.
+        match_set = self.triple_keys(triple_pattern, context)
+
+        dcur = self._cur_open('spo:c')
+        icur = self._cur_open('c:spo')
+
+        try:
+            spok_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+            # If context was specified, remove only associations with that context.
+            if context is not None:
+                #logger.debug('Removing triples in matching context.')
+                ck_v.mv_data = ck
+                ck_v.mv_size = KLEN
+                while i < match_set.ct:
+                    memcpy(
+                            spok, match_set.data + match_set.itemsize * i,
+                            TRP_KLEN)
+                    spok_v.mv_data = spok
+                    # Delete spo:c entry.
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                dcur, &spok_v, &ck_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(dcur, 0))
+
+                        # Restore ck after delete.
+                        ck_v.mv_data = ck
+
+                        # Delete c:spo entry.
+                        try:
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                    icur, &ck_v, &spok_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            pass
+                        else:
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(icur, 0))
+
+                        # Delete lookup indices, only if no other context
+                        # association is present.
+                        spok_v.mv_data = spok
+                        try:
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                dcur, &spok_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            self._index_triple(IDX_OP_REMOVE, spok)
+                    i += 1
+
+            # If no context is specified, remove all associations.
+            else:
+                #logger.debug('Removing triples in all contexts.')
+                # Loop over all SPO matching the triple pattern.
+                while i < match_set.ct:
+                    spok = match_set.data + match_set.itemsize * i
+                    spok_v.mv_data = spok
+                    # Loop over all context associations for this SPO.
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            dcur, &spok_v, &ck_v, lmdb.MDB_SET_KEY))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        # Move on to the next SPO.
+                        continue
+                    else:
+                        ck = <Key>ck_v.mv_data
+                        logger.debug(f'Removing {spok[: TRP_KLEN]} from main.')
+                        while True:
+
+                            # Delete c:spo association.
+                            try:
+                                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                    icur, &ck_v, &spok_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                                pass
+                            else:
+                                lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(icur, 0)
+                                # Restore the pointer to the deleted SPO.
+                                spok_v.mv_data = spok
+                            # Move on to next associated context.
+                            try:
+                                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                    dcur, &spok_v, &ck_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_DUP))
+                            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                                break
+                        # Then delete the spo:c association.
+                        try:
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                dcur, &spok_v, &ck_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            pass
+                        else:
+                            lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(dcur, lmdb.MDB_NODUPDATA)
+                            self._index_triple(IDX_OP_REMOVE, spok)
+                            #ck_v.mv_data = ck # Unnecessary?
+                    finally:
+                        i += 1
+
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            #logger.debug('Closing spo:c in _remove.')
+            self._cur_close(dcur)
+            #logger.debug('Closing c:spo in _remove.')
+            self._cur_close(icur)
+
+
+    cdef void _index_triple(self, str op, TripleKey spok) except *:
+        """
+        Update index for a triple and context (add or remove).
+
+        :param str op: 'add' or 'remove'.
+        :param TripleKey spok: Triple key.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char keys[3][KLEN]
+            unsigned char dbl_keys[3][DBL_KLEN]
+            size_t i = 0
+            lmdb.MDB_val key_v, dbl_key_v
+
+        keys[0] = spok # sk
+        keys[1] = spok + KLEN # pk
+        keys[2] = spok + DBL_KLEN # ok
+
+        dbl_keys[0] = spok + KLEN # pok
+        memcpy(&dbl_keys[1], spok, KLEN) # sok, 1st part
+        memcpy(&dbl_keys[1][KLEN], spok + DBL_KLEN, KLEN) # sok, 2nd part
+        dbl_keys[2] = spok # spk
+        #logger.debug('''Indices:
+        #spok: {}
+        #sk: {}
+        #pk: {}
+        #ok: {}
+        #pok: {}
+        #sok: {}
+        #spk: {}
+        #'''.format(
+        #        spok[:TRP_KLEN],
+        #        keys[0][:KLEN], keys[1][:KLEN], keys[2][:KLEN],
+        #        dbl_keys[0][:DBL_KLEN], dbl_keys[1][:DBL_KLEN], dbl_keys[2][:DBL_KLEN]))
+        key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+        dbl_key_v.mv_size = DBL_KLEN
+
+        #logger.debug('Start indexing: {}.'.format(spok[: TRP_KLEN]))
+        if op == IDX_OP_REMOVE:
+            logger.debug(f'Remove {spok[ : TRP_KLEN]} from indices.')
+        else:
+            logger.debug(f'Add {spok[ : TRP_KLEN]} to indices.')
+
+        while i < 3:
+            cur1 = self._cur_open(self.lookup_indices[i]) # s:po, p:so, o:sp
+            cur2 = self._cur_open(self.lookup_indices[i + 3])# po:s, so:p, sp:o
+            try:
+                key_v.mv_data = keys[i]
+                dbl_key_v.mv_data = dbl_keys[i]
+
+                # Removal op indexing.
+                if op == IDX_OP_REMOVE:
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                cur1, &key_v, &dbl_key_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                        logger.debug(f'Removed: {keys[i][: KLEN]}, '
+                                f'{dbl_keys[i][: DBL_KLEN]}')
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        logger.debug(f'Not found in index: {keys[i][: KLEN]}, '
+                                f'{dbl_keys[i][: DBL_KLEN]}')
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(cur1, 0))
+
+                    # Restore pointers after delete.
+                    key_v.mv_data = keys[i]
+                    dbl_key_v.mv_data = dbl_keys[i]
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                cur2, &dbl_key_v, &key_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                        logger.debug(f'Removed: {dbl_keys[i][: DBL_KLEN]}, '
+                                f'{keys[i][: KLEN]}')
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        logger.debug(f'Not found in index: '
+                                f'{dbl_keys[i][: DBL_KLEN]}, '
+                                f'{keys[i][: KLEN]}')
+                        pass
+                    else:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_del(cur2, 0))
+
+                # Addition op indexing.
+                elif op == IDX_OP_ADD:
+                    logger.debug('Adding to index `{}`: {}, {}'.format(
+                        self.lookup_indices[i],
+                        (<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data)[ : key_v.mv_size],
+                        (<unsigned char *>dbl_key_v.mv_data)[ : dbl_key_v.mv_size]))
+
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_put(
+                                cur1, &key_v, &dbl_key_v, lmdb.MDB_NODUPDATA))
+                    except KeyExistsError:
+                        logger.debug(f'Key {keys[i][: KLEN]} exists already.')
+                        pass
+
+                    logger.debug('Adding to index `{}`: {}, {}'.format(
+                        self.lookup_indices[i + 3],
+                        (<unsigned char *>dbl_key_v.mv_data)[ : dbl_key_v.mv_size],
+                        (<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data)[ : key_v.mv_size]))
+
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_put(
+                                cur2, &dbl_key_v, &key_v, lmdb.MDB_NODUPDATA))
+                    except KeyExistsError:
+                        logger.debug(f'Double key {dbl_keys[i][: DBL_KLEN]} exists already.')
+                        pass
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        'Index operation \'{}\' is not supported.'.format(op))
+                i += 1
+            finally:
+                #pass
+                self._cur_close(cur1)
+                self._cur_close(cur2)
+
+
+    cpdef void _remove_graph(self, object gr_uri) except *:
+        """
+        Delete a context.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char chash[HLEN]
+            unsigned char ck[KLEN]
+            unsigned char *pk_c
+            size_t c_size
+            lmdb.MDB_val ck_v, chash_v
+
+        #logger.debug('Deleting context: {}'.format(gr_uri))
+        #logger.debug('Pickled context: {}'.format(serialize(gr_uri)))
+
+        # Gather information on the graph prior to deletion.
+        try:
+            self._to_key(gr_uri, &ck)
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            return
+
+        # Remove all triples and indices associated with the graph.
+        self._remove((None, None, None), gr_uri)
+        # Remove the graph if it is in triples.
+        self._remove((gr_uri, None, None))
+        self._remove((None, None, gr_uri))
+
+        # Clean up all terms related to the graph.
+        serialize(gr_uri, &pk_c, &c_size)
+        _hash(pk_c, c_size, chash)
+        free(pk_c)
+
+        ck_v.mv_size = KLEN
+        chash_v.mv_size = HLEN
+        try:
+            ck_v.mv_data = ck
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_del(self.txn, self.get_dbi(b'c:'), &ck_v, NULL))
+            ck_v.mv_data = ck
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_del(self.txn, self.get_dbi(b't:st'), &ck_v, NULL))
+            chash_v.mv_data = chash
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_del(self.txn, self.get_dbi(b'th:t'), &chash_v, NULL))
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            pass
+
+
+    # Lookup methods.
+
+    # TODO Deprecate RDFLib API?
+    def contexts(self, triple=None):
+        """
+        Get a list of all contexts.
+
+        :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.Graph)
+        """
+        for ctx_uri in self.all_contexts(triple):
+            yield Graph(identifier=self.from_key(ctx_uri), store=self)
+
+
+    def triples(self, triple_pattern, context=None):
+        """
+        Generator over matching triples.
+
+        :param tuple triple_pattern: 3 RDFLib terms
+        :param context: Context graph, if available.
+        :type context: rdflib.Graph or None
+
+        :rtype: Iterator
+        :return: Generator over triples and contexts in which each result has
+            the following format::
+
+                (s, p, o), generator(contexts)
+
+        Where the contexts generator lists all context that the triple appears
+        in.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t i = 0, j = 0
+            unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+            unsigned char ck[KLEN]
+            lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+
+        # This sounds strange, RDFLib should be passing None at this point,
+        # but anyway...
+        context = self._normalize_context(context)
+
+        logger.debug(
+                'Getting triples for: {}, {}'.format(triple_pattern, context))
+        rset = self.triple_keys(triple_pattern, context)
+
+        #logger.debug('Triple keys found: {}'.format(rset.data[:rset.size]))
+
+        cur = self._cur_open('spo:c')
+        try:
+            key_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+            for i in range(rset.ct):
+                #logger.debug('Checking contexts for triples: {}'.format(
+                #    (rset.data + i * TRP_KLEN)[:TRP_KLEN]))
+                key_v.mv_data = rset.data + i * TRP_KLEN
+                # Get contexts associated with each triple.
+                contexts = []
+                # This shall never be MDB_NOTFOUND.
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(cur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+                while True:
+                    c_uri = self.from_key(<Key>data_v.mv_data)
+                    contexts.append(Graph(identifier=c_uri, store=self))
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            cur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_DUP))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        break
+
+                #logger.debug('Triple keys before yield: {}: {}.'.format(
+                #    (<TripleKey>key_v.mv_data)[:TRP_KLEN], tuple(contexts)))
+                yield self.from_trp_key(
+                    (<TripleKey>key_v.mv_data)[: TRP_KLEN]), tuple(contexts)
+                #logger.debug('After yield.')
+        finally:
+            self._cur_close(cur)
+
+
+    cpdef ResultSet triple_keys(self, tuple triple_pattern, context=None):
+        """
+        Top-level lookup method.
+
+        This method is used by `triples` which returns native Python tuples,
+        as well as by other methods that need to iterate and filter triple
+        keys without incurring in the overhead of converting them to triples.
+
+        :param tuple triple_pattern: 3 RDFLib terms
+        :param context: Context graph or URI, or None.
+        :type context: rdflib.term.Identifier or None
+        """
+        # TODO: Improve performance by allowing passing contexts as a tuple.
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char tk[KLEN]
+            unsigned char ck[KLEN]
+            unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+            #unsigned char *pk_c
+            size_t ct = 0, flt_j = 0, i = 0, j = 0, pg_offset = 0, c_size
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *icur
+            lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+            ResultSet flt_res, ret
+
+        if context is not None:
+            #serialize(context, &pk_c, &c_size)
+            try:
+                self._to_key(context, &ck)
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                # Context not found.
+                return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+
+            icur = self._cur_open('c:spo')
+
+            try:
+                key_v.mv_data = ck
+                key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+
+                # s p o c
+                if all(triple_pattern):
+                    #logger.debug('Lookup: s p o c')
+                    for i, term in enumerate(triple_pattern):
+                        try:
+                            self._to_key(term, &tk)
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            # Context not found.
+                            return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+                        memcpy(spok + (KLEN * i), tk, KLEN)
+                        if tk is NULL:
+                            # A term in the triple is not found.
+                            return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+                    data_v.mv_data = spok
+                    data_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+                    #logger.debug(
+                    #        'Found spok {}. Matching with context {}'.format(
+                    #            (<TripleKey>data_v.mv_data)[: TRP_KLEN],
+                    #            (<Key>key_v.mv_data)[: KLEN]))
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        # Triple not found.
+                        #logger.debug('spok / ck pair not found.')
+                        return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+                    ret = ResultSet(1, TRP_KLEN)
+                    memcpy(ret.data, spok, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                    return ret
+
+                # ? ? ? c
+                elif not any(triple_pattern):
+                    # Get all triples from the context
+                    #logger.debug('Lookup: ? ? ? c')
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        # Triple not found.
+                        return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_count(icur, &ct))
+                    ret = ResultSet(ct, TRP_KLEN)
+                    logger.debug(f'Entries in c:spo: {ct}')
+                    logger.debug(f'Allocated {ret.size} bytes.')
+
+                    logger.debug('Looking in key: {}'.format(
+                        (<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data)[:key_v.mv_size]))
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                        icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_MULTIPLE))
+                    while True:
+                        #logger.debug(f'Data offset: {pg_offset} Page size: {data_v.mv_size} bytes')
+                        #logger.debug('Data page: {}'.format(
+                        #        (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[: data_v.mv_size]))
+                        memcpy(ret.data + pg_offset, data_v.mv_data, data_v.mv_size)
+                        pg_offset += data_v.mv_size
+
+                        try:
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE))
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            return ret
+
+                # Regular lookup. Filter _lookup() results by context.
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        res = self._lookup(triple_pattern)
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                    #logger.debug('Allocating for context filtering.')
+                    key_v.mv_data = ck
+                    key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+                    data_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+
+                    flt_res = ResultSet(res.ct, res.itemsize)
+                    while j < res.ct:
+                        #logger.debug('Checking row #{}'.format(flt_j))
+                        data_v.mv_data = res.data + j * res.itemsize
+                        #logger.debug('Checking c:spo {}, {}'.format(
+                        #    (<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data)[: key_v.mv_size],
+                        #    (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[: data_v.mv_size]))
+                        try:
+                            # Verify that the triple is associated with the
+                            # context being searched.
+                            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_BOTH))
+                        except KeyNotFoundError:
+                            #logger.debug('Discarding source[{}].'.format(j))
+                            continue
+                        else:
+                            #logger.debug('Copying source[{}] to dest[{}].'.format(
+                            #    j, flt_j))
+                            memcpy(
+                                    flt_res.data + res.itemsize * flt_j,
+                                    res.data + res.itemsize * j, res.itemsize)
+
+                            flt_j += 1
+                        finally:
+                            j += 1
+
+                    # Resize result set to the size of context matches.
+                    # This crops the memory block without copying it.
+                    flt_res.resize(flt_j)
+                    return flt_res
+            finally:
+                self._cur_close(icur)
+
+        # Unfiltered lookup. No context checked.
+        else:
+            #logger.debug('No context in query.')
+            try:
+                res = self._lookup(triple_pattern)
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+            #logger.debug('Res data before triple_keys return: {}'.format(
+            #    res.data[: res.size]))
+            return res
+
+
+    cdef ResultSet _lookup(self, tuple triple_pattern):
+        """
+        Look up triples in the indices based on a triple pattern.
+
+        :rtype: Iterator
+        :return: Matching triple keys.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            TripleKey spok
+            lmdb.MDB_stat db_stat
+            size_t ct = 0, i = 0
+            lmdb.MDB_val spok_v, ck_v
+
+        s, p, o = triple_pattern
+
+        if s is not None:
+            if p is not None:
+                # s p o
+                if o is not None:
+                    spok_v.mv_data = spok
+                    spok_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+                    try:
+                        self._to_triple_key(triple_pattern, &spok)
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_get(
+                            self.txn, self.get_dbi('spo:c'), &spok_v, &ck_v))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                    matches = ResultSet(1, TRP_KLEN)
+                    memcpy(matches.data, spok, TRP_KLEN)
+                    return matches
+                # s p ?
+                else:
+                    return self._lookup_2bound(0, s, 1, p)
+            else:
+                # s ? o
+                if o is not None:
+                    return self._lookup_2bound(0, s, 2, o)
+                # s ? ?
+                else:
+                    return self._lookup_1bound(0, s)
+        else:
+            if p is not None:
+                # ? p o
+                if o is not None:
+                    return self._lookup_2bound(1, p, 2, o)
+                # ? p ?
+                else:
+                    return self._lookup_1bound(1, p)
+            else:
+                # ? ? o
+                if o is not None:
+                    return self._lookup_1bound(2, o)
+                # ? ? ?
+                else:
+                    # Get all triples in the database.
+                    logger.debug('Getting all DB triples.')
+                    dcur = self._cur_open('spo:c')
+
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_stat(
+                                self.txn, lmdb.mdb_cursor_dbi(dcur), &db_stat),
+                            'Error gathering DB stats.')
+                        ct = db_stat.ms_entries
+                        ret = ResultSet(ct, TRP_KLEN)
+                        logger.debug(f'Triples found: {ct}')
+                        if ct == 0:
+                            return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                dcur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_FIRST))
+                        while True:
+                            logger.debug(f'i in 0bound: {i}')
+                            memcpy(
+                                    ret.data + ret.itemsize * i,
+                                    key_v.mv_data, TRP_KLEN)
+
+                            try:
+                                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                                    dcur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_NODUP))
+                            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                                break
+
+                            i += 1
+                        # Size is guessed from all entries. Unique keys will be
+                        # much less than that.
+                        ret.resize(i + 1)
+
+                        #logger.debug('Assembled data: {}'.format(ret.data[:ret.size]))
+                        return ret
+                    finally:
+                        self._cur_close(dcur)
+
+
+    cdef ResultSet _lookup_1bound(self, unsigned char idx, term):
+        """
+        Lookup triples for a pattern with one bound term.
+
+        :param str idx_name: The index to look up as one of the keys of
+            ``_lookup_ordering``.
+        :param rdflib.URIRef term: Bound term to search for.
+
+        :rtype: Iterator(bytes)
+        :return: SPO keys matching the pattern.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char luk[KLEN]
+            unsigned int dbflags
+            unsigned char asm_rng[3]
+            size_t ct, ret_offset = 0, src_pos, ret_pos
+            size_t j # Must be signed for older OpenMP versions
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *icur
+
+        logger.debug(f'lookup 1bound: {idx}, {term}')
+        try:
+            self._to_key(term, &luk)
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+        logging.debug('luk: {}'.format(luk))
+
+        term_order = lookup_ordering[idx]
+        icur = self._cur_open(self.lookup_indices[idx])
+        logging.debug(f'DB label: {self.lookup_indices[idx]}')
+        logging.debug('term order: {}'.format(term_order[: 3]))
+
+        try:
+            key_v.mv_data = luk
+            key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_count(icur, &ct))
+
+            # Allocate memory for results.
+            ret = ResultSet(ct, TRP_KLEN)
+            logger.debug(f'Entries for {self.lookup_indices[idx]}: {ct}')
+            logger.debug(f'Allocated {ret.size} bytes of data.')
+            #logger.debug('First row: {}'.format(
+            #        (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[:DBL_KLEN]))
+
+            # Arrange results according to lookup order.
+            asm_rng = [
+                KLEN * term_order[0],
+                KLEN * term_order[1],
+                KLEN * term_order[2],
+            ]
+            logger.debug('asm_rng: {}'.format(asm_rng[:3]))
+            logger.debug('luk: {}'.format(luk))
+
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_MULTIPLE))
+            while True:
+                logger.debug('ret_offset: {}'.format(ret_offset))
+                logger.debug(f'Page size: {data_v.mv_size}')
+                #logger.debug(
+                #        'Got data in 1bound ({}): {}'.format(
+                #            data_v.mv_size,
+                #            (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[: data_v.mv_size]))
+                for j in prange(data_v.mv_size // DBL_KLEN, nogil=True):
+                    src_pos = DBL_KLEN * j
+                    ret_pos = (ret_offset + ret.itemsize * j)
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[0], luk, KLEN)
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[1],
+                            data_v.mv_data + src_pos, KLEN)
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[2],
+                            data_v.mv_data + src_pos + KLEN, KLEN)
+
+                # Increment MUST be done before MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE otherwise
+                # data_v.mv_size will be overwritten with the *next* page size
+                # and cause corruption in the output data.
+                ret_offset += data_v.mv_size // DBL_KLEN * ret.itemsize
+
+                try:
+                    # Get results by the page.
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    # For testing only. Errors will be caught in triples()
+                    # when looking for a context.
+                    #if ret_offset + ret.itemsize < ret.size:
+                    #    raise RuntimeError(
+                    #        'Retrieved less values than expected: {} of {}.'
+                    #        .format(src_offset, ret.size))
+                    return ret
+
+            #logger.debug('Assembled data in 1bound ({}): {}'.format(ret.size, ret.data[: ret.size]))
+        finally:
+            self._cur_close(icur)
+
+
+    cdef ResultSet _lookup_2bound(
+            self, unsigned char idx1, term1, unsigned char idx2, term2):
+        """
+        Look up triples for a pattern with two bound terms.
+
+        :param str idx1: The index to look up as one of the keys of
+            ``lookup_ordering_2bound``.
+        :param rdflib.URIRef term1: First bound term to search for.
+
+        :rtype: Iterator(bytes)
+        :return: SPO keys matching the pattern.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char luk1_offset, luk2_offset
+            unsigned char luk1[KLEN]
+            unsigned char luk2[KLEN]
+            unsigned char luk[DBL_KLEN]
+            unsigned int dbflags
+            unsigned char asm_rng[3]
+            unsigned char term_order[3] # Lookup ordering
+            size_t ct, i = 0, ret_offset = 0, ret_pos, src_pos
+            size_t j # Must be signed for older OpenMP versions
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *icur
+            ResultSet ret
+
+        logging.debug(
+                f'2bound lookup for term {term1} at position {idx1} '
+                f'and term {term2} at position {idx2}.')
+        try:
+            self._to_key(term1, &luk1)
+            self._to_key(term2, &luk2)
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            return ResultSet(0, TRP_KLEN)
+        logging.debug('luk1: {}'.format(luk1[: KLEN]))
+        logging.debug('luk2: {}'.format(luk2[: KLEN]))
+
+        for i in range(3):
+            if (
+                    idx1 in lookup_ordering_2bound[i][: 2]
+                    and idx2 in lookup_ordering_2bound[i][: 2]):
+                term_order = lookup_ordering_2bound[i]
+                if term_order[0] == idx1:
+                    luk1_offset = 0
+                    luk2_offset = KLEN
+                else:
+                    luk1_offset = KLEN
+                    luk2_offset = 0
+                dblabel = self.lookup_indices[i + 3] # skip 1bound index labels
+                break
+
+            if i == 2:
+                raise ValueError(
+                        'Indices {} and {} not found in LU keys.'.format(
+                            idx1, idx2))
+
+        logger.debug('Term order: {}'.format(term_order[:3]))
+        logger.debug('LUK offsets: {}, {}'.format(luk1_offset, luk2_offset))
+        # Compose terms in lookup key.
+        memcpy(luk + luk1_offset, luk1, KLEN)
+        memcpy(luk + luk2_offset, luk2, KLEN)
+
+        logger.debug('Lookup key: {}'.format(luk))
+
+        icur = self._cur_open(dblabel)
+        logger.debug('Database label: {}'.format(dblabel))
+
+        try:
+            key_v.mv_data = luk
+            key_v.mv_size = DBL_KLEN
+
+            # Count duplicates for key and allocate memory for result set.
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_count(icur, &ct))
+            ret = ResultSet(ct, TRP_KLEN)
+            #logger.debug('Entries for {}: {}'.format(self.lookup_indices[idx], ct))
+            #logger.debug('First row: {}'.format(
+            #        (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[:DBL_KLEN]))
+
+            # Arrange results according to lookup order.
+            asm_rng = [
+                KLEN * term_order[0],
+                KLEN * term_order[1],
+                KLEN * term_order[2],
+            ]
+            logger.debug('asm_rng: {}'.format(asm_rng[:3]))
+            logger.debug('luk: {}'.format(luk))
+
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET))
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_GET_MULTIPLE))
+            while True:
+                logger.debug('Got data in 2bound ({}): {}'.format(
+                    data_v.mv_size,
+                    (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[: data_v.mv_size]))
+                for j in prange(data_v.mv_size // KLEN, nogil=True):
+                    src_pos = KLEN * j
+                    ret_pos = (ret_offset + ret.itemsize * j)
+                    #logger.debug('Page offset: {}'.format(pg_offset))
+                    #logger.debug('Ret offset: {}'.format(ret_offset))
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[0], luk, KLEN)
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[1], luk + KLEN, KLEN)
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret_pos + asm_rng[2],
+                            data_v.mv_data + src_pos, KLEN)
+                    #logger.debug('Assembled triple: {}'.format((ret.data + ret_offset)[: TRP_KLEN]))
+
+                ret_offset += data_v.mv_size // KLEN * ret.itemsize
+
+                try:
+                    # Get results by the page.
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            icur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    # For testing only. Errors will be caught in triples()
+                    # when looking for a context.
+                    #if ret_offset + ret.itemsize < ret.size:
+                    #    raise RuntimeError(
+                    #        'Retrieved less values than expected: {} of {}.'
+                    #        .format(pg_offset, ret.size))
+                    #logger.debug('Assembled data in 2bound ({}): {}'.format(ret.size, ret.data[: ret.size]))
+                    return ret
+        finally:
+            self._cur_close(icur)
+
+
+    cpdef ResultSet _all_term_keys(self, term_type):
+        """
+        Return all keys of a (``s:po``, ``p:so``, ``o:sp``) index.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t i = 0
+            lmdb.MDB_stat stat
+
+        idx_label = self.lookup_indices['spo'.index(term_type)]
+        #logger.debug('Looking for all terms in index: {}'.format(idx_label))
+        icur = self._cur_open(idx_label)
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_stat(self.txn, lmdb.mdb_cursor_dbi(icur), &stat))
+            # TODO: This may allocate memory for several times the amount
+            # needed. Even though it is resized later, we need to know how
+            # performance is affected by this.
+            ret = ResultSet(stat.ms_entries, KLEN)
+
+            try:
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                    icur, &key_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_FIRST))
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                return ResultSet(0, DBL_KLEN)
+
+            while True:
+                memcpy(ret.data + ret.itemsize * i, key_v.mv_data, KLEN)
+
+                rc = lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                    icur, &key_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_NODUP)
+                try:
+                    _check(rc)
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    ret.resize(i + 1)
+                    return ret
+                i += 1
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            self._cur_close(icur)
+
+
+    def all_terms(self, term_type):
+        """
+        Return all terms of a type (``s``, ``p``, or ``o``) in the store.
+        """
+        for key in self._all_term_keys(term_type).to_tuple():
+            #logger.debug('Yielding: {}'.format(key))
+            yield self.from_key(key)
+
+
+    cpdef tuple all_namespaces(self):
+        """
+        Return all registered namespaces.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t i = 0
+            lmdb.MDB_stat stat
+
+        ret = []
+        dcur = self._cur_open('pfx:ns')
+        try:
+            try:
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                    dcur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_FIRST))
+            except KeyNotFoundError:
+                return tuple()
+
+            while True:
+                ret.append((
+                    (<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data)[: key_v.mv_size].decode(),
+                    (<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[: data_v.mv_size].decode()))
+                #logger.debug('Found namespace: {}:{}'.format(<unsigned char *>key_v.mv_data, <unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data))
+                try:
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                        dcur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    return tuple(ret)
+
+                i += 1
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            self._cur_close(dcur)
+
+
+    cpdef tuple all_contexts(self, triple=None):
+        """
+        Get a list of all contexts.
+
+        :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.Graph)
+        """
+        cdef:
+            lmdb.MDB_stat stat
+            size_t i = 0
+            unsigned char spok[TRP_KLEN]
+            unsigned char ck[KLEN]
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor_op op
+
+        cur = (
+                self._cur_open('spo:c') if triple and all(triple)
+                else self._cur_open('c:'))
+        try:
+            if triple and all(triple):
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_stat(
+                    self.txn, lmdb.mdb_cursor_dbi(cur), &stat))
+                ret = ResultSet(stat.ms_entries, KLEN)
+
+                self._to_triple_key(triple, &spok)
+                key_v.mv_data = spok
+                key_v.mv_size = TRP_KLEN
+                try:
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            cur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_SET_KEY))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    return tuple()
+
+                while True:
+                    memcpy(ret.data + ret.itemsize * i, data_v.mv_data, KLEN)
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            cur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_NEXT_DUP))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        break
+
+                    i += 1
+            else:
+                _check(lmdb.mdb_stat(
+                    self.txn, lmdb.mdb_cursor_dbi(cur), &stat))
+                ret = ResultSet(stat.ms_entries, KLEN)
+
+                try:
+                    _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            cur, &key_v, &data_v, lmdb.MDB_FIRST))
+                except KeyNotFoundError:
+                    return tuple()
+
+                while True:
+                    memcpy(
+                        ret.data + ret.itemsize * i, key_v.mv_data, KLEN)
+                    try:
+                        _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(
+                            cur, &key_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_NEXT))
+                    except KeyNotFoundError:
+                        break
+
+                    i += 1
+
+            return ret.to_tuple()
+
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            self._cur_close(cur)
+
+
+    # Key conversion methods.
+
+    cdef object from_key(self, Key key):
+        """
+        Convert a single or multiple key into one or more terms.
+
+        :param Key key: The key to be converted.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char *pk
+
+        key_v.mv_data = key
+        key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+
+        _check(
+                lmdb.mdb_get(self.txn, self.get_dbi('t:st'), &key_v, &data_v),
+                'Error getting data for key \'{}\'.'.format(key))
+
+        return deserialize(
+                <unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data, data_v.mv_size)
+
+
+    cdef tuple from_trp_key(self, TripleKey key):
+        """
+        Convert a single or multiple key into one or more terms.
+
+        :param Key key: The key to be converted.
+        """
+        #logger.debug(f'From triple key: {key[: TRP_KLEN]}')
+        return (
+                self.from_key(key),
+                self.from_key(key + KLEN),
+                self.from_key(key + DBL_KLEN))
+
+
+    cdef inline void _to_key(self, term, Key *key) except *:
+        """
+        Convert a triple, quad or term into a key.
+
+        The key is the checksum of the pickled object, therefore unique for
+        that object. The hashing algorithm is specified in `TERM_HASH_ALGO`.
+
+        :param Object obj: Anything that can be pickled.
+
+        :rtype: memoryview or None
+        :return: Keys stored for the term(s) or None if not found.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char *pk_t
+            size_t term_size
+            Hash thash
+
+        serialize(term, &pk_t, &term_size)
+        #logger.debug('Hashing pickle: {} with lentgh: {}'.format(pk_t, term_size))
+        _hash(pk_t, term_size, thash)
+        free(pk_t)
+        #logger.debug('Hash to search for: {}'.format(thash[: HLEN]))
+        key_v.mv_data = &thash
+        key_v.mv_size = HLEN
+
+        dbi = self.get_dbi('th:t')
+        logger.debug(f'DBI: {dbi}')
+        _check(lmdb.mdb_get(self.txn, dbi, &key_v, &data_v))
+        #logger.debug('Found key: {}'.format((<Key>data_v.mv_data)[: KLEN]))
+
+        key[0] = <Key>data_v.mv_data
+
+
+    cdef inline void _to_triple_key(self, tuple terms, TripleKey *tkey) except *:
+        """
+        Convert a tuple of 3 terms into a triple key.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            char i = 0
+            Key key
+
+        while  i < 3:
+            self._to_key(terms[i], &key)
+            memcpy(tkey[0] + (KLEN * i), key, KLEN)
+            if key is NULL:
+                # A term in the triple is not found.
+                tkey = NULL
+                return
+            i += 1
+
+
+    cdef void _append(
+            self, unsigned char *value, size_t vlen, Key *nkey,
+            unsigned char *dblabel=b'', lmdb.MDB_txn *txn=NULL,
+            unsigned int flags=0) except *:
+        """
+        Append one or more keys and values to the end of a database.
+
+        :param lmdb.Cursor cur: The write cursor to act on.
+        :param list(bytes) values: Value(s) to append.
+
+        :rtype: list(memoryview)
+        :return: Last key(s) inserted.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            unsigned char key[KLEN]
+            lmdb.MDB_cursor *cur
+
+        if txn is NULL:
+            txn = self.txn
+
+        cur = self._cur_open(dblabel, txn=txn)
+
+        try:
+            _check(lmdb.mdb_cursor_get(cur, &key_v, NULL, lmdb.MDB_LAST))
+        except KeyNotFoundError:
+            memcpy(nkey[0], first_key, KLEN)
+        else:
+            memcpy(key, key_v.mv_data, KLEN)
+            self._next_key(key, nkey)
+        finally:
+            #pass
+            self._cur_close(cur)
+
+        key_v.mv_data = nkey
+        key_v.mv_size = KLEN
+        data_v.mv_data = value
+        data_v.mv_size = vlen
+        #logger.debug('Appending value {} to db {} with key: {}'.format(
+        #    value[: vlen], dblabel.decode(), nkey[0][:KLEN]))
+        #logger.debug('data size: {}'.format(data_v.mv_size))
+        lmdb.mdb_put(
+                txn, self.get_dbi(dblabel), &key_v, &data_v,
+                flags | lmdb.MDB_APPEND)
+
+
+    cdef void _next_key(self, const Key key, Key *nkey) except *:
+        """
+        Calculate the next closest byte sequence in lexicographical order.
+
+        This is used to fill the next available slot after the last one in
+        LMDB. Keys are byte strings, which is a convenient way to keep key
+        lengths as small as possible since they are referenced in several
+        indices.
+
+        This function assumes that all the keys are padded with the `start`
+        value up to the `max_len` length.
+
+        :param bytes n: Current byte sequence to add to.
+        """
+        cdef:
+            size_t i = KLEN
+
+        memcpy(nkey[0], key, KLEN)
+
+        #logger.debug('Last key in _next_key: {}'.format(key[0]))
+        while i > 0:
+            i -= 1
+            if nkey[0][i] < 255:
+                nkey[0][i] += 1
+                break
+            # If the value exceeds 255, i.e. the current value is the last one
+            else:
+                # If we are already at the leftmost byte, and this is already
+                # at 255, the sequence is exhausted.
+                if i == 0:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                            'BAD DAY: Sequence exhausted. No more '
+                            'combinations are possible.')
+                # Move one position up and try to increment that.
+                else:
+                    nkey[0][i] = KEY_START
+        #logger.debug('New key: {}'.format(nkey[0][:KLEN]))

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/rsrc_centric_layout.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from lakesuperior.dictionaries.srv_mgd_terms import  srv_mgd_subjects, \
 from lakesuperior.globals import ROOT_RSRC_URI
 from lakesuperior.exceptions import (InvalidResourceError,
         ResourceNotExistsError, TombstoneError, PathSegmentError)
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import SimpleGraph, Imr
 
 
 META_GR_URI = nsc['fcsystem']['meta']
@@ -107,6 +107,8 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
             # These are placed in a separate graph for optimization purposes.
             'p': {
                 nsc['ldp'].contains,
+                # NOTE the term below is opinionated. It may be handled
+                # differently in the future.
                 nsc['pcdm'].hasMember,
             }
         },
@@ -200,42 +202,57 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         """
         Delete all graphs and insert the basic triples.
         """
-        from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.metadata_store import MetadataStore
+        from lakesuperior.store.metadata_store import MetadataStore
 
         logger.info('Deleting all data from the graph store.')
         store = self.ds.store
         if getattr(store, 'is_txn_open', False):
-            store.rollback()
-        store.destroy(store.path)
+            logger.warning('store txn is open.')
+            store.abort()
+        store.close()
+        store.destroy()
 
         logger.info('Initializing the graph store with system data.')
         store.open()
         fname = path.join(
                 basedir, 'data', 'bootstrap', 'rsrc_centric_layout.sparql')
-        with TxnManager(store, True):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
             with open(fname, 'r') as f:
                 data = Template(f.read())
                 self.ds.update(data.substitute(timestamp=arrow.utcnow()))
-            gr = self.get_imr('/', incl_inbound=False, incl_children=True)
+            imr = self.get_imr('/', incl_inbound=False, incl_children=True)
 
-        checksum = to_isomorphic(gr).graph_digest()
-        digest = sha256(str(checksum).encode('ascii')).digest()
-        MetadataStore().update_checksum(ROOT_RSRC_URI, digest)
+        gr = Graph(identifier=imr.uri)
+        gr += imr.data
+        #checksum = to_isomorphic(gr).graph_digest()
+        #digest = sha256(str(checksum).encode('ascii')).digest()
 
+        ## Clear and initialize metadata store.
+        #md_store = env.app_globals.md_store
+        #if getattr(md_store, 'is_txn_open', False):
+        #    logger.warning('Metadata store txn is open.')
+        #    md_store.abort()
+        #md_store.close_env()
+        #md_store.destroy()
+        #md_store.open_env(True)
+        #md_store.update_checksum(ROOT_RSRC_URI, digest)
+        #md_store.close_env()
 
-    def get_raw(self, uri, ctx=None):
+
+    def get_raw(self, subject, ctx=None):
         """
         Get a raw graph of a non-LDP resource.
 
         The graph is queried across all contexts or within a specific one.
 
-        :param rdflib.term.URIRef s: URI of the subject.
+        :param rdflib.term.URIRef subject: URI of the subject.
         :param rdflib.term.URIRef ctx: URI of the optional context. If None,
             all named graphs are queried.
 
-        :rtype: rdflib.Graph
+        :rtype: SimpleGraph
         """
-        return self.store.triples((nsc['fcres'][uid], None, None), ctx)
+        return SimpleGraph(
+                store=self.store, lookup=((subject, None, None), ctx))
 
 
     def count_rsrc(self):
@@ -243,11 +260,10 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         Return a count of first-class resources, subdivided in "live" and
         historic snapshots.
         """
-        with TxnManager(self.ds.store) as txn:
-            main = set(
-                    self.ds.graph(META_GR_URI)[ : nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic : ])
-            hist = set(
-                    self.ds.graph(HIST_GR_URI)[ : nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic : ])
+        main = set(self.store.triples(
+            (None, nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic, None), META_GR_URI))
+        hist = set(self.store.triples(
+            (None, nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic, None), HIST_GR_URI))
 
         return {'main': len(main), 'hist': len(hist)}
 
@@ -265,29 +281,25 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         """
         See base_rdf_layout.get_imr.
         """
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
         if ver_uid:
             uid = self.snapshot_uid(uid, ver_uid)
 
-        graphs = {pfx[uid] for pfx in self.graph_ns_types.keys()}
+        contexts = {pfx[uid] for pfx in self.graph_ns_types.keys()}
 
-        # Exclude children: remove containment graphs.
+        # Exclude children: remove containment contexts.
         if not incl_children:
-            graphs.remove(nsc['fcstruct'][uid])
+            contexts.remove(nsc['fcstruct'][uid])
 
-        rsrc_graphs = [
-                self.ds.graph(gr)
-                for gr in graphs]
-        resultset = set(chain.from_iterable(rsrc_graphs))
+        imr = Imr(uri=nsc['fcres'][uid])
 
-        imr = Graph(identifier=nsc['fcres'][uid])
-        imr += resultset
+        for ctx in contexts:
+            imr |= SimpleGraph(
+                    lookup=((None, None, None), ctx), store=self.store).data
 
         # Include inbound relationships.
         if incl_inbound and len(imr):
-            imr += self.get_inbound_rel(nsc['fcres'][uid])
-
-        #logger.debug('Found resource: {}'.format(
-        #        imr.serialize(format='turtle').decode('utf-8')))
+            imr |= set(self.get_inbound_rel(nsc['fcres'][uid]))
 
         if strict:
             self._check_rsrc_status(imr)
@@ -300,9 +312,16 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         See base_rdf_layout.ask_rsrc_exists.
         """
         logger.debug('Checking if resource exists: {}'.format(uid))
-        meta_gr = self.ds.graph(nsc['fcadmin'][uid])
-        return bool(
-                meta_gr[nsc['fcres'][uid] : RDF.type : nsc['fcrepo'].Resource])
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        res = self.store.triples(
+            (nsc['fcres'][uid], RDF.type, nsc['fcrepo'].Resource),
+            nsc['fcadmin'][uid])
+        try:
+            next(res)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return True
 
 
     def get_metadata(self, uid, ver_uid=None, strict=True):
@@ -312,14 +331,15 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         logger.debug('Getting metadata for: {}'.format(uid))
         if ver_uid:
             uid = self.snapshot_uid(uid, ver_uid)
-        uri = nsc['fcres'][uid]
-        gr = Graph(identifier=uri)
-        gr += self.ds.graph(nsc['fcadmin'][uid])
+        imr = Imr(
+                uri=nsc['fcres'][uid],
+                lookup=((None, None, None), nsc['fcadmin'][uid]),
+                store=self.store)
 
         if strict:
-            self._check_rsrc_status(gr)
+            self._check_rsrc_status(imr)
 
-        return gr
+        return imr
 
 
     def get_user_data(self, uid):
@@ -332,10 +352,12 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         # *TODO* This only works as long as there is only one user-provided
         # graph. If multiple user-provided graphs will be supported, this
         # should use another query to get all of them.
-        userdata_gr = Graph(identifier=nsc['fcres'][uid])
-        userdata_gr += self.ds.graph(nsc['fcmain'][uid])
+        uri = nsc['fcres'][uid]
+        userdata = Imr(
+                uri=uri, lookup=((uri, None, None),nsc['fcmain'][uid]),
+                store=self.store)
 
-        return userdata_gr
+        return userdata
 
 
     def get_version_info(self, uid):
@@ -343,37 +365,38 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         Get all metadata about a resource's versions.
 
         :param string uid: Resource UID.
-        :rtype: rdflib.Graph
+        :rtype: SimpleGraph
         """
         # **Note:** This pretty much bends the ontology—it replaces the graph
         # URI with the subject URI. But the concepts of data and metadata in
         # Fedora are quite fluid anyways...
 
         # Result graph.
-        vmeta_gr = Graph(identifier=nsc['fcres'][uid])
+        imr = SimpleGraph(lookup=(
+            (nsc['fcres'][uid], nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersion, None),
+                nsc['fcadmin'][uid]), store=self.store)
 
-        # Get version meta graphs.
-        v_triples = self.ds.graph(nsc['fcadmin'][uid]).triples(
-                (nsc['fcres'][uid], nsc['fcrepo'].hasVersion, None))
+        vmeta = Imr(uri=nsc['fcres'][uid])
 
-        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
         #Get version graphs proper.
-        for vtrp in v_triples:
-            # While at it, add the hasVersion triple to the result graph.
-            vmeta_gr.add(vtrp)
-            vmeta_uris = self.ds.graph(HIST_GR_URI).subjects(
-                    nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic, vtrp[2])
+        for vtrp in imr:
+            # Add the hasVersion triple to the result graph.
+            vmeta.add(vtrp)
+            vmeta_gr = SimpleGraph(
+                lookup=((
+                    None, nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic, vtrp[2]), HIST_GR_URI),
+                store=self.store)
             # Get triples in the meta graph filtering out undesired triples.
-            for vmuri in vmeta_uris:
-                for trp in self.ds.graph(HIST_GR_URI).triples(
-                        (vmuri, None, None)):
+            for vmtrp in vmeta_gr:
+                for trp in SimpleGraph(lookup=((
+                        vmtrp[0], None, None), HIST_GR_URI), store=self.store):
                     if (
                             (trp[1] != nsc['rdf'].type
                             or trp[2] not in self.ignore_vmeta_types)
                             and (trp[1] not in self.ignore_vmeta_preds)):
-                        vmeta_gr.add((vtrp[2], trp[1], trp[2]))
+                        vmeta.add((vtrp[2], trp[1], trp[2]))
 
-        return vmeta_gr
+        return vmeta
 
 
     def get_inbound_rel(self, subj_uri, full_triple=True):
@@ -395,9 +418,9 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         ptopic_uri = nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic
 
         yield from (
-            (match[:3] if full_triple else match[0])
-            for match in self.ds.quads((None, None, subj_uri, None))
-            if set(meta_gr[ : ptopic_uri : match[0]])
+            (match[0] if full_triple else match[0][0])
+            for match in self.store.triples((None, None, subj_uri))
+            if set(meta_gr[ : ptopic_uri : match[0][0]])
         )
 
 
@@ -410,22 +433,35 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         :rtype: Iterator(rdflib.URIRef)
         :return: Subjects of descendant resources.
         """
-        ds = self.ds
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        #ds = self.ds
         subj_uri = nsc['fcres'][uid]
         ctx_uri = nsc['fcstruct'][uid]
-        def _recurse(dset, s, p, c):
-            new_dset = set(ds.graph(c)[s : p])
+        cont_p = nsc['ldp'].contains
+        def _recurse(dset, s, c):
+            new_dset = SimpleGraph(
+                    lookup=((s, cont_p, None), c), store=self.store)[s : cont_p]
+            #new_dset = set(ds.graph(c)[s : cont_p])
             for ss in new_dset:
                 dset.add(ss)
                 cc = URIRef(ss.replace(nsc['fcres'], nsc['fcstruct']))
-                if set(ds.graph(cc)[ss : p]):
-                    _recurse(dset, ss, p, cc)
+                sub_dset = self.store.triples((ss, cont_p, None), cc)
+                #if set(ds.graph(cc)[ss : cont_p]):
+                try:
+                    next(sub_dset)
+                except StopIteration:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    _recurse(dset, ss, cc)
             return dset
 
-        return (
-            _recurse(set(), subj_uri, nsc['ldp'].contains, ctx_uri)
-            if recurse
-            else ds.graph(ctx_uri)[subj_uri : nsc['ldp'].contains : ])
+        if recurse:
+            return _recurse(set(), subj_uri, ctx_uri)
+        else:
+            #return ds.graph(ctx_uri)[subj_uri : cont_p : ])
+            return SimpleGraph(
+                    lookup=((subj_uri, cont_p, None), ctx_uri),
+                    store=self.store)[subj_uri : cont_p]
 
 
     def get_last_version_uid(self, uid):
@@ -455,12 +491,12 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         """
         # Add meta graph for user-defined triples. This may not be used but
         # it's simple and harmless to add here.
-        self.ds.graph(META_GR_URI).add(
+        self.store.add(
                 (nsc['fcmain'][uid], nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic,
-                nsc['fcres'][uid]))
+                nsc['fcres'][uid]), META_GR_URI)
         gr = self.ds.graph(nsc['fcmain'][uid])
-        logger.debug('Updating graph {} with statements: {}'.format(
-            nsc['fcmain'][uid], qry))
+        #logger.debug('Updating graph {} with statements: {}'.format(
+        #    nsc['fcmain'][uid], qry))
 
         return gr.update(qry)
 
@@ -474,16 +510,15 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         """
         # Localize variables to be used in loops.
         uri = nsc['fcres'][uid]
-        topic_uri = nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic
         uid_fn = self.uri_to_uid
 
-        # remove children.
+        # remove children and descendants.
         if children:
-            logger.debug('Purging children for /{}'.format(uid))
-            for rsrc_uri in self.get_descendants(uid, False):
-                self.forget_rsrc(uid_fn(rsrc_uri), inbound, False)
+            #logger.debug('Forgetting offspring of {}'.format(uid))
+            for desc_uri in self.get_descendants(uid):
+                self.forget_rsrc(uid_fn(desc_uri), inbound, False)
             # Remove structure graph.
-            self.ds.remove_graph(nsc['fcstruct'][uid])
+            self.store.remove_graph(nsc['fcstruct'][uid])
 
         # Remove inbound references.
         if inbound:
@@ -524,11 +559,13 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         graph_types = set() # Graphs that need RDF type metadata added.
         # Create add and remove sets for each graph.
         for t in remove_trp:
+            #logger.debug('Adding triple to remove list: {}'.format(remove_trp))
             map_graph = self._map_graph_uri(t, uid)
             target_gr_uri = map_graph[0]
             remove_routes[target_gr_uri].add(t)
             graph_types.add(map_graph)
         for t in add_trp:
+            #logger.debug('Adding triple to add list: {}'.format(add_trp))
             map_graph = self._map_graph_uri(t, uid)
             target_gr_uri = map_graph[0]
             add_routes[target_gr_uri].add(t)
@@ -539,12 +576,15 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         meta_gr = self.ds.graph(meta_gr_uri)
 
         # Remove and add triple sets from each graph.
-        for gr_uri, trp in remove_routes.items():
-            gr = self.ds.graph(gr_uri)
-            gr -= trp
-        for gr_uri, trp in add_routes.items():
-            gr = self.ds.graph(gr_uri)
-            gr += trp
+        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        for gr_uri, triples in remove_routes.items():
+            for trp in triples:
+                logger.debug('Removing triple: {}'.format(trp))
+                self.store.remove(trp, gr_uri)
+        for gr_uri, triples in add_routes.items():
+            for trp in triples:
+                logger.debug('Adding triple: {}'.format(trp))
+                self.store.add(trp, gr_uri)
             # Add metadata.
             meta_gr.set(
                     (gr_uri, nsc['foaf'].primaryTopic, nsc['fcres'][uid]))
@@ -559,6 +599,7 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
 
         # Add graph RDF types.
         for gr_uri, gr_type in graph_types:
+            #logger.debug('Adding RDF type: {}'.format(gr_uri))
             meta_gr.add((gr_uri, RDF.type, gr_type))
 
 
@@ -606,8 +647,9 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
         :rtype: set
         :return: Triples referencing a repository URI that is not a resource.
         """
-        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+        logger.debug('Find referential integrity violations.')
         for i, obj in enumerate(self.store.all_terms('o'), start=1):
+            #logger.debug('term: {}'.format(obj))
             if (
                     isinstance(obj, URIRef)
                     and obj.startswith(nsc['fcres'])
@@ -615,7 +657,7 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
                     and not obj.endswith('fcr:versions')
                     and not self.ask_rsrc_exists(self.uri_to_uid(
                         urldefrag(obj).url))):
-                logger.warn('Object not found: {}'.format(obj))
+                logger.warning('Object not found: {}'.format(obj))
                 for trp in self.store.triples((None, None, obj)):
                     yield trp
             if i % 100 == 0:
@@ -624,23 +666,22 @@ class RsrcCentricLayout:
 
     ## PROTECTED MEMBERS ##
 
-    def _check_rsrc_status(self, gr):
+    def _check_rsrc_status(self, imr):
         """
         Check if a resource is not existing or if it is a tombstone.
         """
-        uid = self.uri_to_uid(gr.identifier)
-        if not len(gr):
+        uid = self.uri_to_uid(imr.uri)
+        if not len(imr):
             raise ResourceNotExistsError(uid)
 
         # Check if resource is a tombstone.
-        if gr[gr.identifier : RDF.type : nsc['fcsystem'].Tombstone]:
-            raise TombstoneError(
-                    uid, gr.value(gr.identifier, nsc['fcrepo'].created))
-        elif gr.value(gr.identifier, nsc['fcsystem'].tombstone):
+        if imr[imr.uri: RDF.type: nsc['fcsystem'].Tombstone]:
+            ts = imr.value(nsc['fcrepo'].created)
+            raise TombstoneError(uid, ts)
+        elif imr.value(nsc['fcsystem'].tombstone):
             raise TombstoneError(
-                self.uri_to_uid(
-                    gr.value(gr.identifier, nsc['fcsystem'].tombstone)),
-                gr.value(gr.identifier, nsc['fcrepo'].created))
+                    self.uri_to_uid(imr.value(nsc['fcsystem'].tombstone)),
+                    imr.value(nsc['fcrepo'].created))
 
 
     def _map_graph_uri(self, t, uid):

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.c

@@ -0,0 +1,5165 @@
+/* Generated by Cython 0.28.4 */
+
+/* BEGIN: Cython Metadata
+{
+    "distutils": {
+        "depends": [],
+        "extra_compile_args": [
+            "-fopenmp"
+        ],
+        "extra_link_args": [
+            "-fopenmp"
+        ],
+        "include_dirs": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/cy_include",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/include"
+        ],
+        "libraries": [
+            "crypto"
+        ],
+        "name": "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term",
+        "sources": [
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/tpl.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/mdb.c",
+            "/home/scossu/code/lsup/src/ext/lib/midl.c"
+        ]
+    },
+    "module_name": "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term"
+}
+END: Cython Metadata */
+
+#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
+#include "Python.h"
+#ifndef Py_PYTHON_H
+    #error Python headers needed to compile C extensions, please install development version of Python.
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000 || (0x03000000 <= PY_VERSION_HEX && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03030000)
+    #error Cython requires Python 2.6+ or Python 3.3+.
+#else
+#define CYTHON_ABI "0_28_4"
+#define CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION 1
+#include <stddef.h>
+#ifndef offsetof
+  #define offsetof(type, member) ( (size_t) & ((type*)0) -> member )
+#endif
+#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #ifndef __stdcall
+    #define __stdcall
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __cdecl
+    #define __cdecl
+  #endif
+  #ifndef __fastcall
+    #define __fastcall
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_IMPORT
+  #define DL_IMPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#ifndef DL_EXPORT
+  #define DL_EXPORT(t) t
+#endif
+#define __PYX_COMMA ,
+#ifndef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    #define HAVE_LONG_LONG
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef PY_LONG_LONG
+  #define PY_LONG_LONG LONG_LONG
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_HUGE_VAL
+  #define Py_HUGE_VAL HUGE_VAL
+#endif
+#ifdef PYPY_VERSION
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03050000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+  #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 1
+  #undef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+  #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#elif defined(PYSTON_VERSION)
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 1
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+  #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 0
+  #undef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+  #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 0
+  #undef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+  #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT 0
+  #undef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+  #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON 0
+  #define CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON 1
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYTYPE_LOOKUP 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_PYLIST_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS 1
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030300F0
+    #undef CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 0
+  #elif !defined(CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER)
+    #define CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_WRITER 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+    #define CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS 0
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+    #define CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS
+    #define CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    #define CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL 1
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT
+    #define CYTHON_PEP489_MULTI_PHASE_INIT (0 && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03050000)
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE
+    #define CYTHON_USE_TP_FINALIZE (PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030400a1)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL)
+#define CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL  (CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030600B1)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+  #include "longintrepr.h"
+  #undef SHIFT
+  #undef BASE
+  #undef MASK
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_attribute
+  #define __has_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef __has_cpp_attribute
+  #define __has_cpp_attribute(x) 0
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT __restrict
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT restrict
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_RESTRICT
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_UNUSED
+# if defined(__GNUC__)
+#   if !(defined(__cplusplus)) || (__GNUC__ > 3 || (__GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 4))
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+#   else
+#     define CYTHON_UNUSED
+#   endif
+# elif defined(__ICC) || (defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+# else
+#   define CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR
+#  if defined(__cplusplus)
+     template<class T> void CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR( const T& ) { }
+#  else
+#    define CYTHON_MAYBE_UNUSED_VAR(x) (void)(x)
+#  endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED
+# else
+#  define CYTHON_NCP_UNUSED CYTHON_UNUSED
+# endif
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_void_to_None(void_result) ((void)(void_result), Py_INCREF(Py_None), Py_None)
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned char     uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned int      uint32_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int8   uint8_t;
+           typedef unsigned __int32  uint32_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+  #if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #if __has_cpp_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(clang::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[clang::fallthrough]]
+    #elif __has_cpp_attribute(gnu::fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH [[gnu::fallthrough]]
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #ifndef CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #if __has_attribute(fallthrough)
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH __attribute__((fallthrough))
+    #else
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+  #if defined(__clang__ ) && defined(__apple_build_version__)
+    #if __apple_build_version__ < 7000000
+      #undef  CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+      #define CYTHON_FALLTHROUGH
+    #endif
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef CYTHON_INLINE
+  #if defined(__clang__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__ __attribute__ ((__unused__))
+  #elif defined(__GNUC__)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline__
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE __inline
+  #elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE inline
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_INLINE
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070600 && !defined(Py_OptimizeFlag)
+  #define Py_OptimizeFlag 0
+#endif
+#define __PYX_BUILD_PY_SSIZE_T "n"
+#define CYTHON_FORMAT_SSIZE_T "z"
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "__builtin__"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a+k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyClass_Type
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_BUILTIN_MODULE_NAME "builtins"
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)\
+          PyCode_New(a, k, l, s, f, code, c, n, v, fv, cell, fn, name, fline, lnos)
+  #define __Pyx_DefaultClassType PyType_Type
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_INDEX 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER 0
+#endif
+#ifndef Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE
+  #define Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_FINALIZE 0
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x030700A3 || !defined(METH_FASTCALL)
+  #ifndef METH_FASTCALL
+     #define METH_FASTCALL 0x80
+  #endif
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFast) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+  typedef PyObject *(*__Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords) (PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args,
+                                                          Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFast _PyCFunctionFast
+  #define __Pyx_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func)\
+    ((PyCFunction_Check(func) && (METH_FASTCALL == (PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & ~(METH_CLASS | METH_STATIC | METH_COEXIST | METH_KEYWORDS)))))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFastCFunction_Check(func) 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Malloc)
+  #define PyObject_Malloc(s)   PyMem_Malloc(s)
+  #define PyObject_Free(p)     PyMem_Free(p)
+  #define PyObject_Realloc(p)  PyMem_Realloc(p)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno) PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyCode_HasFreeVars(co)  (PyCode_GetNumFree(co) > 0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno)  (frame)->f_lineno = (lineno)
+#endif
+#if !CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02070000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03060000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_UncheckedGet()
+#elif PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current PyThreadState_GET()
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current _PyThreadState_Current
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030700A2 && !defined(PyThread_tss_create) && !defined(Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT)
+#include "pythread.h"
+#define Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT 0
+typedef int Py_tss_t;
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_create(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  *key = PyThread_create_key();
+  return 0; // PyThread_create_key reports success always
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_tss_t * PyThread_tss_alloc(void) {
+  Py_tss_t *key = (Py_tss_t *)PyObject_Malloc(sizeof(Py_tss_t));
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+  return key;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_free(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyObject_Free(key);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_is_created(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return *key != Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void PyThread_tss_delete(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  PyThread_delete_key(*key);
+  *key = Py_tss_NEEDS_INIT;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int PyThread_tss_set(Py_tss_t *key, void *value) {
+  return PyThread_set_key_value(*key, value);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void * PyThread_tss_get(Py_tss_t *key) {
+  return PyThread_get_key_value(*key);
+}
+#endif // TSS (Thread Specific Storage) API
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON || defined(_PyDict_NewPresized)
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  ((n <= 8) ? PyDict_New() : _PyDict_NewPresized(n))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_NewPresized(n)  PyDict_New()
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 || CYTHON_FUTURE_DIVISION
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_TrueDivide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(x,y)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_Divide(x,y)         PyNumber_Divide(x,y)
+  #define __Pyx_PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)  PyNumber_InPlaceDivide(x,y)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500A1 && CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(dict, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(dict, name)  PyDict_GetItem(dict, name)
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX > 0x03030000 && defined(PyUnicode_KIND)
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 1
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(op)) ?\
+                                              0 : _PyUnicode_Ready((PyObject *)(op)))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         PyUnicode_KIND(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         PyUnicode_DATA(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != (likely(PyUnicode_IS_READY(u)) ? PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u) : PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)))
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED 0
+  #define PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND  1
+  #define PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND  2
+  #define PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND  4
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(op)       (0)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(u)   PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ_CHAR(u, i) ((Py_UCS4)(PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_MAX_CHAR_VALUE(u)   ((sizeof(Py_UNICODE) == 2) ? 65535 : 1114111)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_KIND(u)         (sizeof(Py_UNICODE))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_DATA(u)         ((void*)PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(u))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_READ(k, d, i)   ((void)(k), (Py_UCS4)(((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i]))
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(k, d, i, ch)  (((void)(k)), ((Py_UNICODE*)d)[i] = ch)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_IS_TRUE(u)      (0 != PyUnicode_GET_SIZE(u))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  PyNumber_Add(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)      PyUnicode_Concat(a, b)
+  #define __Pyx_PyUnicode_ConcatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None) || unlikely((b) == Py_None)) ?\
+      PyNumber_Add(a, b) : __Pyx_PyUnicode_Concat(a, b))
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyUnicode_Contains)
+  #define PyUnicode_Contains(u, s)  PySequence_Contains(u, s)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyByteArray_Check)
+  #define PyByteArray_Check(obj)  PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, &PyByteArray_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(PyObject_Format)
+  #define PyObject_Format(obj, fmt)  PyObject_CallMethod(obj, "__format__", "O", fmt)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyString_FormatSafe(a, b)   ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FormatSafe(a, b)  ((unlikely((a) == Py_None)) ? PyNumber_Remainder(a, b) : PyUnicode_Format(a, b))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyUnicode_Format(a, b)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyString_Format(a, b)  PyString_Format(a, b)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && !defined(PyObject_ASCII)
+  #define PyObject_ASCII(o)            PyObject_Repr(o)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBaseString_Type            PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyStringObject               PyUnicodeObject
+  #define PyString_Type                PyUnicode_Type
+  #define PyString_Check               PyUnicode_Check
+  #define PyString_CheckExact          PyUnicode_CheckExact
+  #define PyObject_Unicode             PyObject_Str
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) PyUnicode_Check(obj)
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_Check(obj) (PyString_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj))
+  #define __Pyx_PyBaseString_CheckExact(obj) (PyString_CheckExact(obj) || PyUnicode_CheckExact(obj))
+#endif
+#ifndef PySet_CheckExact
+  #define PySet_CheckExact(obj)        (Py_TYPE(obj) == &PySet_Type)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  Py_SIZE(seq)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PySequence_SIZE(seq)  PySequence_Size(seq)
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyIntObject                  PyLongObject
+  #define PyInt_Type                   PyLong_Type
+  #define PyInt_Check(op)              PyLong_Check(op)
+  #define PyInt_CheckExact(op)         PyLong_CheckExact(op)
+  #define PyInt_FromString             PyLong_FromString
+  #define PyInt_FromUnicode            PyLong_FromUnicode
+  #define PyInt_FromLong               PyLong_FromLong
+  #define PyInt_FromSize_t             PyLong_FromSize_t
+  #define PyInt_FromSsize_t            PyLong_FromSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsLong                 PyLong_AsLong
+  #define PyInt_AS_LONG                PyLong_AS_LONG
+  #define PyInt_AsSsize_t              PyLong_AsSsize_t
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask     PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask
+  #define PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask
+  #define PyNumber_Int                 PyNumber_Long
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define PyBoolObject                 PyLongObject
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3 && CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+  #ifndef PyUnicode_InternFromString
+    #define PyUnicode_InternFromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s)
+  #endif
+#endif
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030200A4
+  typedef long Py_hash_t;
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromLong
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsLong
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_FromHash_t PyInt_FromSsize_t
+  #define __Pyx_PyInt_AsHash_t   PyInt_AsSsize_t
+#endif
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) ((self) ? PyMethod_New(func, self) : (Py_INCREF(func), func))
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyMethod_New(func, self, klass) PyMethod_New(func, self, klass)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_USE_ASYNC_SLOTS
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500B1
+    #define __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct PyAsyncMethods
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_as_async)
+  #else
+    #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) ((__Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct*) (Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_reserved))
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyType_AsAsync(obj) NULL
+#endif
+#ifndef __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct
+    typedef struct {
+        unaryfunc am_await;
+        unaryfunc am_aiter;
+        unaryfunc am_anext;
+    } __Pyx_PyAsyncMethodsStruct;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
+  #define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
+#endif
+#include <math.h>
+#ifdef NAN
+#define __PYX_NAN() ((float) NAN)
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE float __PYX_NAN() {
+  float value;
+  memset(&value, 0xFF, sizeof(value));
+  return value;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(_LDBL_EQ_DBL)
+#define __Pyx_truncl trunc
+#else
+#define __Pyx_truncl truncl
+#endif
+
+
+#define __PYX_ERR(f_index, lineno, Ln_error) \
+{ \
+  __pyx_filename = __pyx_f[f_index]; __pyx_lineno = lineno; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto Ln_error; \
+}
+
+#ifndef __PYX_EXTERN_C
+  #ifdef __cplusplus
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern "C"
+  #else
+    #define __PYX_EXTERN_C extern
+  #endif
+#endif
+
+#define __PYX_HAVE__lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__term
+#define __PYX_HAVE_API__lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__term
+/* Early includes */
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "tpl.h"
+#ifdef _OPENMP
+#include <omp.h>
+#endif /* _OPENMP */
+
+#if defined(PYREX_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS) && !defined(CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS)
+#define CYTHON_WITHOUT_ASSERTIONS
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {PyObject **p; const char *s; const Py_ssize_t n; const char* encoding;
+                const char is_unicode; const char is_str; const char intern; } __Pyx_StringTabEntry;
+
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT 0
+#define __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING ""
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromString __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#define __Pyx_uchar_cast(c) ((unsigned char)c)
+#define __Pyx_long_cast(x) ((long)x)
+#define __Pyx_fits_Py_ssize_t(v, type, is_signed)  (\
+    (sizeof(type) < sizeof(Py_ssize_t))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) > sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                 v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)  &&\
+          (!is_signed || likely(v > (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN ||\
+                                v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)))  ||\
+    (sizeof(type) == sizeof(Py_ssize_t) &&\
+          (is_signed || likely(v < (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX ||\
+                               v == (type)PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)))  )
+#if defined (__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201103L
+    #include <cstdlib>
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) std::abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_INT >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) abs(value)
+#elif SIZEOF_LONG >= SIZEOF_SIZE_T
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) labs(value)
+#elif defined (_MSC_VER)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((Py_ssize_t)_abs64(value))
+#elif defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) llabs(value)
+#elif defined (__GNUC__)
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) __builtin_llabs(value)
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_sst_abs(value) ((value<0) ? -value : value)
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject*, Py_ssize_t* length);
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString(s) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, strlen((const char*)s))
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize(s, l) PyByteArray_FromStringAndSize((const char*)s, l)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString        PyBytes_FromString
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char*);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyBytes_FromStringAndSize
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromString        __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString
+    #define __Pyx_PyStr_FromStringAndSize __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableString(s)     ((char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsString(s)     ((const char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) PyBytes_AS_STRING(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableString(s)    ((char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableSString(s)    ((signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsWritableUString(s)    ((unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsSString(s)    ((const signed char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_AsUString(s)    ((const unsigned char*) __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(s))
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_FromCString(s)  __Pyx_PyObject_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyBytes_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyBytes_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromCString(s)   __Pyx_PyByteArray_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyStr_FromCString(s)     __Pyx_PyStr_FromString((const char*)s)
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromCString(s) __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString((const char*)s)
+static CYTHON_INLINE size_t __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(const Py_UNICODE *u) {
+    const Py_UNICODE *u_end = u;
+    while (*u_end++) ;
+    return (size_t)(u_end - u - 1);
+}
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u)       PyUnicode_FromUnicode(u, __Pyx_Py_UNICODE_strlen(u))
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromUnicodeAndLength PyUnicode_FromUnicode
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsUnicode            PyUnicode_AsUnicode
+#define __Pyx_NewRef(obj) (Py_INCREF(obj), obj)
+#define __Pyx_Owned_Py_None(b) __Pyx_NewRef(Py_None)
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x);
+#define __Pyx_PySequence_Tuple(obj)\
+    (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(obj)) ? __Pyx_NewRef(obj) : PySequence_Tuple(obj))
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject*);
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t);
+#if CYTHON_ASSUME_SAFE_MACROS
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(x) : PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#else
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x) PyFloat_AsDouble(x)
+#endif
+#define __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(x) ((float) __pyx_PyFloat_AsDouble(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyLong_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Long(x))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Int(x) (PyInt_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Int(x))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyNumber_Float(x) (PyFloat_CheckExact(x) ? __Pyx_NewRef(x) : PyNumber_Float(x))
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+static int __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_u = NULL;
+    PyObject* ascii_chars_b = NULL;
+    const char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    if (strcmp(default_encoding_c, "ascii") == 0) {
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 0;
+    } else {
+        char ascii_chars[128];
+        int c;
+        for (c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+            ascii_chars[c] = c;
+        }
+        __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii = 1;
+        ascii_chars_u = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(ascii_chars, 128, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_u) goto bad;
+        ascii_chars_b = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(ascii_chars_u, default_encoding_c, NULL);
+        if (!ascii_chars_b || !PyBytes_Check(ascii_chars_b) || memcmp(ascii_chars, PyBytes_AS_STRING(ascii_chars_b), 128) != 0) {
+            PyErr_Format(
+                PyExc_ValueError,
+                "This module compiled with c_string_encoding=ascii, but default encoding '%.200s' is not a superset of ascii.",
+                default_encoding_c);
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+        Py_DECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    }
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_u);
+    Py_XDECREF(ascii_chars_b);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT && PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(c_str, size, NULL)
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, size) PyUnicode_Decode(c_str, size, __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, NULL)
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+static char* __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING;
+static int __Pyx_init_sys_getdefaultencoding_params(void) {
+    PyObject* sys;
+    PyObject* default_encoding = NULL;
+    char* default_encoding_c;
+    sys = PyImport_ImportModule("sys");
+    if (!sys) goto bad;
+    default_encoding = PyObject_CallMethod(sys, (char*) (const char*) "getdefaultencoding", NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(sys);
+    if (!default_encoding) goto bad;
+    default_encoding_c = PyBytes_AsString(default_encoding);
+    if (!default_encoding_c) goto bad;
+    __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING = (char*) malloc(strlen(default_encoding_c));
+    if (!__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING) goto bad;
+    strcpy(__PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING, default_encoding_c);
+    Py_DECREF(default_encoding);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(default_encoding);
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+
+
+/* Test for GCC > 2.95 */
+#if defined(__GNUC__)     && (__GNUC__ > 2 || (__GNUC__ == 2 && (__GNUC_MINOR__ > 95)))
+  #define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
+  #define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
+#else /* !__GNUC__ or GCC < 2.95 */
+  #define likely(x)   (x)
+  #define unlikely(x) (x)
+#endif /* __GNUC__ */
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_pretend_to_initialize(void* ptr) { (void)ptr; }
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_m = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_d;
+static PyObject *__pyx_b;
+static PyObject *__pyx_cython_runtime = NULL;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_tuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_bytes;
+static PyObject *__pyx_empty_unicode;
+static int __pyx_lineno;
+static int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+static const char * __pyx_cfilenm= __FILE__;
+static const char *__pyx_filename;
+
+
+static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
+  "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx",
+  "type.pxd",
+};
+
+/*--- Type declarations ---*/
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_IdentifierTerm;
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_LiteralTerm;
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pxd":10
+ *     #size_t pack_size
+ * 
+ *     struct IdentifierTerm:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         char type
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ */
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_IdentifierTerm {
+  char type;
+  unsigned char *data;
+};
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pxd":14
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ * 
+ *     struct LiteralTerm:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         char type
+ *         unsigned char *data
+ */
+struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_LiteralTerm {
+  char type;
+  unsigned char *data;
+  unsigned char *datatype;
+  unsigned char *lang;
+};
+
+/* --- Runtime support code (head) --- */
+/* Refnanny.proto */
+#ifndef CYTHON_REFNANNY
+  #define CYTHON_REFNANNY 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_REFNANNY
+  typedef struct {
+    void (*INCREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*DECREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*GOTREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void (*GIVEREF)(void*, PyObject*, int);
+    void* (*SetupContext)(const char*, int, const char*);
+    void (*FinishContext)(void**);
+  } __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct;
+  static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNanny = NULL;
+  static __Pyx_RefNannyAPIStruct *__Pyx_RefNannyImportAPI(const char *modname);
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations void *__pyx_refnanny = NULL;
+#ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)\
+          if (acquire_gil) {\
+              PyGILState_STATE __pyx_gilstate_save = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__);\
+              PyGILState_Release(__pyx_gilstate_save);\
+          } else {\
+              __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__);\
+          }
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)\
+          __pyx_refnanny = __Pyx_RefNanny->SetupContext((name), __LINE__, __FILE__)
+#endif
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext()\
+          __Pyx_RefNanny->FinishContext(&__pyx_refnanny)
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->INCREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->DECREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)  __Pyx_RefNanny->GOTREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r) __Pyx_RefNanny->GIVEREF(__pyx_refnanny, (PyObject *)(r), __LINE__)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_INCREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_DECREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)  do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GOTREF(r); }} while(0)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r) do { if((r) != NULL) {__Pyx_GIVEREF(r);}} while(0)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext(name, acquire_gil)
+  #define __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext()
+  #define __Pyx_INCREF(r) Py_INCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_DECREF(r) Py_DECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_GIVEREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XINCREF(r) Py_XINCREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XDECREF(r) Py_XDECREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGOTREF(r)
+  #define __Pyx_XGIVEREF(r)
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_XDECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_XDECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_DECREF_SET(r, v) do {\
+        PyObject *tmp = (PyObject *) r;\
+        r = v; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);\
+    } while (0)
+#define __Pyx_CLEAR(r)    do { PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);} while(0)
+#define __Pyx_XCLEAR(r)   do { if((r) != NULL) {PyObject* tmp = ((PyObject*)(r)); r = NULL; __Pyx_DECREF(tmp);}} while(0)
+
+/* PyObjectGetAttrStr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o,n) PyObject_GetAttr(o,n)
+#endif
+
+/* GetBuiltinName.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_GetBuiltinName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* PyThreadStateGet.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare  PyThreadState *__pyx_tstate;
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign  __pyx_tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  __pyx_tstate->curexc_type
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+#define __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Occurred()  PyErr_Occurred()
+#endif
+
+/* PyErrFetchRestore.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() __Pyx_ErrRestore(NULL, NULL, NULL)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState_GET(), type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) (Py_INCREF(exc), __Pyx_ErrRestore((exc), NULL, NULL))
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#endif
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_Clear() PyErr_Clear()
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_SetNone(exc) PyErr_SetNone(exc)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchWithState(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Restore(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ErrFetch(type, value, tb)  PyErr_Fetch(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* Profile.proto */
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY || CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYSTON
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 0
+#else
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE 1
+#endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL 0
+#else
+  #if CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL && !defined(CYTHON_TRACE)
+    #define CYTHON_TRACE 1
+  #endif
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_TRACE
+  #define CYTHON_TRACE 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  #undef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+#endif
+#ifndef CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+  #define CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME 0
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_PROFILE || CYTHON_TRACE
+  #include "compile.h"
+  #include "frameobject.h"
+  #include "traceback.h"
+  #if CYTHON_PROFILE_REUSE_FRAME
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER static
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame)
+  #else
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER
+    #define CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame) Py_CLEAR(frame)
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations\
+  static PyCodeObject *__pyx_frame_code = NULL;\
+  CYTHON_FRAME_MODIFIER PyFrameObject *__pyx_frame = NULL;\
+  int __Pyx_use_tracing = 0;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)\
+  if (codeobj) __pyx_frame_code = (PyCodeObject*) codeobj;
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (nogil) {\
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+          PyThreadState *tstate;\
+          PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+          tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+                  (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+              __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          }\
+          PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  } else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  {   PyThreadState* tstate = PyThreadState_GET();\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing) && !tstate->tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          __Pyx_use_tracing = __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(&__pyx_frame_code, &__pyx_frame, tstate, funcname, srcfile, firstlineno);\
+          if (unlikely(__Pyx_use_tracing < 0)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing &&\
+              (tstate->c_profilefunc || (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc))) {\
+          tstate->tracing++;\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 0;\
+          PyObject *exc_info = __Pyx_GetExceptionTuple(tstate);\
+          if (exc_info) {\
+              if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)\
+                  tstate->c_tracefunc(\
+                      tstate->c_traceobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              tstate->c_profilefunc(\
+                  tstate->c_profileobj, __pyx_frame, PyTrace_EXCEPTION, exc_info);\
+              Py_DECREF(exc_info);\
+          }\
+          tstate->use_tracing = 1;\
+          tstate->tracing--;\
+      }\
+  }
+  static void __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, PyObject *result) {
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      if (CYTHON_TRACE && tstate->c_tracefunc)
+          tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      if (tstate->c_profilefunc)
+          tstate->c_profilefunc(tstate->c_profileobj, frame, PyTrace_RETURN, result);
+      CYTHON_FRAME_DEL(frame);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+                  __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+              __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (tstate->use_tracing) {\
+          __Pyx_call_return_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, (PyObject*)result);\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+  static PyCodeObject *__Pyx_createFrameCodeObject(const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+  static int __Pyx_TraceSetupAndCall(PyCodeObject** code, PyFrameObject** frame, PyThreadState* tstate, const char *funcname, const char *srcfile, int firstlineno);
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceDeclarations
+  #define __Pyx_TraceFrameInit(codeobj)
+  #define __Pyx_TraceCall(funcname, srcfile, firstlineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+  #define __Pyx_TraceException()
+  #define __Pyx_TraceReturn(result, nogil)
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_TRACE
+  static int __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFrameObject *frame, int lineno) {
+      int ret;
+      PyObject *type, *value, *traceback;
+      __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &type, &value, &traceback);
+      __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(frame, lineno);
+      tstate->tracing++;
+      tstate->use_tracing = 0;
+      ret = tstate->c_tracefunc(tstate->c_traceobj, frame, PyTrace_LINE, NULL);
+      tstate->use_tracing = 1;
+      tstate->tracing--;
+      if (likely(!ret)) {
+          __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, type, value, traceback);
+      } else {
+          Py_XDECREF(type);
+          Py_XDECREF(value);
+          Py_XDECREF(traceback);
+      }
+      return ret;
+  }
+  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      if (nogil) {\
+          if (CYTHON_TRACE_NOGIL) {\
+              int ret = 0;\
+              PyThreadState *tstate;\
+              PyGILState_STATE state = PyGILState_Ensure();\
+              tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+              if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+                  ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              }\
+              PyGILState_Release(state);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      } else {\
+          PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+          if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+              int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+              if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+          }\
+      }\
+  }
+  #else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)\
+  if (likely(!__Pyx_use_tracing)); else {\
+      PyThreadState* tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;\
+      if (unlikely(tstate->use_tracing && tstate->c_tracefunc && __pyx_frame->f_trace)) {\
+          int ret = __Pyx_call_line_trace_func(tstate, __pyx_frame, lineno);\
+          if (unlikely(ret)) goto_error;\
+      }\
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_TraceLine(lineno, nogil, goto_error)   if ((1)); else goto_error;
+#endif
+
+/* PyCFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCCALL
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t nargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyCFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)  (assert(0), NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* PyFunctionFastCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, args, nargs)\
+    __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict((func), (args), (nargs), NULL)
+#if 1 || PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x030600B1
+static PyObject *__Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(PyObject *func, PyObject **args, int nargs, PyObject *kwargs);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs) _PyFunction_FastCallDict(func, args, nargs, kwargs)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCall.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Call(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg, PyObject *kw);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw) PyObject_Call(func, arg, kw)
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallMethO.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallOneArg.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg);
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(func) __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL)
+#endif
+
+/* GetModuleGlobalName.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name);
+
+/* GetAttr.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *, PyObject *);
+
+/* PyObjectFormatSimple.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyString_CheckExact(s)) ? PyUnicode_FromEncodedObject(s, NULL, "strict") :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#elif CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        likely(PyLong_CheckExact(s)) ? PyLong_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        likely(PyFloat_CheckExact(s)) ? PyFloat_Type.tp_str(s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#else
+    #define __Pyx_PyObject_FormatSimple(s, f) (\
+        likely(PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) ? (Py_INCREF(s), s) :\
+        PyObject_Format(s, f))
+#endif
+
+/* RaiseException.proto */
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause);
+
+/* IncludeStringH.proto */
+#include <string.h>
+
+/* BytesEquals.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals);
+
+/* decode_c_string_utf16.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 0;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16LE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = -1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16BE(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors) {
+    int byteorder = 1;
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF16(s, size, errors, &byteorder);
+}
+
+/* decode_c_string.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors));
+
+/* BuildPyUnicode.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, char* chars, int clength,
+                                                int prepend_sign, char padding_char);
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_char(char value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char);
+
+/* GetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_GetException(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__GetException(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* SwapException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#endif
+
+/* SaveResetException.proto */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionSave(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb);
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  __Pyx__ExceptionReset(__pyx_tstate, type, value, tb)
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionSave(type, value, tb)   PyErr_GetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#define __Pyx_ExceptionReset(type, value, tb)  PyErr_SetExcInfo(type, value, tb)
+#endif
+
+/* Import.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level);
+
+/* ImportFrom.proto */
+static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name);
+
+/* CLineInTraceback.proto */
+#ifdef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+#define __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line)  (((CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK)) ? c_line : 0)
+#else
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line);
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache.proto */
+typedef struct {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int code_line;
+} __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry;
+struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache {
+    int count;
+    int max_count;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries;
+};
+static struct __Pyx_CodeObjectCache __pyx_code_cache = {0,0,NULL};
+static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line);
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line);
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object);
+
+/* AddTraceback.proto */
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename);
+
+/* CIntToPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *);
+
+/* CIntFromPy.proto */
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *);
+
+/* FastTypeChecks.proto */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) __Pyx_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(obj), (PyTypeObject *)type)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject *type);
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *type1, PyObject *type2);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, type) PyObject_TypeCheck(obj, (PyTypeObject *)type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type) PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type)
+#define __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, type1, type2) (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, type2))
+#endif
+#define __Pyx_PyException_Check(obj) __Pyx_TypeCheck(obj, PyExc_Exception)
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion.proto */
+static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void);
+
+/* PyObjectSetAttrStr.proto */
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n) __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o, n, NULL)
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name, PyObject* value);
+#else
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_DelAttrStr(o,n)   PyObject_DelAttr(o,n)
+#define __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(o,n,v) PyObject_SetAttr(o,n,v)
+#endif
+
+/* VoidPtrExport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ExportVoidPtr(PyObject *name, void *p, const char *sig);
+
+/* FunctionExport.proto */
+static int __Pyx_ExportFunction(const char *name, void (*f)(void), const char *sig);
+
+/* PyIdentifierFromString.proto */
+#if !defined(__Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString)
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  #define __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(s) PyString_FromString(s)
+#else
+  #define __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(s) PyUnicode_FromString(s)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* ModuleImport.proto */
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name);
+
+/* TypeImport.proto */
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name, size_t size, int strict);
+
+/* InitStrings.proto */
+static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t);
+
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.string' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdlib' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdio' */
+
+/* Module declarations from '__builtin__' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython.type' */
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_7cpython_4type_type = 0;
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython.object' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'cpython.string' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'libc.stdint' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.cy_include.cytpl' */
+
+/* Module declarations from 'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term' */
+static unsigned char __pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_type;
+static unsigned char *__pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_pack_fmt;
+static unsigned char *__pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_data;
+static unsigned char *__pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_datatype;
+static unsigned char *__pyx_v_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_term_lang;
+#define __Pyx_MODULE_NAME "lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term"
+extern int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__term;
+int __pyx_module_is_main_lakesuperior__store__ldp_rs__term = 0;
+
+/* Implementation of 'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term' */
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_builtin_IOError;
+static const char __pyx_k_[] = "";
+static const char __pyx_k_S_cs[] = "S(cs)";
+static const char __pyx_k_lang[] = "lang";
+static const char __pyx_k_main[] = "__main__";
+static const char __pyx_k_test[] = "__test__";
+static const char __pyx_k_BNode[] = "BNode";
+static const char __pyx_k_S_csss[] = "S(csss)";
+static const char __pyx_k_URIRef[] = "URIRef";
+static const char __pyx_k_encode[] = "encode";
+static const char __pyx_k_import[] = "__import__";
+static const char __pyx_k_rdflib[] = "rdflib";
+static const char __pyx_k_IOError[] = "IOError";
+static const char __pyx_k_Literal[] = "Literal";
+static const char __pyx_k_datatype[] = "datatype";
+static const char __pyx_k_language[] = "language";
+static const char __pyx_k_pack_fmt[] = "pack_fmt";
+static const char __pyx_k_pyx_capi[] = "__pyx_capi__";
+static const char __pyx_k_term_data[] = "term_data";
+static const char __pyx_k_term_lang[] = "term_lang";
+static const char __pyx_k_term_type[] = "term_type";
+static const char __pyx_k_ValueError[] = "ValueError";
+static const char __pyx_k_term_datatype[] = "term_datatype";
+static const char __pyx_k_cline_in_traceback[] = "cline_in_traceback";
+static const char __pyx_k_Unsupported_term_type[] = "Unsupported term type: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Unknown_term_type_code[] = "Unknown term type code: ";
+static const char __pyx_k_Unknown_structure_pack_format[] = "Unknown structure pack format: ";
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_BNode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_IOError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_Literal;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_S_cs;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_b_S_csss;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_URIRef;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Unknown_structure_pack_format;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Unknown_term_type_code;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_u_Unsupported_term_type;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_ValueError;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_datatype;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_datatype;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_encode;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_import;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_lang;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_u_language;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_main;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pack_fmt;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_pyx_capi;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_rdflib;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_term_data;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_term_datatype;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_term_lang;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_term_type;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_test;
+/* Late includes */
+
+/* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx":16
+ * 
+ * 
+ * cdef int serialize(             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         term, unsigned char **pack_data, size_t *pack_size) except -1:
+ *     cdef:
+ */
+
+static int __pyx_f_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_serialize(PyObject *__pyx_v_term, unsigned char **__pyx_v_pack_data, size_t *__pyx_v_pack_size) {
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_term_data = 0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_term_datatype = 0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_term_lang = 0;
+  struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_IdentifierTerm __pyx_v_id_t;
+  struct __pyx_t_12lakesuperior_5store_6ldp_rs_4term_LiteralTerm __pyx_v_lit_t;
+  int __pyx_r;
+  __Pyx_TraceDeclarations
+  __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_1 = NULL;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_2 = NULL;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_3 = NULL;
+  int __pyx_t_4;
+  int __pyx_t_5;
+  unsigned char *__pyx_t_6;
+  __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("serialize", 0);
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+  /* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx":19
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+ *     cdef:
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+ *         bytes term_datatype
+ *         bytes term_lang
+ */
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+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __pyx_t_3 = NULL;
+  if (CYTHON_UNPACK_METHODS && likely(PyMethod_Check(__pyx_t_2))) {
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyMethod_GET_SELF(__pyx_t_2);
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+  __pyx_t_1 = 0;
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+ * 
+ *     if isinstance(term, Literal):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         term_datatype = (getattr(term, 'datatype') or '').encode()
+ *         term_lang = (getattr(term, 'language') or '').encode()
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+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(__pyx_n_s_Literal); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) __PYX_ERR(0, 25, __pyx_L1_error)
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+    /* "lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx":26
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+ *         term_lang = (getattr(term, 'language') or '').encode()
+ * 
+ */
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+}
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+    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
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+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyFunctionFastCall */
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+#include "frameobject.h"
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCallNoKw(PyCodeObject *co, PyObject **args, Py_ssize_t na,
+                                               PyObject *globals) {
+    PyFrameObject *f;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    PyObject **fastlocals;
+    Py_ssize_t i;
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+}
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+            goto done;
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+            goto done;
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+        kwtuple = PyTuple_New(2 * nk);
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+    closure = PyFunction_GET_CLOSURE(func);
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+    kwdefs = PyFunction_GET_KW_DEFAULTS(func);
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+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    result = PyEval_EvalCodeEx((PyObject*)co, globals, (PyObject *)NULL,
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+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
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+}
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+static PyObject* __Pyx__PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
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+}
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+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallOneArg(PyObject *func, PyObject *arg) {
+    PyObject *result;
+    PyObject *args = PyTuple_Pack(1, arg);
+    if (unlikely(!args)) return NULL;
+    result = __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(args);
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* PyObjectCallNoArg */
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_CallNoArg(PyObject *func) {
+#if CYTHON_FAST_PYCALL
+    if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyFunction_FastCall(func, NULL, 0);
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef __Pyx_CyFunction_USED
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func) || __Pyx_TypeCheck(func, __pyx_CyFunctionType))) {
+#else
+    if (likely(PyCFunction_Check(func))) {
+#endif
+        if (likely(PyCFunction_GET_FLAGS(func) & METH_NOARGS)) {
+            return __Pyx_PyObject_CallMethO(func, NULL);
+        }
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_Call(func, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* GetModuleGlobalName */
+  static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetModuleGlobalName(PyObject *name) {
+    PyObject *result;
+#if !CYTHON_AVOID_BORROWED_REFS
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON && PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030500A1
+    result = _PyDict_GetItem_KnownHash(__pyx_d, name, ((PyASCIIObject *) name)->hash);
+    if (likely(result)) {
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+    } else if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred())) {
+        result = NULL;
+    } else {
+#else
+    result = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (likely(result)) {
+        Py_INCREF(result);
+    } else {
+#endif
+#else
+    result = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_d, name);
+    if (!result) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+#endif
+        result = __Pyx_GetBuiltinName(name);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* GetAttr */
+      static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject *__Pyx_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *n) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_Check(n)))
+#else
+    if (likely(PyString_Check(n)))
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(o, n);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_GetAttr(o, n);
+}
+
+/* RaiseException */
+      #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb,
+                        CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *cause) {
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    Py_XINCREF(type);
+    if (!value || value == Py_None)
+        value = NULL;
+    else
+        Py_INCREF(value);
+    if (!tb || tb == Py_None)
+        tb = NULL;
+    else {
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        if (!PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    if (PyType_Check(type)) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        if (!value) {
+            Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+            value = Py_None;
+        }
+#endif
+        PyErr_NormalizeException(&type, &value, &tb);
+    } else {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(type);
+        Py_INCREF(type);
+        if (!PyType_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject *)type, (PyTypeObject *)PyExc_BaseException)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+            goto raise_error;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(type, value, tb);
+    return;
+raise_error:
+    Py_XDECREF(value);
+    Py_XDECREF(type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tb);
+    return;
+}
+#else
+static void __Pyx_Raise(PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb, PyObject *cause) {
+    PyObject* owned_instance = NULL;
+    if (tb == Py_None) {
+        tb = 0;
+    } else if (tb && !PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: arg 3 must be a traceback or None");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (value == Py_None)
+        value = 0;
+    if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(type)) {
+        if (value) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                "instance exception may not have a separate value");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        value = type;
+        type = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+    } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(type)) {
+        PyObject *instance_class = NULL;
+        if (value && PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+            instance_class = (PyObject*) Py_TYPE(value);
+            if (instance_class != type) {
+                int is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(instance_class, type);
+                if (!is_subclass) {
+                    instance_class = NULL;
+                } else if (unlikely(is_subclass == -1)) {
+                    goto bad;
+                } else {
+                    type = instance_class;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if (!instance_class) {
+            PyObject *args;
+            if (!value)
+                args = PyTuple_New(0);
+            else if (PyTuple_Check(value)) {
+                Py_INCREF(value);
+                args = value;
+            } else
+                args = PyTuple_Pack(1, value);
+            if (!args)
+                goto bad;
+            owned_instance = PyObject_Call(type, args, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(args);
+            if (!owned_instance)
+                goto bad;
+            value = owned_instance;
+            if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) {
+                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                             "calling %R should have returned an instance of "
+                             "BaseException, not %R",
+                             type, Py_TYPE(value));
+                goto bad;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "raise: exception class must be a subclass of BaseException");
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    if (cause) {
+        PyObject *fixed_cause;
+        if (cause == Py_None) {
+            fixed_cause = NULL;
+        } else if (PyExceptionClass_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = PyObject_CallObject(cause, NULL);
+            if (fixed_cause == NULL)
+                goto bad;
+        } else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(cause)) {
+            fixed_cause = cause;
+            Py_INCREF(fixed_cause);
+        } else {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                            "exception causes must derive from "
+                            "BaseException");
+            goto bad;
+        }
+        PyException_SetCause(value, fixed_cause);
+    }
+    PyErr_SetObject(type, value);
+    if (tb) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+        PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+        PyErr_Fetch(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+        Py_INCREF(tb);
+        PyErr_Restore(tmp_type, tmp_value, tb);
+        Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+        PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+        PyObject* tmp_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+        if (tb != tmp_tb) {
+            Py_INCREF(tb);
+            tstate->curexc_traceback = tb;
+            Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(owned_instance);
+    return;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* BytesEquals */
+      static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyBytes_Equals(PyObject* s1, PyObject* s2, int equals) {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY
+    return PyObject_RichCompareBool(s1, s2, equals);
+#else
+    if (s1 == s2) {
+        return (equals == Py_EQ);
+    } else if (PyBytes_CheckExact(s1) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        const char *ps1, *ps2;
+        Py_ssize_t length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s1);
+        if (length != PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s2))
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        ps1 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s1);
+        ps2 = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s2);
+        if (ps1[0] != ps2[0]) {
+            return (equals == Py_NE);
+        } else if (length == 1) {
+            return (equals == Py_EQ);
+        } else {
+            int result;
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+            Py_hash_t hash1, hash2;
+            hash1 = ((PyBytesObject*)s1)->ob_shash;
+            hash2 = ((PyBytesObject*)s2)->ob_shash;
+            if (hash1 != hash2 && hash1 != -1 && hash2 != -1) {
+                return (equals == Py_NE);
+            }
+#endif
+            result = memcmp(ps1, ps2, (size_t)length);
+            return (equals == Py_EQ) ? (result == 0) : (result != 0);
+        }
+    } else if ((s1 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s2)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else if ((s2 == Py_None) & PyBytes_CheckExact(s1)) {
+        return (equals == Py_NE);
+    } else {
+        int result;
+        PyObject* py_result = PyObject_RichCompare(s1, s2, equals);
+        if (!py_result)
+            return -1;
+        result = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(py_result);
+        Py_DECREF(py_result);
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/* decode_c_string */
+      static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_decode_c_string(
+         const char* cstring, Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t stop,
+         const char* encoding, const char* errors,
+         PyObject* (*decode_func)(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size, const char *errors)) {
+    Py_ssize_t length;
+    if (unlikely((start < 0) | (stop < 0))) {
+        size_t slen = strlen(cstring);
+        if (unlikely(slen > (size_t) PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)) {
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+                            "c-string too long to convert to Python");
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        length = (Py_ssize_t) slen;
+        if (start < 0) {
+            start += length;
+            if (start < 0)
+                start = 0;
+        }
+        if (stop < 0)
+            stop += length;
+    }
+    length = stop - start;
+    if (unlikely(length <= 0))
+        return PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, 0);
+    cstring += start;
+    if (decode_func) {
+        return decode_func(cstring, length, errors);
+    } else {
+        return PyUnicode_Decode(cstring, length, encoding, errors);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntToDigits */
+      static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_10[2*10*10+1] = {
+    "00010203040506070809"
+    "10111213141516171819"
+    "20212223242526272829"
+    "30313233343536373839"
+    "40414243444546474849"
+    "50515253545556575859"
+    "60616263646566676869"
+    "70717273747576777879"
+    "80818283848586878889"
+    "90919293949596979899"
+};
+static const char DIGIT_PAIRS_8[2*8*8+1] = {
+    "0001020304050607"
+    "1011121314151617"
+    "2021222324252627"
+    "3031323334353637"
+    "4041424344454647"
+    "5051525354555657"
+    "6061626364656667"
+    "7071727374757677"
+};
+static const char DIGITS_HEX[2*16+1] = {
+    "0123456789abcdef"
+    "0123456789ABCDEF"
+};
+
+/* BuildPyUnicode */
+      static PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(Py_ssize_t ulength, char* chars, int clength,
+                                                int prepend_sign, char padding_char) {
+    PyObject *uval;
+    Py_ssize_t uoffset = ulength - clength;
+#if CYTHON_USE_UNICODE_INTERNALS
+    Py_ssize_t i;
+#if CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+    void *udata;
+    uval = PyUnicode_New(ulength, 127);
+    if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL;
+    udata = PyUnicode_DATA(uval);
+#else
+    Py_UNICODE *udata;
+    uval = PyUnicode_FromUnicode(NULL, ulength);
+    if (unlikely(!uval)) return NULL;
+    udata = PyUnicode_AS_UNICODE(uval);
+#endif
+    if (uoffset > 0) {
+        i = 0;
+        if (prepend_sign) {
+            __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, 0, '-');
+            i++;
+        }
+        for (; i < uoffset; i++) {
+            __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, i, padding_char);
+        }
+    }
+    for (i=0; i < clength; i++) {
+        __Pyx_PyUnicode_WRITE(PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND, udata, uoffset+i, chars[i]);
+    }
+#else
+    {
+        uval = NULL;
+        PyObject *sign = NULL, *padding = NULL;
+        if (uoffset > 0) {
+            prepend_sign = !!prepend_sign;
+            if (uoffset > prepend_sign) {
+                padding = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(padding_char);
+                if (likely(padding) && uoffset > prepend_sign + 1) {
+                    PyObject *tmp;
+                    PyObject *repeat = PyInt_FromSize_t(uoffset - prepend_sign);
+                    if (unlikely(!repeat)) goto done_or_error;
+                    tmp = PyNumber_Multiply(padding, repeat);
+                    Py_DECREF(repeat);
+                    Py_DECREF(padding);
+                    padding = tmp;
+                }
+                if (unlikely(!padding)) goto done_or_error;
+            }
+            if (prepend_sign) {
+                sign = PyUnicode_FromOrdinal('-');
+                if (unlikely(!sign)) goto done_or_error;
+            }
+        }
+        uval = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(chars, clength, NULL);
+        if (likely(uval) && padding) {
+            PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Add(padding, uval);
+            Py_DECREF(uval);
+            uval = tmp;
+        }
+        if (likely(uval) && sign) {
+            PyObject *tmp = PyNumber_Add(sign, uval);
+            Py_DECREF(uval);
+            uval = tmp;
+        }
+done_or_error:
+        Py_XDECREF(padding);
+        Py_XDECREF(sign);
+    }
+#endif
+    return uval;
+}
+
+/* CIntToPyUnicode */
+      #ifdef _MSC_VER
+    #ifndef _MSC_STDINT_H_
+        #if _MSC_VER < 1300
+           typedef unsigned short    uint16_t;
+        #else
+           typedef unsigned __int16  uint16_t;
+        #endif
+    #endif
+#else
+   #include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_From_char(char value, Py_ssize_t width, char padding_char, char format_char) {
+    char digits[sizeof(char)*3+2];
+    char *dpos, *end = digits + sizeof(char)*3+2;
+    const char *hex_digits = DIGITS_HEX;
+    Py_ssize_t length, ulength;
+    int prepend_sign, last_one_off;
+    char remaining;
+    const char neg_one = (char) -1, const_zero = (char) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (format_char == 'X') {
+        hex_digits += 16;
+        format_char = 'x';
+    }
+    remaining = value;
+    last_one_off = 0;
+    dpos = end;
+    do {
+        int digit_pos;
+        switch (format_char) {
+        case 'o':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (8*8)));
+            remaining = (char) (remaining / (8*8));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_8)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 8);
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            digit_pos = abs((int)(remaining % (10*10)));
+            remaining = (char) (remaining / (10*10));
+            dpos -= 2;
+            *(uint16_t*)dpos = ((uint16_t*)DIGIT_PAIRS_10)[digit_pos];
+            last_one_off = (digit_pos < 10);
+            break;
+        case 'x':
+            *(--dpos) = hex_digits[abs((int)(remaining % 16))];
+            remaining = (char) (remaining / 16);
+            break;
+        default:
+            assert(0);
+            break;
+        }
+    } while (unlikely(remaining != 0));
+    if (last_one_off) {
+        assert(*dpos == '0');
+        dpos++;
+    }
+    length = end - dpos;
+    ulength = length;
+    prepend_sign = 0;
+    if (!is_unsigned && value <= neg_one) {
+        if (padding_char == ' ' || width <= length + 1) {
+            *(--dpos) = '-';
+            ++length;
+        } else {
+            prepend_sign = 1;
+        }
+        ++ulength;
+    }
+    if (width > ulength) {
+        ulength = width;
+    }
+    if (ulength == 1) {
+        return PyUnicode_FromOrdinal(*dpos);
+    }
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_BuildFromAscii(ulength, dpos, (int) length, prepend_sign, padding_char);
+}
+
+/* GetException */
+      #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static int __Pyx__GetException(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#else
+static int __Pyx_GetException(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+#endif
+    PyObject *local_type, *local_value, *local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    local_type = tstate->curexc_type;
+    local_value = tstate->curexc_value;
+    local_tb = tstate->curexc_traceback;
+    tstate->curexc_type = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_value = 0;
+    tstate->curexc_traceback = 0;
+#else
+    PyErr_Fetch(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#endif
+    PyErr_NormalizeException(&local_type, &local_value, &local_tb);
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    if (unlikely(tstate->curexc_type))
+#else
+    if (unlikely(PyErr_Occurred()))
+#endif
+        goto bad;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (local_tb) {
+        if (unlikely(PyException_SetTraceback(local_value, local_tb) < 0))
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(local_tb);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_type);
+    Py_XINCREF(local_value);
+    *type = local_type;
+    *value = local_value;
+    *tb = local_tb;
+#if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = local_type;
+    tstate->exc_value = local_value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = local_tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+#else
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(local_type, local_value, local_tb);
+#endif
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    *type = 0;
+    *value = 0;
+    *tb = 0;
+    Py_XDECREF(local_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(local_tb);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* SwapException */
+        #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSwap(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = *type;
+    tstate->exc_value = *value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = *tb;
+    #endif
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx_ExceptionSwap(PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    PyErr_GetExcInfo(&tmp_type, &tmp_value, &tmp_tb);
+    PyErr_SetExcInfo(*type, *value, *tb);
+    *type = tmp_type;
+    *value = tmp_value;
+    *tb = tmp_tb;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* SaveResetException */
+        #if CYTHON_FAST_THREAD_STATE
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionSave(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject **type, PyObject **value, PyObject **tb) {
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    *type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    #else
+    *type = tstate->exc_type;
+    *value = tstate->exc_value;
+    *tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    #endif
+    Py_XINCREF(*type);
+    Py_XINCREF(*value);
+    Py_XINCREF(*tb);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE void __Pyx__ExceptionReset(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *type, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) {
+    PyObject *tmp_type, *tmp_value, *tmp_tb;
+    #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x030700A3
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_state.exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_state.exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_state.exc_traceback = tb;
+    #else
+    tmp_type = tstate->exc_type;
+    tmp_value = tstate->exc_value;
+    tmp_tb = tstate->exc_traceback;
+    tstate->exc_type = type;
+    tstate->exc_value = value;
+    tstate->exc_traceback = tb;
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_type);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_value);
+    Py_XDECREF(tmp_tb);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Import */
+        static PyObject *__Pyx_Import(PyObject *name, PyObject *from_list, int level) {
+    PyObject *empty_list = 0;
+    PyObject *module = 0;
+    PyObject *global_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *empty_dict = 0;
+    PyObject *list;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    PyObject *py_import;
+    py_import = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s_import);
+    if (!py_import)
+        goto bad;
+    #endif
+    if (from_list)
+        list = from_list;
+    else {
+        empty_list = PyList_New(0);
+        if (!empty_list)
+            goto bad;
+        list = empty_list;
+    }
+    global_dict = PyModule_GetDict(__pyx_m);
+    if (!global_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    empty_dict = PyDict_New();
+    if (!empty_dict)
+        goto bad;
+    {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+        if (level == -1) {
+            if (strchr(__Pyx_MODULE_NAME, '.')) {
+                module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                    name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, 1);
+                if (!module) {
+                    if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ImportError))
+                        goto bad;
+                    PyErr_Clear();
+                }
+            }
+            level = 0;
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!module) {
+            #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            PyObject *py_level = PyInt_FromLong(level);
+            if (!py_level)
+                goto bad;
+            module = PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(py_import,
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, py_level, NULL);
+            Py_DECREF(py_level);
+            #else
+            module = PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
+                name, global_dict, empty_dict, list, level);
+            #endif
+        }
+    }
+bad:
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    Py_XDECREF(py_import);
+    #endif
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_list);
+    Py_XDECREF(empty_dict);
+    return module;
+}
+
+/* ImportFrom */
+        static PyObject* __Pyx_ImportFrom(PyObject* module, PyObject* name) {
+    PyObject* value = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(module, name);
+    if (unlikely(!value) && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_AttributeError)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ImportError,
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            "cannot import name %.230s", PyString_AS_STRING(name));
+        #else
+            "cannot import name %S", name);
+        #endif
+    }
+    return value;
+}
+
+/* CLineInTraceback */
+        #ifndef CYTHON_CLINE_IN_TRACEBACK
+static int __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(CYTHON_UNUSED PyThreadState *tstate, int c_line) {
+    PyObject *use_cline;
+    PyObject *ptype, *pvalue, *ptraceback;
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    PyObject **cython_runtime_dict;
+#endif
+    if (unlikely(!__pyx_cython_runtime)) {
+        return c_line;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrFetchInState(tstate, &ptype, &pvalue, &ptraceback);
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+    cython_runtime_dict = _PyObject_GetDictPtr(__pyx_cython_runtime);
+    if (likely(cython_runtime_dict)) {
+      use_cline = __Pyx_PyDict_GetItemStr(*cython_runtime_dict, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+      PyObject *use_cline_obj = __Pyx_PyObject_GetAttrStr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback);
+      if (use_cline_obj) {
+        use_cline = PyObject_Not(use_cline_obj) ? Py_False : Py_True;
+        Py_DECREF(use_cline_obj);
+      } else {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        use_cline = NULL;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!use_cline) {
+        c_line = 0;
+        PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_cython_runtime, __pyx_n_s_cline_in_traceback, Py_False);
+    }
+    else if (PyObject_Not(use_cline) != 0) {
+        c_line = 0;
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestoreInState(tstate, ptype, pvalue, ptraceback);
+    return c_line;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* CodeObjectCache */
+        static int __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries, int count, int code_line) {
+    int start = 0, mid = 0, end = count - 1;
+    if (end >= 0 && code_line > entries[end].code_line) {
+        return count;
+    }
+    while (start < end) {
+        mid = start + (end - start) / 2;
+        if (code_line < entries[mid].code_line) {
+            end = mid;
+        } else if (code_line > entries[mid].code_line) {
+             start = mid + 1;
+        } else {
+            return mid;
+        }
+    }
+    if (code_line <= entries[mid].code_line) {
+        return mid;
+    } else {
+        return mid + 1;
+    }
+}
+static PyCodeObject *__pyx_find_code_object(int code_line) {
+    PyCodeObject* code_object;
+    int pos;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line) || unlikely(!__pyx_code_cache.entries)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if (unlikely(pos >= __pyx_code_cache.count) || unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line != code_line)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    code_object = __pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_object;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+    return code_object;
+}
+static void __pyx_insert_code_object(int code_line, PyCodeObject* code_object) {
+    int pos, i;
+    __Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry* entries = __pyx_code_cache.entries;
+    if (unlikely(!code_line)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Malloc(64*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (likely(entries)) {
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+            __pyx_code_cache.max_count = 64;
+            __pyx_code_cache.count = 1;
+            entries[0].code_line = code_line;
+            entries[0].code_object = code_object;
+            Py_INCREF(code_object);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    pos = __pyx_bisect_code_objects(__pyx_code_cache.entries, __pyx_code_cache.count, code_line);
+    if ((pos < __pyx_code_cache.count) && unlikely(__pyx_code_cache.entries[pos].code_line == code_line)) {
+        PyCodeObject* tmp = entries[pos].code_object;
+        entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return;
+    }
+    if (__pyx_code_cache.count == __pyx_code_cache.max_count) {
+        int new_max = __pyx_code_cache.max_count + 64;
+        entries = (__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry*)PyMem_Realloc(
+            __pyx_code_cache.entries, (size_t)new_max*sizeof(__Pyx_CodeObjectCacheEntry));
+        if (unlikely(!entries)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        __pyx_code_cache.entries = entries;
+        __pyx_code_cache.max_count = new_max;
+    }
+    for (i=__pyx_code_cache.count; i>pos; i--) {
+        entries[i] = entries[i-1];
+    }
+    entries[pos].code_line = code_line;
+    entries[pos].code_object = code_object;
+    __pyx_code_cache.count++;
+    Py_INCREF(code_object);
+}
+
+/* AddTraceback */
+        #include "compile.h"
+#include "frameobject.h"
+#include "traceback.h"
+static PyCodeObject* __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            const char *funcname, int c_line,
+            int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyObject *py_srcfile = 0;
+    PyObject *py_funcname = 0;
+    #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    py_srcfile = PyString_FromString(filename);
+    #else
+    py_srcfile = PyUnicode_FromString(filename);
+    #endif
+    if (!py_srcfile) goto bad;
+    if (c_line) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromFormat( "%s (%s:%d)", funcname, __pyx_cfilenm, c_line);
+        #endif
+    }
+    else {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        py_funcname = PyString_FromString(funcname);
+        #else
+        py_funcname = PyUnicode_FromString(funcname);
+        #endif
+    }
+    if (!py_funcname) goto bad;
+    py_code = __Pyx_PyCode_New(
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes, /*PyObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *consts,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *names,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *varnames,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *freevars,*/
+        __pyx_empty_tuple, /*PyObject *cellvars,*/
+        py_srcfile,   /*PyObject *filename,*/
+        py_funcname,  /*PyObject *name,*/
+        py_line,
+        __pyx_empty_bytes  /*PyObject *lnotab*/
+    );
+    Py_DECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_DECREF(py_funcname);
+    return py_code;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_srcfile);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_funcname);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static void __Pyx_AddTraceback(const char *funcname, int c_line,
+                               int py_line, const char *filename) {
+    PyCodeObject *py_code = 0;
+    PyFrameObject *py_frame = 0;
+    PyThreadState *tstate = __Pyx_PyThreadState_Current;
+    if (c_line) {
+        c_line = __Pyx_CLineForTraceback(tstate, c_line);
+    }
+    py_code = __pyx_find_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line);
+    if (!py_code) {
+        py_code = __Pyx_CreateCodeObjectForTraceback(
+            funcname, c_line, py_line, filename);
+        if (!py_code) goto bad;
+        __pyx_insert_code_object(c_line ? -c_line : py_line, py_code);
+    }
+    py_frame = PyFrame_New(
+        tstate,            /*PyThreadState *tstate,*/
+        py_code,           /*PyCodeObject *code,*/
+        __pyx_d,    /*PyObject *globals,*/
+        0                  /*PyObject *locals*/
+    );
+    if (!py_frame) goto bad;
+    __Pyx_PyFrame_SetLineNumber(py_frame, py_line);
+    PyTraceBack_Here(py_frame);
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_code);
+    Py_XDECREF(py_frame);
+}
+
+/* CIntToPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyInt_From_long(long value) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+    if (is_unsigned) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong((unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    } else {
+        if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+            return PyInt_FromLong((long) value);
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+        } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+            return PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) value);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+    {
+        int one = 1; int little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+        unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&value;
+        return _PyLong_FromByteArray(bytes, sizeof(long),
+                                     little, !is_unsigned);
+    }
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPyVerify */
+        #define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 0)
+#define __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(target_type, func_type, func_value)\
+    __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, 1)
+#define __PYX__VERIFY_RETURN_INT(target_type, func_type, func_value, exc)\
+    {\
+        func_type value = func_value;\
+        if (sizeof(target_type) < sizeof(func_type)) {\
+            if (unlikely(value != (func_type) (target_type) value)) {\
+                func_type zero = 0;\
+                if (exc && unlikely(value == (func_type)-1 && PyErr_Occurred()))\
+                    return (target_type) -1;\
+                if (is_unsigned && unlikely(value < zero))\
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;\
+                else\
+                    goto raise_overflow;\
+            }\
+        }\
+        return (target_type) value;\
+    }
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE long __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(PyObject *x) {
+    const long neg_one = (long) -1, const_zero = (long) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(long) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (long) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (long) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (long) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) (((long)-1)*(((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(long, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(long) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (long) ((((((((((long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (long)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(long) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(long, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            long val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (long) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        long val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (long) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_long(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to long");
+    return (long) -1;
+}
+
+/* CIntFromPy */
+        static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(PyObject *x) {
+    const int neg_one = (int) -1, const_zero = (int) 0;
+    const int is_unsigned = neg_one > const_zero;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(PyInt_Check(x))) {
+        if (sizeof(int) < sizeof(long)) {
+            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, PyInt_AS_LONG(x))
+        } else {
+            long val = PyInt_AS_LONG(x);
+            if (is_unsigned && unlikely(val < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+            return (int) val;
+        }
+    } else
+#endif
+    if (likely(PyLong_Check(x))) {
+        if (is_unsigned) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, digit, digits[0])
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) >= 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0]));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+            if (unlikely(Py_SIZE(x) < 0)) {
+                goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#else
+            {
+                int result = PyObject_RichCompareBool(x, Py_False, Py_LT);
+                if (unlikely(result < 0))
+                    return (int) -1;
+                if (unlikely(result == 1))
+                    goto raise_neg_overflow;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned long, PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(unsigned PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, unsigned PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        } else {
+#if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+            const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)x)->ob_digit;
+            switch (Py_SIZE(x)) {
+                case  0: return (int) 0;
+                case -1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, sdigit, (sdigit) (-(sdigit)digits[0]))
+                case  1: __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int,  digit, +digits[0])
+                case -2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 1 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 3:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case -4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, long, -(long) (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) (((int)-1)*(((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case 4:
+                    if (8 * sizeof(int) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                        if (8 * sizeof(unsigned long) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT(int, unsigned long, (((((((((unsigned long)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (unsigned long)digits[0])))
+                        } else if (8 * sizeof(int) - 1 > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+                            return (int) ((((((((((int)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (int)digits[0])));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+#endif
+            if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(long)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, long, PyLong_AsLong(x))
+#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
+            } else if (sizeof(int) <= sizeof(PY_LONG_LONG)) {
+                __PYX_VERIFY_RETURN_INT_EXC(int, PY_LONG_LONG, PyLong_AsLongLong(x))
+#endif
+            }
+        }
+        {
+#if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY && !defined(_PyLong_AsByteArray)
+            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+                            "_PyLong_AsByteArray() not available in PyPy, cannot convert large numbers");
+#else
+            int val;
+            PyObject *v = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+ #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+            if (likely(v) && !PyLong_Check(v)) {
+                PyObject *tmp = v;
+                v = PyNumber_Long(tmp);
+                Py_DECREF(tmp);
+            }
+ #endif
+            if (likely(v)) {
+                int one = 1; int is_little = (int)*(unsigned char *)&one;
+                unsigned char *bytes = (unsigned char *)&val;
+                int ret = _PyLong_AsByteArray((PyLongObject *)v,
+                                              bytes, sizeof(val),
+                                              is_little, !is_unsigned);
+                Py_DECREF(v);
+                if (likely(!ret))
+                    return val;
+            }
+#endif
+            return (int) -1;
+        }
+    } else {
+        int val;
+        PyObject *tmp = __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(x);
+        if (!tmp) return (int) -1;
+        val = __Pyx_PyInt_As_int(tmp);
+        Py_DECREF(tmp);
+        return val;
+    }
+raise_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "value too large to convert to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+raise_neg_overflow:
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
+        "can't convert negative value to int");
+    return (int) -1;
+}
+
+/* FastTypeChecks */
+        #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
+static int __Pyx_InBases(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    while (a) {
+        a = a->tp_base;
+        if (a == b)
+            return 1;
+    }
+    return b == &PyBaseObject_Type;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_IsSubtype(PyTypeObject *a, PyTypeObject *b) {
+    PyObject *mro;
+    if (a == b) return 1;
+    mro = a->tp_mro;
+    if (likely(mro)) {
+        Py_ssize_t i, n;
+        n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(mro);
+        for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            if (PyTuple_GET_ITEM(mro, i) == (PyObject *)b)
+                return 1;
+        }
+        return 0;
+    }
+    return __Pyx_InBases(a, b);
+}
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION == 2
+static int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject* exc_type2) {
+    PyObject *exception, *value, *tb;
+    int res;
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_declare
+    __Pyx_PyThreadState_assign
+    __Pyx_ErrFetch(&exception, &value, &tb);
+    res = exc_type1 ? PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+        PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+        res = 0;
+    }
+    if (!res) {
+        res = PyObject_IsSubclass(err, exc_type2);
+        if (unlikely(res == -1)) {
+            PyErr_WriteUnraisable(err);
+            res = 0;
+        }
+    }
+    __Pyx_ErrRestore(exception, value, tb);
+    return res;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    int res = exc_type1 ? __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type1) : 0;
+    if (!res) {
+        res = __Pyx_IsSubtype((PyTypeObject*)err, (PyTypeObject*)exc_type2);
+    }
+    return res;
+}
+#endif
+static int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(PyObject *exc_type, PyObject *tuple) {
+    Py_ssize_t i, n;
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type));
+    n = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(tuple);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        if (exc_type == PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i)) return 1;
+    }
+#endif
+    for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+        PyObject *t = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(tuple, i);
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (likely(exc_type == t)) return 1;
+        #endif
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(t))) {
+            if (__Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(exc_type, NULL, t)) return 1;
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(PyObject *err, PyObject* exc_type) {
+    if (likely(err == exc_type)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, NULL, exc_type);
+        } else if (likely(PyTuple_Check(exc_type))) {
+            return __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatchesTuple(err, exc_type);
+        } else {
+        }
+    }
+    return PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(PyObject *err, PyObject *exc_type1, PyObject *exc_type2) {
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type1));
+    assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(exc_type2));
+    if (likely(err == exc_type1 || err == exc_type2)) return 1;
+    if (likely(PyExceptionClass_Check(err))) {
+        return __Pyx_inner_PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches2(err, exc_type1, exc_type2);
+    }
+    return (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type1) || PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(err, exc_type2));
+}
+#endif
+
+/* CheckBinaryVersion */
+        static int __Pyx_check_binary_version(void) {
+    char ctversion[4], rtversion[4];
+    PyOS_snprintf(ctversion, 4, "%d.%d", PY_MAJOR_VERSION, PY_MINOR_VERSION);
+    PyOS_snprintf(rtversion, 4, "%s", Py_GetVersion());
+    if (ctversion[0] != rtversion[0] || ctversion[2] != rtversion[2]) {
+        char message[200];
+        PyOS_snprintf(message, sizeof(message),
+                      "compiletime version %s of module '%.100s' "
+                      "does not match runtime version %s",
+                      ctversion, __Pyx_MODULE_NAME, rtversion);
+        return PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, message, 1);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* PyObjectSetAttrStr */
+        #if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(PyObject* obj, PyObject* attr_name, PyObject* value) {
+    PyTypeObject* tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattro))
+        return tp->tp_setattro(obj, attr_name, value);
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (likely(tp->tp_setattr))
+        return tp->tp_setattr(obj, PyString_AS_STRING(attr_name), value);
+#endif
+    return PyObject_SetAttr(obj, attr_name, value);
+}
+#endif
+
+/* VoidPtrExport */
+        static int __Pyx_ExportVoidPtr(PyObject *name, void *p, const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    d = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_d, __pyx_n_s_pyx_capi);
+    Py_XINCREF(d);
+    if (!d) {
+        d = PyDict_New();
+        if (!d)
+            goto bad;
+        if (__Pyx_PyObject_SetAttrStr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s_pyx_capi, d) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+    }
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    cobj = PyCapsule_New(p, sig, 0);
+#else
+    cobj = PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(p, (void *)sig, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!cobj)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(d, name, cobj) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(cobj);
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cobj);
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* FunctionExport */
+        static int __Pyx_ExportFunction(const char *name, void (*f)(void), const char *sig) {
+    PyObject *d = 0;
+    PyObject *cobj = 0;
+    union {
+        void (*fp)(void);
+        void *p;
+    } tmp;
+    d = PyObject_GetAttrString(__pyx_m, (char *)"__pyx_capi__");
+    if (!d) {
+        PyErr_Clear();
+        d = PyDict_New();
+        if (!d)
+            goto bad;
+        Py_INCREF(d);
+        if (PyModule_AddObject(__pyx_m, (char *)"__pyx_capi__", d) < 0)
+            goto bad;
+    }
+    tmp.fp = f;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02070000
+    cobj = PyCapsule_New(tmp.p, sig, 0);
+#else
+    cobj = PyCObject_FromVoidPtrAndDesc(tmp.p, (void *)sig, 0);
+#endif
+    if (!cobj)
+        goto bad;
+    if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, name, cobj) < 0)
+        goto bad;
+    Py_DECREF(cobj);
+    Py_DECREF(d);
+    return 0;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(cobj);
+    Py_XDECREF(d);
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* ModuleImport */
+        #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportModule
+static PyObject *__Pyx_ImportModule(const char *name) {
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+    py_name = __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(name);
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    py_module = PyImport_Import(py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    return py_module;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_name);
+    return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* TypeImport */
+        #ifndef __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+#define __PYX_HAVE_RT_ImportType
+static PyTypeObject *__Pyx_ImportType(const char *module_name, const char *class_name,
+    size_t size, int strict)
+{
+    PyObject *py_module = 0;
+    PyObject *result = 0;
+    PyObject *py_name = 0;
+    char warning[200];
+    Py_ssize_t basicsize;
+#ifdef Py_LIMITED_API
+    PyObject *py_basicsize;
+#endif
+    py_module = __Pyx_ImportModule(module_name);
+    if (!py_module)
+        goto bad;
+    py_name = __Pyx_PyIdentifier_FromString(class_name);
+    if (!py_name)
+        goto bad;
+    result = PyObject_GetAttr(py_module, py_name);
+    Py_DECREF(py_name);
+    py_name = 0;
+    Py_DECREF(py_module);
+    py_module = 0;
+    if (!result)
+        goto bad;
+    if (!PyType_Check(result)) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+            "%.200s.%.200s is not a type object",
+            module_name, class_name);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
+    basicsize = ((PyTypeObject *)result)->tp_basicsize;
+#else
+    py_basicsize = PyObject_GetAttrString(result, "__basicsize__");
+    if (!py_basicsize)
+        goto bad;
+    basicsize = PyLong_AsSsize_t(py_basicsize);
+    Py_DECREF(py_basicsize);
+    py_basicsize = 0;
+    if (basicsize == (Py_ssize_t)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
+        goto bad;
+#endif
+    if (!strict && (size_t)basicsize > size) {
+        PyOS_snprintf(warning, sizeof(warning),
+            "%s.%s size changed, may indicate binary incompatibility. Expected %zd, got %zd",
+            module_name, class_name, basicsize, size);
+        if (PyErr_WarnEx(NULL, warning, 0) < 0) goto bad;
+    }
+    else if ((size_t)basicsize != size) {
+        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
+            "%.200s.%.200s has the wrong size, try recompiling. Expected %zd, got %zd",
+            module_name, class_name, basicsize, size);
+        goto bad;
+    }
+    return (PyTypeObject *)result;
+bad:
+    Py_XDECREF(py_module);
+    Py_XDECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* InitStrings */
+        static int __Pyx_InitStrings(__Pyx_StringTabEntry *t) {
+    while (t->p) {
+        #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+        if (t->is_unicode) {
+            *t->p = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(t->s, t->n - 1, NULL);
+        } else if (t->intern) {
+            *t->p = PyString_InternFromString(t->s);
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyString_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #else
+        if (t->is_unicode | t->is_str) {
+            if (t->intern) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_InternFromString(t->s);
+            } else if (t->encoding) {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_Decode(t->s, t->n - 1, t->encoding, NULL);
+            } else {
+                *t->p = PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+            }
+        } else {
+            *t->p = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(t->s, t->n - 1);
+        }
+        #endif
+        if (!*t->p)
+            return -1;
+        if (PyObject_Hash(*t->p) == -1)
+            return -1;
+        ++t;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromString(const char* c_str) {
+    return __Pyx_PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(c_str, (Py_ssize_t)strlen(c_str));
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsString(PyObject* o) {
+    Py_ssize_t ignore;
+    return __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(o, &ignore);
+}
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+#if !CYTHON_PEP393_ENABLED
+static const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    char* defenc_c;
+    PyObject* defenc = _PyUnicode_AsDefaultEncodedString(o, NULL);
+    if (!defenc) return NULL;
+    defenc_c = PyBytes_AS_STRING(defenc);
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    {
+        char* end = defenc_c + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+        char* c;
+        for (c = defenc_c; c < end; c++) {
+            if ((unsigned char) (*c) >= 128) {
+                PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+    *length = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(defenc);
+    return defenc_c;
+}
+#else
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+    if (unlikely(__Pyx_PyUnicode_READY(o) == -1)) return NULL;
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+    if (likely(PyUnicode_IS_ASCII(o))) {
+        *length = PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(o);
+        return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(o);
+    } else {
+        PyUnicode_AsASCIIString(o);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#else
+    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(o, length);
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+#endif
+static CYTHON_INLINE const char* __Pyx_PyObject_AsStringAndSize(PyObject* o, Py_ssize_t *length) {
+#if __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII || __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_DEFAULT
+    if (
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3 && __PYX_DEFAULT_STRING_ENCODING_IS_ASCII
+            __Pyx_sys_getdefaultencoding_not_ascii &&
+#endif
+            PyUnicode_Check(o)) {
+        return __Pyx_PyUnicode_AsStringAndSize(o, length);
+    } else
+#endif
+#if (!CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_PYPY) || (defined(PyByteArray_AS_STRING) && defined(PyByteArray_GET_SIZE))
+    if (PyByteArray_Check(o)) {
+        *length = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(o);
+        return PyByteArray_AS_STRING(o);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        char* result;
+        int r = PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(o, &result, length);
+        if (unlikely(r < 0)) {
+            return NULL;
+        } else {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE int __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject* x) {
+   int is_true = x == Py_True;
+   if (is_true | (x == Py_False) | (x == Py_None)) return is_true;
+   else return PyObject_IsTrue(x);
+}
+static PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(PyObject* result, const char* type_name) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3
+    if (PyLong_Check(result)) {
+        if (PyErr_WarnFormat(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, 1,
+                "__int__ returned non-int (type %.200s).  "
+                "The ability to return an instance of a strict subclass of int "
+                "is deprecated, and may be removed in a future version of Python.",
+                Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name)) {
+            Py_DECREF(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
+                 "__%.4s__ returned non-%.4s (type %.200s)",
+                 type_name, type_name, Py_TYPE(result)->tp_name);
+    Py_DECREF(result);
+    return NULL;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLong(PyObject* x) {
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  PyNumberMethods *m;
+#endif
+  const char *name = NULL;
+  PyObject *res = NULL;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_Check(x) || PyLong_Check(x)))
+#else
+  if (likely(PyLong_Check(x)))
+#endif
+    return __Pyx_NewRef(x);
+#if CYTHON_USE_TYPE_SLOTS
+  m = Py_TYPE(x)->tp_as_number;
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (m && m->nb_int) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  else if (m && m->nb_long) {
+    name = "long";
+    res = m->nb_long(x);
+  }
+  #else
+  if (likely(m && m->nb_int)) {
+    name = "int";
+    res = m->nb_int(x);
+  }
+  #endif
+#else
+  if (!PyBytes_CheckExact(x) && !PyUnicode_CheckExact(x)) {
+    res = PyNumber_Int(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(res)) {
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+    if (unlikely(!PyInt_Check(res) && !PyLong_Check(res))) {
+#else
+    if (unlikely(!PyLong_CheckExact(res))) {
+#endif
+        return __Pyx_PyNumber_IntOrLongWrongResultType(res, name);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!PyErr_Occurred()) {
+    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
+                    "an integer is required");
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE Py_ssize_t __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(PyObject* b) {
+  Py_ssize_t ival;
+  PyObject *x;
+#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  if (likely(PyInt_CheckExact(b))) {
+    if (sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(long))
+        return PyInt_AS_LONG(b);
+    else
+        return PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  }
+#endif
+  if (likely(PyLong_CheckExact(b))) {
+    #if CYTHON_USE_PYLONG_INTERNALS
+    const digit* digits = ((PyLongObject*)b)->ob_digit;
+    const Py_ssize_t size = Py_SIZE(b);
+    if (likely(__Pyx_sst_abs(size) <= 1)) {
+        ival = likely(size) ? digits[0] : 0;
+        if (size == -1) ival = -ival;
+        return ival;
+    } else {
+      switch (size) {
+         case 2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -2:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 2 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -3:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 3 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case 4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return (Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+         case -4:
+           if (8 * sizeof(Py_ssize_t) > 4 * PyLong_SHIFT) {
+             return -(Py_ssize_t) (((((((((size_t)digits[3]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[2]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[1]) << PyLong_SHIFT) | (size_t)digits[0]));
+           }
+           break;
+      }
+    }
+    #endif
+    return PyLong_AsSsize_t(b);
+  }
+  x = PyNumber_Index(b);
+  if (!x) return -1;
+  ival = PyInt_AsSsize_t(x);
+  Py_DECREF(x);
+  return ival;
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(long b) {
+  return b ? __Pyx_NewRef(Py_True) : __Pyx_NewRef(Py_False);
+}
+static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject * __Pyx_PyInt_FromSize_t(size_t ival) {
+    return PyInt_FromSize_t(ival);
+}
+
+
+#endif /* Py_PYTHON_H */

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pxd

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+cdef:
+    #unsigned char *pack_data
+    unsigned char term_type
+    unsigned char *pack_fmt
+    unsigned char *term_data
+    unsigned char *term_datatype
+    unsigned char *term_lang
+    #size_t pack_size
+
+    struct IdentifierTerm:
+        char type
+        unsigned char *data
+
+    struct LiteralTerm:
+        char type
+        unsigned char *data
+        unsigned char *datatype
+        unsigned char *lang
+
+    int serialize(term, unsigned char **pack_data, size_t *pack_size) except -1
+    deserialize(unsigned char *data, size_t size)

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/term.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from rdflib import URIRef, BNode, Literal
+
+#from cpython.mem cimport PyMem_Malloc, PyMem_Free
+from libc.stdlib cimport malloc, free
+#from libc.string cimport memcpy
+
+from lakesuperior.cy_include cimport cytpl as tpl
+
+DEF LSUP_TERM_TYPE_URIREF = 1
+DEF LSUP_TERM_TYPE_BNODE = 2
+DEF LSUP_TERM_TYPE_LITERAL = 3
+DEF LSUP_PK_FMT_ID = b'S(cs)'
+DEF LSUP_PK_FMT_LIT = b'S(csss)'
+
+
+cdef int serialize(
+        term, unsigned char **pack_data, size_t *pack_size) except -1:
+    cdef:
+        bytes term_data = term.encode()
+        bytes term_datatype
+        bytes term_lang
+        IdentifierTerm id_t
+        LiteralTerm lit_t
+
+    if isinstance(term, Literal):
+        term_datatype = (getattr(term, 'datatype') or '').encode()
+        term_lang = (getattr(term, 'language') or '').encode()
+
+        lit_t.type = LSUP_TERM_TYPE_LITERAL
+        lit_t.data = term_data
+        lit_t.datatype = <unsigned char *>term_datatype
+        lit_t.lang = <unsigned char *>term_lang
+
+        tpl.tpl_jot(tpl.TPL_MEM, pack_data, pack_size, LSUP_PK_FMT_LIT, &lit_t)
+    else:
+        if isinstance(term, URIRef):
+            id_t.type = LSUP_TERM_TYPE_URIREF
+        elif isinstance(term, BNode):
+            id_t.type = LSUP_TERM_TYPE_BNODE
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(f'Unsupported term type: {type(term)}')
+        id_t.data = term_data
+        tpl.tpl_jot(tpl.TPL_MEM, pack_data, pack_size, LSUP_PK_FMT_ID, &id_t)
+
+
+cdef deserialize(const unsigned char *data, const size_t data_size):
+    cdef:
+        char term_type
+        char *fmt = NULL
+        char *_pk = NULL
+        unsigned char *term_data = NULL
+        unsigned char *term_lang = NULL
+        unsigned char *term_datatype = NULL
+
+    datatype = None
+    lang = None
+
+    fmt = tpl.tpl_peek(tpl.TPL_MEM, data, data_size)
+    try:
+        if fmt == LSUP_PK_FMT_LIT:
+            _pk = tpl.tpl_peek(
+                    tpl.TPL_MEM | tpl.TPL_DATAPEEK, data, data_size, b'csss',
+                    &term_type, &term_data, &term_datatype, &term_lang)
+            if len(term_datatype) > 0:
+                datatype = term_datatype.decode()
+            elif len(term_lang) > 0:
+                lang = term_lang.decode()
+
+            return Literal(term_data.decode(), datatype=datatype, lang=lang)
+
+        elif fmt == LSUP_PK_FMT_ID:
+            _pk = tpl.tpl_peek(
+                    tpl.TPL_MEM | tpl.TPL_DATAPEEK, data, data_size, b'cs',
+                    &term_type, &term_data)
+            uri = term_data.decode()
+            if term_type == LSUP_TERM_TYPE_URIREF:
+                return URIRef(uri)
+            elif term_type == LSUP_TERM_TYPE_BNODE:
+                return BNode(uri)
+            else:
+                raise IOError(f'Unknown term type code: {term_type}')
+        else:
+            msg = f'Unknown structure pack format: {fmt}'
+            raise IOError(msg)
+    finally:
+        free(term_data)
+        free(term_datatype)
+        free(term_lang)
+        free(_pk)
+        free(fmt)

lakesuperior/store/ldp_rs/metadata_store.py → lakesuperior/store/metadata_store.py

@@ -15,17 +15,18 @@ class MetadataStore(BaseLmdbStore):
     resource URIs.
     """
 
-    db_labels = ('checksums',)
+    dbi_labels = [
+        'checksums',
+        'event_queue'
+    ]
     """
-    At the moment only ``checksums`` is implemented. It is a registry of
+    Currently implemented:
+
+    - ``checksums``: registry of
     LDP resource graphs, indicated in the key by their UID, and their
     cryptographic hashes.
     """
 
-    path = path.join(
-        env.app_globals.config['application']['store']['ldp_rs']['location'],
-        'metadata')
-
 
     def get_checksum(self, uri):
         """
@@ -34,10 +35,8 @@ class MetadataStore(BaseLmdbStore):
         :param str uri: Resource URI (``info:fcres...``).
         :rtype: bytes
         """
-        with self.cur(index='checksums') as cur:
-            cksum = cur.get(uri.encode('utf-8'))
-
-        return cksum
+        with self.txn_ctx():
+            return self.get_data(uri.encode(), 'checksums')
 
 
     def update_checksum(self, uri, cksum):
@@ -47,8 +46,8 @@ class MetadataStore(BaseLmdbStore):
         :param str uri: Resource URI (``info:fcres...``).
         :param bytes cksum: Checksum bytestring.
         """
-        with self.cur(index='checksums', write=True) as cur:
-            cur.put(uri.encode('utf-8'), cksum)
+        with self.txn_ctx(True):
+            self.put(uri.encode(), cksum, 'checksums')
 
 
     def delete_checksum(self, uri):
@@ -57,6 +56,5 @@ class MetadataStore(BaseLmdbStore):
 
         :param str uri: Resource URI (``info:fcres...``).
         """
-        with self.cur(index='checksums', write=True) as cur:
-            if cur.set_key(uri.encode('utf-8')):
-                cur.delete()
+        with self.txn_ctx(True):
+            self.delete(uri.encode(), 'checksums')

lakesuperior/util/benchmark.py

@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@ Benchmark script to measure write performance.
 '''
 
 default_n = 10000
+#webroot = 'http://localhost:8080/rest'
 webroot = 'http://localhost:8000/ldp'
+#webroot = 'http://localhost:5000/ldp'
 container_uri = webroot + '/pomegranate'
 
 def run():
@@ -33,23 +35,21 @@ def run():
         raise ValueError('Not a valid verb.')
     method = choice.lower() or 'put'
 
-    sys.stdout.write('RDF Sources (r), Non-RDF (n), or Both 50/50 (b)? [b] >')
+    sys.stdout.write('RDF Sources (r), Non-RDF (n), or Both 50/50 (b)? [r] >')
     choice = input().lower()
-    res_type = choice or 'b'
+    res_type = choice or 'r'
 
     if del_cont  == 'y':
         requests.delete(container_uri, headers={'prefer': 'no-tombstone'})
     requests.put(container_uri)
 
-    start = arrow.utcnow()
-    ckpt = start
-
     print('Inserting {} children.'.format(n))
 
     # URI used to establish an in-repo relationship.
     ref = container_uri
     size = 200 # Size of graph.
 
+    wclock_start = arrow.utcnow()
     try:
         for i in range(1, n + 1):
             url = '{}/{}'.format(container_uri, uuid4()) if method == 'put' \
@@ -68,20 +68,30 @@ def run():
                             .format(uuid4())}
 
             #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
+            # Start timing after generating the data.
+            ckpt = arrow.utcnow()
+            if i == 1:
+                tcounter = ckpt - ckpt
+                prev_tcounter = tcounter
+
             rsp = requests.request(method, url, data=data, headers=headers)
+            tdelta = arrow.utcnow() - ckpt
+            tcounter += tdelta
+
             rsp.raise_for_status()
             ref = rsp.headers['location']
             if i % 10 == 0:
-                now = arrow.utcnow()
-                tdelta = now - ckpt
-                ckpt = now
-                print('Record: {}\tTime elapsed: {}'.format(i, tdelta))
+                print(
+                    f'Record: {i}\tTime elapsed: {tcounter}\t'
+                    f'Per resource: {(tcounter - prev_tcounter) / 10}')
+                prev_tcounter = tcounter
     except KeyboardInterrupt:
         print('Interrupted after {} iterations.'.format(i))
 
-    tdelta = arrow.utcnow() - start
-    print('Total elapsed time: {}'.format(tdelta))
-    print('Average time per resource: {}'.format(tdelta.total_seconds()/i))
+    wclock = arrow.utcnow() - wclock_start
+    print(f'Total elapsed time: {wclock}')
+    print(f'Total time spent ingesting resources: {tcounter}')
+    print(f'Average time per resource: {tcounter.total_seconds()/i}')
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     run()

lakesuperior/wsgi.py

@@ -1,76 +0,0 @@
-import multiprocessing
-import yaml
-
-from os import chdir, environ, makedirs, getcwd, path
-
-import gunicorn.app.base
-
-from lakesuperior import env, env_setup
-from lakesuperior.config_parser import default_config_dir
-
-
-config_file = path.join(default_config_dir, 'gunicorn.yml')
-
-with open(config_file, 'r') as fh:
-    config = yaml.load(fh, yaml.SafeLoader)
-
-listen_addr = config.get('listen_addr', '0.0.0.0')
-listen_port = config.get('listen_port', 8000)
-preload_app = config.get('preload_app', True)
-app_mode = env.app_globals.config['application'].get('app_mode', 'prod')
-
-oldwd = getcwd()
-chdir(env.app_globals.config['application']['data_dir'])
-data_dir = path.realpath(config.get('data_dir'))
-chdir(oldwd)
-run_dir = path.join(data_dir, 'run')
-log_dir = path.join(data_dir, 'log')
-makedirs(log_dir, exist_ok=True)
-makedirs(run_dir, exist_ok=True)
-
-def default_workers():
-    return (multiprocessing.cpu_count() * 2) + 1
-
-options = {
-    'bind': '{}:{}'.format(listen_addr, listen_port),
-    'workers': config.get('workers', default_workers()),
-    'worker_class': config.get('worker_class', 'gevent'),
-    'max_requests': config.get('max_requests', 512),
-
-    'user': config.get('user'),
-    'group': config.get('group'),
-
-    'raw_env': 'APP_MODE={}'.format(app_mode),
-
-    'preload_app': preload_app,
-    'daemon': app_mode=='prod',
-    'reload': app_mode=='dev' and not preload_app,
-
-    'pidfile': path.join(run_dir, 'fcrepo.pid'),
-    'accesslog': path.join(log_dir, 'gunicorn-access.log'),
-    'errorlog': path.join(log_dir, 'gunicorn-error.log'),
-}
-env.wsgi_options = options
-
-class WsgiApp(gunicorn.app.base.BaseApplication):
-
-    def __init__(self, app, options={}):
-        self.options = options
-        self.application = app
-        super(WsgiApp, self).__init__()
-
-    def load_config(self):
-        for key, value in self.options.items():
-            self.cfg.set(key.lower(), value)
-
-    def load(self):
-        return self.application
-
-
-def run():
-    from lakesuperior.server import fcrepo
-    WsgiApp(fcrepo, options).run()
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

lakesuperior/wsgi/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+import multiprocessing
+import os
+import yaml
+
+# DO NOT load env_setup here. It must be loaded after workers have been forked.
+from lakesuperior.config_parser import (
+        config as main_config, default_config_dir)
+
+__doc__ = """
+GUnicorn WSGI configuration.
+
+GUnicorn reads configuration options from this file by importing it::
+
+    gunicorn -c python:lakesuperior.wsgi lakesuperior.server:fcrepo
+
+This module reads the ``gunicorn.yml`` configuration and overrides defaults
+set here. Only some of the GUnicorn optionscan be changed: others have to be
+set to specific values in order for Lakesuperior to work properly.
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    'bind',
+    'workers',
+    'worker_class',
+    'max_requests',
+    'user',
+    'group',
+    'raw_env',
+    'preload_app',
+    'daemon',
+    'reload',
+    'pidfile',
+    'accesslog',
+    'errorlog',
+]
+"""
+Variables to export to GUnicorn.
+
+Not sure if this does anything—GUnicorn doesn't seem to use ``import *``—but
+at least good for maintainers of this code.
+"""
+
+
+class __Defaults:
+    """
+    Gather default values for WSGI config.
+    """
+    config_file = os.path.join(default_config_dir, 'gunicorn.yml')
+
+    listen_addr = '0.0.0.0'
+    listen_port = 8000
+    preload_app = True
+    app_mode = 'prod'
+    worker_class = 'gevent'
+    max_requests = 0
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        with open(self.config_file, 'r') as fh:
+            self.config = yaml.load(fh, yaml.SafeLoader)
+
+        oldwd = os.getcwd()
+        os.chdir(main_config['application']['data_dir'])
+        # Set data directory relatively to startup script.
+        self.data_dir = os.path.realpath(self.config.get('data_dir'))
+        os.chdir(oldwd)
+        self.run_dir = os.path.join(self.data_dir, 'run')
+        self.log_dir = os.path.join(self.data_dir, 'log')
+        os.makedirs(self.log_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        os.makedirs(self.run_dir, exist_ok=True)
+        self.workers = (multiprocessing.cpu_count() * 2) + 1
+
+
+__def = __Defaults()
+__app_mode = __def.config.get('app_mode', __def.app_mode)
+
+# Exposed Gunicorn parameters begin here.
+
+bind = '{}:{}'.format(
+        __def.config.get('listen_addr', __def.listen_addr),
+        __def.config.get('listen_port', __def.listen_port))
+workers = __def.config.get('workers', __def.workers)
+worker_class = __def.config.get('worker_class', __def.worker_class)
+max_requests = __def.config.get('max_requests', __def.max_requests)
+
+user = __def.config.get('user')
+group = __def.config.get('group')
+
+raw_env = 'APP_MODE={}'.format(__app_mode)
+
+preload_app = __def.config.get('preload_app', __def.preload_app)
+daemon = __app_mode == 'prod'
+reload = __app_mode == 'dev' and not preload_app
+
+pidfile = os.path.join(__def.run_dir, 'fcrepo.pid')
+accesslog = os.path.join(__def.log_dir, 'gunicorn-access.log')
+errorlog = os.path.join(__def.log_dir, 'gunicorn-error.log')
+

lmdbtest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import LmdbTriplestore
+
+ts = LmdbTriplestore('/tmp/testlmdb', True)
+
+ts.put(b's', b'1234', 'th:t')
+ret = ts.get_data(b's', 'th:t')
+print('Result: {}'.format(ret.decode()))
+print('DB stats: {}'.format(ts.stats()))

pytest.ini

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[pytest]
+log_format = %(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(message)s
+log_date_format = %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S
+log_cli = true
+log_cli_level = DEBUG
+
+log_file = tests/pytest.log
+log_file_level = DEBUG

requirements_dev.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+CoilMQ>=1.0.1
+Cython==0.28.4
+Flask>=0.12.2
+HiYaPyCo>=0.4.11
+Pillow>=4.3.0
+PyYAML>=3.13
+arrow>=0.10.0
+click-log>=0.2.1
+click>=6.7
+gevent>=1.3.6
+gunicorn>=19.7.1
+numpy>=1.15.1
+pytest-flask
+pytest>=3.2.2
+rdflib==4.2.2
+requests-toolbelt>=0.8.0
+requests>=2.18.4
+sphinx-rtd-theme>=0.2.4
+stomp.py>=4.1.20
+wheel>=0.30.0a0

requirements_rtd.txt

@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-CoilMQ==1.0.1
-Flask==0.12.2
-HiYaPyCo==0.4.11
-Pillow==4.3.0
-PyYAML==3.12
-arrow==0.10.0
-click-log==0.2.1
-click==6.7
-gevent==1.2.2
-gunicorn==19.7.1
-lmdb==0.93
-numpy==1.14.1
-pytest-flask==0.10.0
-pytest==3.2.2
-rdflib==4.2.2
-requests-toolbelt==0.8.0
-requests==2.18.4
-sphinx-rtd-theme==0.2.4
-stomp.py==4.1.20
-wheel==0.30.0a0

sandbox/packer.pyx

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+from lakesuperior.cy_include cimport cytpl as tpl
+from libc.stdlib cimport malloc, free
+
+
+cdef:
+    tpl.tpl_node *tn
+    char *pack
+    char *pack2
+    size_t size
+    size_t size2
+
+cdef struct URIRef:
+    unsigned char *data
+
+cdef struct Literal:
+    unsigned char type
+    unsigned char *data
+    unsigned char *datatype
+    unsigned char *lang
+
+cdef Literal lit
+
+lit.type = 3
+lit.data = b'12345abcde'
+lit.datatype = b'xsd:string'
+lit.lang = b'en'
+
+tn = tpl.tpl_map("S(csss)", &lit)
+tpl.tpl_pack(tn, 0)
+tpl.tpl_dump(tn, tpl.TPL_MEM, &pack, &size)
+print(f'pack 1: {pack[: size]}')
+fmt = tpl.tpl_peek(tpl.TPL_MEM, pack, size)
+print(f'pack format: {fmt}')
+
+free(pack)
+tpl.tpl_free(tn)
+
+tpl.tpl_jot(tpl.TPL_MEM, &pack2, &size2, <unsigned char *>'S(csss)', &lit)
+print(pack2[:size2])
+
+free(pack2)
+

sandbox/threading_poc.pyx.disabled

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# distutils: include_dirs = ../include
+# distutils: library_dirs = ../lib, ../include
+
+import multiprocessing
+import threading
+import time
+
+cimport cylmdb as lmdb
+
+from cython.parallel cimport prange, parallel
+
+cdef:
+    lmdb.MDB_env *env
+    lmdb.MDB_dbi dbi
+
+
+cdef void _check(int rc) except *:
+    if rc != lmdb.MDB_SUCCESS:
+        out_msg = 'LMDB Error ({}): {}'.format(
+            rc, lmdb.mdb_strerror(rc).decode())
+        raise RuntimeError(out_msg)
+
+
+cpdef void get_() except *:
+    cdef:
+        unsigned int flags = 0
+        lmdb.MDB_txn *txn
+        lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+        lmdb.MDB_env *env
+
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_env_create(&env))
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_env_open(env, '/tmp/test_mp', flags, 0o644))
+
+    print('Transaction address: {:x}'.format(<unsigned long>txn))
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, lmdb.MDB_RDONLY, &txn))
+
+    key_v.mv_data = b'a'
+    key_v.mv_size = 1
+
+    #_check(lmdb.mdb_get(txn, dbi, &key_v, &data_v))
+    #print((<unsigned char *>data_v.mv_data)[:data_v.mv_size])
+    time.sleep(1)
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_commit(txn))
+    print('Txn {:x} in thread {} in process {} done.'.format(
+        <unsigned long>txn,
+        threading.currentThread().getName(),
+        multiprocessing.current_process().name))
+
+
+def run():
+    cdef:
+        #unsigned int flags = lmdb.MDB_NOLOCK
+        #unsigned int flags = lmdb.MDB_NOTLS
+        unsigned int flags = 0
+        lmdb.MDB_txn *wtxn
+        lmdb.MDB_val key_v, data_v
+
+    # Set up environment.
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_env_create(&env))
+    #_check(lmdb.mdb_env_set_maxreaders(env, 128))
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_env_open(env, '/tmp/test_mp', flags, 0o644))
+
+    # Create DB.
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, 0, &wtxn))
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_dbi_open(wtxn, NULL, lmdb.MDB_CREATE, &dbi))
+
+    # Write something.
+    key_v.mv_data = b'a'
+    key_v.mv_size = 1
+    ts = str(time.time()).encode()
+    data_v.mv_data = <unsigned char *>ts
+    data_v.mv_size = len(ts)
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_put(wtxn, dbi, &key_v, &data_v, 0))
+    _check(lmdb.mdb_txn_commit(wtxn))
+    lmdb.mdb_env_close(env)
+
+
+    #print('Threaded jobs:')
+    #for i in range(100):
+    #    threading.Thread(target=get_).start()
+    print('Multiprocess jobs:')
+    for i in range(10):
+        multiprocessing.Process(target=get_).start()

setup.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 """
-LAKEsuperior setup script.
+Lakesuperior setup script.
 
 Proudly ripped from https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject/blob/master/setup.py
 """
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Proudly ripped from https://github.com/pypa/sampleproject/blob/master/setup.py
 import sys
 
 # Always prefer setuptools over distutils
-from setuptools import setup, find_packages
+from setuptools import Extension, setup, find_packages
 # To use a consistent encoding
 from codecs import open
 from glob import glob
@@ -15,6 +15,16 @@ from os import path
 
 import lakesuperior
 
+try:
+    from Cython.Build import cythonize
+except ImportError:
+    USE_CYTHON = False
+    print('Not using Cython to compile extensions.')
+else:
+    USE_CYTHON = True
+    print('Using Cython to compile extensions.')
+
+
 # ``pytest_runner`` is referenced in ``setup_requires``.
 # See https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest-runner#conditional-requirement
 needs_pytest = {'pytest', 'test', 'ptr'}.intersection(sys.argv)
@@ -26,6 +36,73 @@ readme_fpath = path.join(path.dirname(lakesuperior.basedir), 'README.rst')
 with open(readme_fpath, encoding='utf-8') as f:
     long_description = f.read()
 
+# Extensions directory.
+ext_dir = path.join(path.dirname(lakesuperior.basedir), 'ext')
+
+include_dirs = [
+    path.join(ext_dir, 'include'),
+]
+if USE_CYTHON:
+    include_dirs.append(path.join(lakesuperior.basedir, 'cy_include'))
+    ext = 'pyx'
+else:
+    ext = 'c'
+
+extensions = [
+    Extension(
+        'lakesuperior.store.base_lmdb_store',
+        [
+            path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'mdb.c'),
+            path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'midl.c'),
+            path.join(lakesuperior.basedir, 'store', f'base_lmdb_store.{ext}'),
+        ],
+        include_dirs=include_dirs,
+    ),
+    Extension(
+        'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.term',
+        [
+            path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'tpl.c'),
+            path.join(lakesuperior.basedir, 'store', 'ldp_rs', f'term.{ext}'),
+        ],
+        include_dirs=include_dirs,
+        extra_compile_args=['-fopenmp'],
+        extra_link_args=['-fopenmp'],
+        libraries=['crypto']
+    ),
+    Extension(
+        'lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore',
+        [
+            path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'mdb.c'),
+            path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'midl.c'),
+            path.join(
+                lakesuperior.basedir, 'store', 'ldp_rs',
+                f'lmdb_triplestore.{ext}'),
+        ],
+        include_dirs=include_dirs,
+        extra_compile_args=['-fopenmp'],
+        extra_link_args=['-fopenmp'],
+        libraries=['crypto']
+    ),
+    # For testing.
+    #Extension(
+    #    '*',
+    #    [
+    #        #path.join(ext_dir, 'lib', 'tpl.c'),
+    #        path.join(
+    #            path.dirname(lakesuperior.basedir), 'sandbox', f'*.{ext}'),
+    #    ],
+    #    include_dirs=include_dirs,
+    #),
+]
+
+if USE_CYTHON:
+    extensions = cythonize(extensions, compiler_directives={
+        'language_level': 3,
+        'boundscheck': False,
+        'wraparound': False,
+        'profile': True,
+    })
+
 
 setup(
     name='lakesuperior',
@@ -38,9 +115,11 @@ setup(
     url='https://lakesuperior.readthedocs.io',
 
     author='Stefano Cossu <@scossu>',
-    #author_email='',  # Optional
+    #author_email='',
     license='Apache License Version 2.0',
 
+    ext_modules=extensions,
+
     # https://pypi.python.org/pypi?%3Aaction=list_classifiers
     classifiers=[
         'Development Status :: 3 - Alpha',
@@ -63,15 +142,15 @@ setup(
         'Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux',
 
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3',
-        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5',
         'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.6',
+        'Programming Language :: Python :: 3.7',
 
         'Topic :: Database :: Database Engines/Servers',
     ],
 
     keywords='repository linked-data',
 
-    python_requires='~=3.5',
+    python_requires='~=3.6',
 
     packages=find_packages(exclude=['contrib', 'docs', 'tests']),
 
@@ -88,7 +167,6 @@ setup(
         'click-log',
         'gevent',
         'gunicorn',
-        'lmdb',
         'rdflib',
         'rdflib-jsonld',
         'requests',
@@ -97,7 +175,9 @@ setup(
         'stomp.py',
     ],
 
-    setup_requires=[] + pytest_runner,
+    setup_requires=[
+        'setuptools>=18.0',
+    ] + pytest_runner,
     tests_require=[
         'Pillow',
         'numpy',
@@ -113,23 +193,14 @@ setup(
 
     entry_points={
         'console_scripts': [
-            'fcrepo=lakesuperior.wsgi:run',
             'lsup-admin=lakesuperior.lsup_admin:admin',
             'lsup-benchmark=lakesuperior.util.benchmark:run',
-            'profiler=lakesuperior.profiler:run',
+            'lsup-profiler=lakesuperior.profiler:run',
+            'lsup-server=lakesuperior.server:run',
         ],
     },
 
-    # List additional URLs that are relevant to your project as a dict.
-    #
-    # This field corresponds to the "Project-URL" metadata fields:
-    # https://packaging.python.org/specifications/core-metadata/#project-url-multiple-use
-    #
-    # Examples listed include a pattern for specifying where the package tracks
-    # issues, where the source is hosted, where to say thanks to the package
-    # maintainers, and where to support the project financially. The key is
-    # what's used to render the link text on PyPI.
-    project_urls={  # Optional
+    project_urls={
         'Source Code': 'https://github.com/scossu/lakesuperior/',
         'Documentation': 'https://lakesuperior.readthedocs.io',
         'Discussion': 'https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/lakesuperior',

tests/0_store/test_lmdb_store.py

@@ -0,0 +1,912 @@
+import pytest
+
+from os import path
+from shutil import rmtree
+
+from rdflib import Graph, Namespace, URIRef
+from rdflib.graph import DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID as RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
+from rdflib.namespace import RDF, RDFS
+
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import LmdbStore
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(scope='class')
+def store():
+    """
+    Test LMDB store.
+
+    This store has a different life cycle than the one used for tests in higher
+    levels of the stack and is not bootstrapped (i.e. starts completely empty).
+    """
+    env_path = '/tmp/test_lmdbstore'
+    # Remove previous test DBs
+    rmtree(env_path, ignore_errors=True)
+    store = LmdbStore(env_path)
+    yield store
+    store.close()
+    # Leave store around for post-test inspection.
+    #store.destroy()
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def bogus_trp():
+    """
+    1000 bogus triples.
+
+    With 2048-sized pages, even 2-bound indices with 5-byte values such as
+    sp:o should yield more than one page (2048 bytes // 5 = 409 values).
+    """
+    return {
+        (
+            URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'),
+            URIRef(f'urn:test_mp:p{i // 10}'),
+            URIRef(f'urn:test_mp:o{i}'))
+        for i in range(1000)
+    }
+
+def _clean(res):
+    return {r[0] for r in res}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestStoreInit:
+    '''
+    Tests for intializing and shutting down store and transactions.
+    '''
+    def test_open_close(self):
+        '''
+        Test opening, closing and destroying a store.
+        '''
+        env_path = '/tmp/test_lmdbstore_init'
+        tmpstore = LmdbStore(env_path)
+        assert tmpstore.is_open
+        tmpstore.close()
+        assert not tmpstore.is_open
+        tmpstore.destroy()
+        assert not path.exists(env_path)
+        assert not path.exists(env_path + '-lock')
+
+
+    def test_txn(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test opening and closing the main transaction.
+        '''
+        store.begin(True)
+        assert store.is_txn_open
+        store.commit()
+        assert not store.is_txn_open
+        store.begin(True)
+        store.abort()
+        assert not store.is_txn_open
+
+
+    def test_ctx_mgr(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test enclosing a transaction in a context.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert store.is_txn_open
+            assert not store.is_txn_rw
+        assert not store.is_txn_open
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            assert store.is_txn_open
+            assert store.is_txn_rw
+        assert not store.is_txn_open
+        assert not store.is_txn_rw
+
+        try:
+            with store.txn_ctx():
+                raise RuntimeError()
+        except RuntimeError:
+            assert not store.is_txn_open
+
+
+    def test_rollback(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test rolling back a transaction.
+        '''
+        try:
+            with store.txn_ctx(True):
+                store.add((
+                    URIRef('urn:nogo:s'), URIRef('urn:nogo:p'),
+                    URIRef('urn:nogo:o')))
+                raise RuntimeError() # This should roll back the transaction.
+        except RuntimeError:
+            pass
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            res = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+        assert len(res) == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestBasicOps:
+    '''
+    High-level tests for basic operations.
+    '''
+    def test_create_triple(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test creation of a single triple.
+        '''
+        trp = (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(trp)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            res2 = set(store.triples(trp))
+            assert len(res1) == 1
+            assert len(res2) == 1
+            clean_res1 = _clean(res1)
+            clean_res2 = _clean(res2)
+            assert trp in clean_res1 & clean_res2
+
+
+    def test_triple_match_1bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test triple patterns matching one bound term.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            res1 = set(store.triples((URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, None)))
+            res2 = set(store.triples((None, URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
+            res3 = set(store.triples((None, None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
+            assert _clean(res1) == {(
+                URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:o'))}
+            assert _clean(res2) == _clean(res1)
+            assert _clean(res3) == _clean(res2)
+
+
+    def test_triple_match_2bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test triple patterns matching two bound terms.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            res1 = set(store.triples(
+                (URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
+            res2 = set(store.triples(
+                (URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
+            res3 = set(store.triples(
+                (None, URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
+            assert _clean(res1) == {(
+                URIRef('urn:test:s'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))}
+            assert _clean(res2) == _clean(res1)
+            assert _clean(res3) == _clean(res2)
+
+
+    def test_triple_match_3bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test triple patterns matching 3 bound terms (exact match).
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            pattern = (
+                URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:o'))
+            res1 = set(store.triples(pattern))
+            assert _clean(res1) == {pattern}
+
+
+    def test_triple_no_match_1bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test empty matches with 1 bound term.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add((
+                URIRef('urn:test:s'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:p2'), URIRef('urn:test:o2')))
+            store.add((
+                URIRef('urn:test:s3'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o3')))
+            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            assert len(res1) == 3
+
+            res1 = set(store.triples((URIRef('urn:test:s2'), None, None)))
+            res2 = set(store.triples((None, URIRef('urn:test:p4'), None)))
+            res3 = set(store.triples((None, None, URIRef('urn:test:o4'))))
+
+            assert len(res1) == len(res2) == len(res3) == 0
+
+
+
+    def test_triple_no_match_2bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test empty matches with 2 bound terms.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            res1 = set(store.triples(
+                (URIRef('urn:test:s2'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
+            res2 = set(store.triples(
+                (URIRef('urn:test:s3'), None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
+            res3 = set(store.triples(
+                (None, URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o2'))))
+
+            assert len(res1) == len(res2) == len(res3) == 0
+
+
+    def test_triple_no_match_3bound(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test empty matches with 3 bound terms.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            res1 = set(store.triples((
+                URIRef('urn:test:s2'), URIRef('urn:test:p3'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:o2'))))
+
+            assert len(res1) == 0
+
+
+    def test_remove(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test removing one or more triples.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((URIRef('urn:test:s3'),
+                    URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o3')))
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            assert len(res1) == 2
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, None))
+            res2 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            assert len(res2) == 0
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store', 'bogus_trp')
+class TestEntryCount:
+    '''
+    Count number of entries in databases.
+    '''
+
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def indices(self):
+        """
+        List of index labels.
+        """
+        return [
+            's:po',
+            'p:so',
+            'o:sp',
+            'po:s',
+            'so:p',
+            'sp:o',
+            'spo:c',
+            'c:spo',
+        ]
+
+
+    def test_init(self, store, bogus_trp):
+        """
+        Insert initial data and verify store length.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            for trp in bogus_trp:
+                store.add(trp)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(store) == 1000
+
+
+    def test_entries_full(self, store, indices):
+        """
+        Count entries for the full data set.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            stat = store.stats()
+
+        for idxlabel in indices:
+            assert stat['db_stats'][idxlabel]['ms_entries'] == 1000
+
+        # 1 subject, 100 predicates, 1000 objects, 1 context
+        assert stat['db_stats']['t:st']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+        assert stat['db_stats']['th:t']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+
+
+    def test_entries_partial(self, store, indices):
+        """
+        Delete some triples and verify numbers.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p0'), None))
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            stat = store.stats()
+
+        assert stat['db_stats']['t:st']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+        assert stat['db_stats']['th:t']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+
+
+    def test_entries_empty(self, store, indices):
+        """
+        Delete all remainng triples and verify that indices are empty.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None))
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            stat = store.stats()
+
+        for idxlabel in indices:
+            assert stat['db_stats'][idxlabel]['ms_entries'] == 0
+
+        assert stat['db_stats']['t:st']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+        assert stat['db_stats']['th:t']['ms_entries'] == 1102
+
+
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store', 'bogus_trp')
+class TestMultiPageLookup:
+    '''
+    Tests looking up results retrieved in multiple pages.
+    '''
+    def test_init(self, store, bogus_trp):
+        """
+        Insert initial data and verify store length.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            for trp in bogus_trp:
+                store.add(trp)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(store) == 1000
+
+
+    def test_mp_lookup_0bound(self, store):
+        """
+        Lookup all triples in a multi-page setup.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            res = store.triples((None, None, None))
+            res_set = set(res)
+
+        assert len(res_set) == 1000
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p99'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o999')) in _clean(res_set)
+
+
+    def test_mp_lookup_1bound(self, store):
+        """
+        Lookup 1-bound triples in a multi-page setup.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            res1 = store.triples((URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), None, None))
+            res_set1 = set(res1)
+            res2 = store.triples((None, URIRef('urn:test_mp:p69'), None))
+            res_set2 = set(res2)
+            res3 = store.triples((None, None, URIRef('urn:test_mp:o699')))
+            res_set3 = set(res3)
+
+        assert len(res_set1) == 1000
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p99'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o999')) in _clean(res_set1)
+
+        assert len(res_set2) == 10
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p69'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o699')) in _clean(res_set2)
+
+        assert len(res_set3) == 1
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p69'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o699')) in _clean(res_set3)
+
+
+    def test_mp_lookup_2bound(self, store):
+        """
+        Lookup 2-bound triples in a multi-page setup.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            res1 = store.triples((URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:p96'), None))
+            res_set1 = set(res1)
+
+            res2 = store.triples((URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'),
+                None, URIRef('urn:test_mp:o966')))
+            res_set2 = set(res2)
+
+            res3 = store.triples((None,
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:p96'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:o966')))
+            res_set3 = set(res3)
+
+        assert len(res_set1) == 10
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p96'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o966')) in _clean(res_set1)
+
+        assert len(res_set2) == 1
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p96'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o966')) in _clean(res_set2)
+
+        assert len(res_set3) == 1
+        assert (URIRef('urn:test_mp:s1'), URIRef('urn:test_mp:p96'),
+                URIRef('urn:test_mp:o966')) in _clean(res_set3)
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestRemoveMulti:
+    '''
+    Tests for proper removal of multiple combinations of triple and context.
+    '''
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def data(self):
+        return {
+            'spo1': (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s1'), URIRef('urn:test:p1'), URIRef('urn:test:o1')),
+            'spo2': (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s1'), URIRef('urn:test:p1'), URIRef('urn:test:o2')),
+            'spo3': (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s1'), URIRef('urn:test:p1'), URIRef('urn:test:o3')),
+            'c1': URIRef('urn:test:c1'),
+            'c2': URIRef('urn:test:c2'),
+            'c3': URIRef('urn:test:c3'),
+        }
+
+
+    def test_init(self, store, data):
+        """
+        Initialize the store with test data.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo3'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c2'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c2'])
+            store.add(data['spo3'], data['c2'])
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c3'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c3'])
+            store.add(data['spo3'], data['c3'])
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(store) == 9
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c1']))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c2']))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c3']))) == 3
+
+
+    def test_remove_1ctx(self, store, data):
+        """
+        Test removing all triples from a context.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None), data['c1'])
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(store) == 6
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c1']))) == 0
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c2']))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), data['c3']))) == 3
+
+
+    def test_remove_1subj(self, store, data):
+        """
+        Test removing one subject from all contexts.
+        """
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((data['spo1'][0], None, None))
+
+            assert len(store) == 0
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestCleanup:
+    '''
+    Tests for proper cleanup on resource deletion.
+    '''
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def data(self):
+        return {
+            'spo1': (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s1'), URIRef('urn:test:p1'), URIRef('urn:test:o1')),
+            'spo2': (
+            URIRef('urn:test:s2'), URIRef('urn:test:p2'), URIRef('urn:test:o2')),
+            'c1': URIRef('urn:test:c1'),
+            'c2': URIRef('urn:test:c2'),
+        }
+
+    def _is_empty(self, store):
+        stats = store.stats()['db_stats']
+        for dblabel in ('spo:c', 'c:spo', 's:po', 'p:so', 'o:sp',):
+            if stats[dblabel]['ms_entries'] > 0:
+                return False
+
+        return True
+
+
+    def test_cleanup_spo(self, store, data):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert not self._is_empty(store)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove(data['spo1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert self._is_empty(store)
+
+
+    def test_cleanup_spoc1(self, store, data):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert not self._is_empty(store)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert self._is_empty(store)
+
+
+    def test_cleanup_spoc2(self, store, data):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None), data['c1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert self._is_empty(store)
+
+
+    def test_cleanup_spoc3(self, store, data):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c1'])
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((data['spo1'][0], None, None), data['c1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert not self._is_empty(store)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((data['spo2'][0], None, None), data['c1'])
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert self._is_empty(store)
+
+
+    def test_cleanup_spoc4(self, store, data):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(data['spo1'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c1'])
+            store.add(data['spo2'], data['c2'])
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None))
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert self._is_empty(store)
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestBindings:
+    '''
+    Tests for namespace bindings.
+    '''
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def bindings(self):
+        return (
+            ('ns1', Namespace('http://test.org/ns#')),
+            ('ns2', Namespace('http://my_org.net/ns#')),
+            ('ns3', Namespace('urn:test:')),
+            ('ns4', Namespace('info:myinst/graph#')),
+        )
+
+
+    def test_ns(self, store, bindings):
+        '''
+        Test namespace bindings.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            for b in bindings:
+                store.bind(*b)
+
+            nslist = list(store.namespaces())
+            assert len(nslist) == len(bindings)
+
+            for i in range(len(bindings)):
+                assert nslist[i] == bindings[i]
+
+
+    def test_ns2pfx(self, store, bindings):
+        '''
+        Test namespace to prefix conversion.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            for b in bindings:
+                pfx, ns = b
+                assert store.namespace(pfx) == ns
+
+
+    def test_pfx2ns(self, store, bindings):
+        '''
+        Test namespace to prefix conversion.
+        '''
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            for b in bindings:
+                pfx, ns = b
+                assert store.prefix(ns) == pfx
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestContext:
+    '''
+    Tests for context handling.
+    '''
+    def test_add_empty_graph(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test creating an empty and a non-empty graph.
+        '''
+        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add_graph(gr_uri)
+            assert gr_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+
+
+    def test_add_graph_with_triple(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test creating an empty and a non-empty graph.
+        '''
+        trp = (URIRef('urn:test:s123'),
+                URIRef('urn:test:p123'), URIRef('urn:test:o123'))
+        ctx_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#b')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(trp, ctx_uri)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert ctx_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts(trp)}
+
+
+    def test_empty_context(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test creating and deleting empty contexts.
+        '''
+        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:empty#a')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add_graph(gr_uri)
+            assert gr_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove_graph(gr_uri)
+            assert gr_uri not in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+
+
+    def test_context_ro_txn(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test creating a context within a read-only transaction.
+        '''
+        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:empty#b')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            store.add_graph(gr_uri)
+            a = 5 #bogus stuff for debugger
+        # The lookup must happen in a separate transaction. The first
+        # transaction opens a separate (non-child) R/W transaction while it is
+        # already isolated so even after the RW txn is committed, the RO one
+        # doesn't know anything about the changes.
+        # If the RW transaction could be nested inside the RO one that would
+        # allow a lookup in the same transaction, but this does not seem to be
+        # possible.
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert gr_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove_graph(gr_uri)
+            assert gr_uri not in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+
+
+    def test_add_trp_to_ctx(self, store):
+        '''
+        Test adding triples to a graph.
+        '''
+        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a') # From previous test
+        gr2_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#z') # Never created before
+        trp1 = (URIRef('urn:s:1'), URIRef('urn:p:1'), URIRef('urn:o:1'))
+        trp2 = (URIRef('urn:s:2'), URIRef('urn:p:2'), URIRef('urn:o:2'))
+        trp3 = (URIRef('urn:s:3'), URIRef('urn:p:3'), URIRef('urn:o:3'))
+        trp4 = (URIRef('urn:s:4'), URIRef('urn:p:4'), URIRef('urn:o:4'))
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(trp1, gr_uri)
+            store.add(trp2, gr_uri)
+            store.add(trp2, gr_uri) # Duplicate; dropped.
+            store.add(trp2, None) # Goes to the default graph.
+            store.add(trp3, gr2_uri)
+            store.add(trp3, gr_uri)
+            store.add(trp4) # Goes to the default graph.
+
+        # Quick size checks.
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 5
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None),
+                RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))) == 2
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 3
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))) == 1
+
+            assert gr2_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
+            assert trp1 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            assert trp1 not in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None),
+                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))
+            assert trp2 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))
+            assert trp2 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None)))
+            assert trp3 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))
+            assert trp3 not in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None),
+                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))
+
+        # Verify that contexts are in the right place.
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            # trp3 is in both graphs.
+            res_no_ctx = store.triples(trp3)
+            res_ctx = store.triples(trp3, gr2_uri)
+            for res in res_no_ctx:
+                assert Graph(identifier=gr_uri) in res[1]
+                assert Graph(identifier=gr2_uri) in res[1]
+            for res in res_ctx:
+                assert Graph(identifier=gr_uri) in res[1]
+                assert Graph(identifier=gr2_uri) in res[1]
+
+
+    def test_delete_from_ctx(self, store):
+        '''
+        Delete triples from a named graph and from the default graph.
+        '''
+        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a')
+        gr2_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#b')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None), gr2_uri)
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))) == 0
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 3
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((URIRef('urn:s:1'), None, None))
+            assert len(set(store.triples(
+                (URIRef('urn:s:1'), None, None), gr_uri))) == 0
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 2
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
+
+        # This should result in no change because the graph does not exist.
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None), URIRef('urn:phony:graph#xyz'))
+            store.remove(
+                    (URIRef('urn:s:1'), None, None),
+                    URIRef('urn:phony:graph#xyz'))
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 2
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((URIRef('urn:s:4'), None, None),
+                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI)
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove((None, None, None))
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 0
+            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 0
+            assert len(store) == 0
+
+
+    def test_remove_shared_ctx(self, store):
+        """
+        Remove a context that shares triples with another one.
+        """
+        trp1 = (
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_s:1'), URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_p:1'),
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_o:1'))
+        trp2 = (
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_s:2'), URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_p:2'),
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_o:2'))
+        trp3 = (
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_s:3'), URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_p:3'),
+                URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_o:3'))
+        ctx1 = URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_graph#a')
+        ctx2 = URIRef('urn:bogus:shared_graph#b')
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.add(trp1, ctx1)
+            store.add(trp2, ctx1)
+            store.add(trp2, ctx2)
+            store.add(trp3, ctx2)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
+            store.remove_graph(ctx1)
+
+        with store.txn_ctx():
+            assert len(set(store.triples(trp1))) == 0
+            assert len(set(store.triples(trp2))) == 1
+            assert len(set(store.triples(trp3))) == 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+class TestTransactions:
+    '''
+    Tests for transaction handling.
+    '''
+    # @TODO Test concurrent reads and writes.
+    pass
+
+
+#@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
+#class TestRdflib:
+#    '''
+#    Test case adapted from
+#    http://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/univrdfstore.html#interface-test-cases
+#    '''
+#
+#    @pytest.fixture
+#    def sample_gr(self):
+#        from rdflib import Graph, plugin
+#        from rdflib.store import Store
+#        store = plugin.get('Lmdb', Store)('/tmp/rdflibtest')
+#        return Graph(store).parse('''
+#        @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
+#        @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
+#        @prefix : <http://test/> .
+#        {:a :b :c; a :foo} => {:a :d :c} .
+#        _:foo a rdfs:Class .
+#        :a :d :c .
+#        ''', format='n3')
+#
+#    def test_basic(self, sample_gr):
+#        from rdflib.namespace import RDF
+#        with sample_gr.store.txn_ctx():
+#            implies = URIRef("http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#implies")
+#            a = URIRef('http://test/a')
+#            b = URIRef('http://test/b')
+#            c = URIRef('http://test/c')
+#            d = URIRef('http://test/d')
+#            for s,p,o in g.triples((None,implies,None)):
+#                formulaA = s
+#                formulaB = o
+#
+#                #contexts test
+#                assert len(list(g.contexts()))==3
+#
+#                #contexts (with triple) test
+#                assert len(list(g.contexts((a,d,c))))==2
+#
+#                #triples test cases
+#                assert type(list(g.triples(
+#                        (None,RDF.type,RDFS.Class)))[0][0]) == BNode
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,implies,None))))==1
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==3
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None),formulaA)))==1
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==2
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaB)))==1
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None))))==5
+#                assert len(list(g.triples(
+#                        (None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None),formulaB)))==1
+#                assert len(list(g.triples(
+#                        (None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None))))==1
+#
+#                #Remove test cases
+#                g.remove((None,implies,None))
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,implies,None))))==0
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==2
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaB)))==1
+#                g.remove((None,b,None),formulaA)
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==1
+#                g.remove((None,RDF.type,None),formulaA)
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==0
+#                g.remove((None,RDF.type,RDFS.Class))
+#
+#                #remove_context tests
+#                formulaBContext=Context(g,formulaB)
+#                g.remove_context(formulaB)
+#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==2
+#                assert len(g)==3
+#                assert len(formulaBContext)==0
+#                g.remove((None,None,None))
+#                assert len(g)==0

tests/api/test_admin_api.py → tests/1_api/test_admin_api.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.api import resource as rsrc_api
 from lakesuperior.api import admin as admin_api
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import TxnManager
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('db')
@@ -37,10 +36,9 @@ class TestAdminApi:
         brk_uid = '/test_refint1'
         brk_uri = nsc['fcres'][brk_uid]
         store = env.app_globals.rdf_store
-        with TxnManager(store, True):
+        with store.txn_ctx(True):
             store.remove((URIRef('info:fcres/test_refint1'), None, None))
 
-        #import pdb; pdb.set_trace()
         check_res = admin_api.integrity_check()
 
         assert check_res != set()

tests/api/test_resource_api.py → tests/1_api/test_resource_api.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ from uuid import uuid4
 
 from rdflib import Graph, Literal, URIRef
 
+from lakesuperior import env
 from lakesuperior.api import resource as rsrc_api
 from lakesuperior.dictionaries.namespaces import ns_collection as nsc
 from lakesuperior.exceptions import (
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@ from lakesuperior.exceptions import (
         TombstoneError)
 from lakesuperior.globals import RES_CREATED, RES_UPDATED
 from lakesuperior.model.ldpr import Ldpr
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.metadata_store import MetadataStore
+from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_triplestore import SimpleGraph, Imr
 
 
 @pytest.fixture(scope='module')
@@ -66,10 +67,10 @@ class TestResourceCRUD:
         The ``dcterms:title`` property should NOT be included.
         """
         gr = rsrc_api.get_metadata('/')
-        assert isinstance(gr, Graph)
+        assert isinstance(gr, SimpleGraph)
         assert len(gr) == 9
-        assert gr[gr.identifier : nsc['rdf'].type : nsc['ldp'].Resource ]
-        assert not gr[gr.identifier : nsc['dcterms'].title : "Repository Root"]
+        assert gr[gr.uri : nsc['rdf'].type : nsc['ldp'].Resource ]
+        assert not gr[gr.uri : nsc['dcterms'].title : "Repository Root"]
 
 
     def test_get_root_node(self):
@@ -82,9 +83,9 @@ class TestResourceCRUD:
         assert isinstance(rsrc, Ldpr)
         gr = rsrc.imr
         assert len(gr) == 10
-        assert gr[gr.identifier : nsc['rdf'].type : nsc['ldp'].Resource ]
+        assert gr[gr.uri : nsc['rdf'].type : nsc['ldp'].Resource ]
         assert gr[
-            gr.identifier : nsc['dcterms'].title : Literal('Repository Root')]
+            gr.uri : nsc['dcterms'].title : Literal('Repository Root')]
 
 
     def test_get_nonexisting_node(self):
@@ -104,7 +105,6 @@ class TestResourceCRUD:
         gr = Graph().parse(
             data='<> a <http://ex.org/type#A> .', format='turtle',
             publicID=uri)
-        #pdb.set_trace()
         evt = rsrc_api.create_or_replace(uid, graph=gr)
 
         rsrc = rsrc_api.get(uid)
@@ -363,6 +363,12 @@ class TestResourceCRUD:
             nsc['fcres'][target_uid]]
 
 
+
+@pytest.mark.usefixtures('db')
+class TestAdvancedDelete:
+    '''
+    Test resource version lifecycle.
+    '''
     def test_soft_delete(self):
         """
         Soft-delete (bury) a resource.
@@ -457,37 +463,67 @@ class TestResourceCRUD:
                 rsrc_api.resurrect('{}/child{}'.format(uid, i))
 
 
-    def test_checksum(self):
+    def test_hard_delete_descendants(self):
         """
-        Verify that a checksum is created and updated appropriately.
+        Forget a resource with all its descendants.
         """
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        root_cksum1 = mds.get_checksum(nsc['fcres']['/'])
-        uid = '/test_checksum'
+        uid = '/test_hard_delete_descendants01'
         rsrc_api.create_or_replace(uid)
+        for i in range(1, 4):
+            rsrc_api.create_or_replace('{}/child{}'.format(uid, i))
+            for j in range(i):
+                rsrc_api.create_or_replace('{}/child{}/grandchild{}'.format(
+                    uid, i, j))
+        rsrc_api.delete(uid, False)
+        with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+            rsrc_api.get(uid)
+        with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+            rsrc_api.resurrect(uid)
 
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        root_cksum2 = mds.get_checksum(nsc['fcres']['/'])
-        cksum1 = mds.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
+        for i in range(1, 4):
+            with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+                rsrc_api.get('{}/child{}'.format(uid, i))
+            with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+                rsrc_api.resurrect('{}/child{}'.format(uid, i))
 
-        assert len(cksum1)
-        assert root_cksum1 != root_cksum2
+            for j in range(i):
+                with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+                    rsrc_api.get('{}/child{}/grandchild{}'.format(
+                        uid, i, j))
+                with pytest.raises(ResourceNotExistsError):
+                    rsrc_api.resurrect('{}/child{}/grandchild{}'.format(
+                        uid, i, j))
 
-        rsrc_api.update(
-                uid,
-                'DELETE {} INSERT {<> a <http://ex.org/ns#Hello> .} WHERE {}')
 
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        cksum2 = mds.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
+    #@pytest.mark.skip(reason='TODO This function can be reenabled after an '
+    #        'asynchronus checksum queue is implemented.')
+    #def test_checksum(self):
+    #    """
+    #    Verify that a checksum is created and updated appropriately.
+    #    """
+    #    root_cksum1 = env.app_globals.md_store.get_checksum(nsc['fcres']['/'])
+    #    uid = '/test_checksum'
+    #    rsrc_api.create_or_replace(uid)
 
-        assert cksum1 != cksum2
+    #    root_cksum2 = env.app_globals.md_store.get_checksum(nsc['fcres']['/'])
+    #    cksum1 = env.app_globals.md_store.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
 
-        rsrc_api.delete(uid)
+    #    assert len(cksum1)
+    #    assert root_cksum1 != root_cksum2
 
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        cksum3 = mds.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
+    #    rsrc_api.update(
+    #            uid,
+    #            'DELETE {} INSERT {<> a <http://ex.org/ns#Hello> .} WHERE {}')
 
-        assert cksum3 is None
+    #    cksum2 = env.app_globals.md_store.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
+
+    #    assert cksum1 != cksum2
+
+    #    rsrc_api.delete(uid)
+
+    #    cksum3 = env.app_globals.md_store.get_checksum(nsc['fcres'][uid])
+
+    #    assert cksum3 is None
 
 
 
@@ -510,6 +546,8 @@ class TestResourceVersioning:
         }'''
         rsrc_api.create_or_replace(uid, rdf_data=rdf_data, rdf_fmt='turtle')
         ver_uid = rsrc_api.create_version(uid, 'v1').split('fcr:versions/')[-1]
+        #FIXME Without this, the test fails.
+        set(rsrc_api.get_version(uid, ver_uid))
 
         rsrc_api.update(uid, update_str)
         current = rsrc_api.get(uid)
@@ -522,10 +560,10 @@ class TestResourceVersioning:
 
         v1 = rsrc_api.get_version(uid, ver_uid)
         assert (
-            (v1.identifier, nsc['dcterms'].title, Literal('Original title.'))
+            (v1.uri, nsc['dcterms'].title, Literal('Original title.'))
             in set(v1))
         assert (
-            (v1.identifier, nsc['dcterms'].title, Literal('Title #2.'))
+            (v1.uri, nsc['dcterms'].title, Literal('Title #2.'))
             not in set(v1))
 
 
@@ -548,8 +586,6 @@ class TestResourceVersioning:
         """
         Test that children are not affected by version restoring.
 
-        This test does the following:
-
         1. create parent resource
         2. Create child 1
         3. Version parent
@@ -565,18 +601,18 @@ class TestResourceVersioning:
         rsrc_api.create_or_replace(ch1_uid)
         ver_uid = rsrc_api.create_version(uid, ver_uid).split('fcr:versions/')[-1]
         rsrc = rsrc_api.get(uid)
-        assert nsc['fcres'][ch1_uid] in rsrc.imr.objects(
-                rsrc.uri, nsc['ldp'].contains)
+        assert nsc['fcres'][ch1_uid] in rsrc.imr[
+                rsrc.uri : nsc['ldp'].contains]
 
         rsrc_api.create_or_replace(ch2_uid)
         rsrc = rsrc_api.get(uid)
-        assert nsc['fcres'][ch2_uid] in rsrc.imr.objects(
-                rsrc.uri, nsc['ldp'].contains)
+        assert nsc['fcres'][ch2_uid] in rsrc.imr[
+                rsrc.uri : nsc['ldp'].contains]
 
         rsrc_api.revert_to_version(uid, ver_uid)
         rsrc = rsrc_api.get(uid)
-        assert nsc['fcres'][ch1_uid] in rsrc.imr.objects(
-                rsrc.uri, nsc['ldp'].contains)
-        assert nsc['fcres'][ch2_uid] in rsrc.imr.objects(
-                rsrc.uri, nsc['ldp'].contains)
+        assert nsc['fcres'][ch1_uid] in rsrc.imr[
+                rsrc.uri : nsc['ldp'].contains]
+        assert nsc['fcres'][ch2_uid] in rsrc.imr[
+                rsrc.uri : nsc['ldp'].contains]
 

tests/endpoints/test_ldp.py → tests/2_endpoints/test_ldp.py

@@ -616,7 +616,7 @@ class TestMimeType:
         self.client.get('/ldp')
         gr = Graph()
         gr.add((
-            URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_mimetype'), 
+            URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_mimetype'),
             nsc['dcterms'].title, Literal('Test MIME type.')))
         test_list = {
             'application/n-triples',
@@ -660,7 +660,6 @@ class TestPrefHeader:
         return {
             'path' : parent_path,
             'response' : self.client.get(parent_path),
-            'subject' : URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_parent')
         }
 
 
@@ -719,9 +718,10 @@ class TestPrefHeader:
         """
         verify the "embed children" prefer header.
         """
+        self.client.get('/ldp')
         parent_path = cont_structure['path']
         cont_resp = cont_structure['response']
-        cont_subject = cont_structure['subject']
+        cont_subject = URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_parent')
 
         #minimal_resp = self.client.get(parent_path, headers={
         #    'Prefer' : 'return=minimal',
@@ -757,9 +757,10 @@ class TestPrefHeader:
         """
         verify the "return children" prefer header.
         """
+        self.client.get('/ldp')
         parent_path = cont_structure['path']
         cont_resp = cont_structure['response']
-        cont_subject = cont_structure['subject']
+        cont_subject = URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_parent')
 
         incl_children_resp = self.client.get(parent_path, headers={
             'Prefer' : 'return=representation; include={}'\
@@ -818,9 +819,10 @@ class TestPrefHeader:
         """
         verify the "server managed triples" prefer header.
         """
+        self.client.get('/ldp')
         parent_path = cont_structure['path']
         cont_resp = cont_structure['response']
-        cont_subject = cont_structure['subject']
+        cont_subject = URIRef(g.webroot + '/test_parent')
 
         incl_srv_mgd_resp = self.client.get(parent_path, headers={
             'Prefer' : 'return=representation; include={}'\
@@ -875,65 +877,68 @@ class TestPrefHeader:
 
 
 
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('client_class')
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('db')
-class TestDigest:
-    """
-    Test digest and ETag handling.
-    """
-    def test_digest_post(self):
-        """
-        Test ``Digest`` and ``ETag`` headers on resource POST.
-        """
-        resp = self.client.post('/ldp/')
-        assert 'Digest' in resp.headers
-        assert 'ETag' in resp.headers
-        assert (
-                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
-                    resp.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
-                    )).decode('ascii') ==
-                resp.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
-
-
-    def test_digest_put(self):
-        """
-        Test ``Digest`` and ``ETag`` headers on resource PUT.
-        """
-        resp_put = self.client.put('/ldp/test_digest_put')
-        assert 'Digest' in resp_put.headers
-        assert 'ETag' in resp_put.headers
-        assert (
-                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
-                    resp_put.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
-                    )).decode('ascii') ==
-                resp_put.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
-
-        resp_get = self.client.get('/ldp/test_digest_put')
-        assert 'Digest' in resp_get.headers
-        assert 'ETag' in resp_get.headers
-        assert (
-                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
-                    resp_get.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
-                    )).decode('ascii') ==
-                resp_get.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
-
-
-    def test_digest_patch(self):
-        """
-        Verify that the digest and ETag change on resource change.
-        """
-        path = '/ldp/test_digest_patch'
-        self.client.put(path)
-        rsp1 = self.client.get(path)
-
-        self.client.patch(
-                path, data=b'DELETE {} INSERT {<> a <http://ex.org/Test> .} '
-                b'WHERE {}',
-                headers={'Content-Type': 'application/sparql-update'})
-        rsp2 = self.client.get(path)
-
-        assert rsp1.headers['ETag'] != rsp2.headers['ETag']
-        assert rsp1.headers['Digest'] != rsp2.headers['Digest']
+#@pytest.mark.usefixtures('client_class')
+#@pytest.mark.usefixtures('db')
+#class TestDigest:
+#    """
+#    Test digest and ETag handling.
+#    """
+#    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='TODO Need to implement async digest queue')
+#    def test_digest_post(self):
+#        """
+#        Test ``Digest`` and ``ETag`` headers on resource POST.
+#        """
+#        resp = self.client.post('/ldp/')
+#        assert 'Digest' in resp.headers
+#        assert 'ETag' in resp.headers
+#        assert (
+#                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
+#                    resp.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
+#                    )).decode('ascii') ==
+#                resp.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
+#
+#
+#    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='TODO Need to implement async digest queue')
+#    def test_digest_put(self):
+#        """
+#        Test ``Digest`` and ``ETag`` headers on resource PUT.
+#        """
+#        resp_put = self.client.put('/ldp/test_digest_put')
+#        assert 'Digest' in resp_put.headers
+#        assert 'ETag' in resp_put.headers
+#        assert (
+#                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
+#                    resp_put.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
+#                    )).decode('ascii') ==
+#                resp_put.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
+#
+#        resp_get = self.client.get('/ldp/test_digest_put')
+#        assert 'Digest' in resp_get.headers
+#        assert 'ETag' in resp_get.headers
+#        assert (
+#                b64encode(bytes.fromhex(
+#                    resp_get.headers['ETag'].replace('W/', '')
+#                    )).decode('ascii') ==
+#                resp_get.headers['Digest'].replace('SHA256=', ''))
+#
+#
+#    @pytest.mark.skip(reason='TODO Need to implement async digest queue')
+#    def test_digest_patch(self):
+#        """
+#        Verify that the digest and ETag change on resource change.
+#        """
+#        path = '/ldp/test_digest_patch'
+#        self.client.put(path)
+#        rsp1 = self.client.get(path)
+#
+#        self.client.patch(
+#                path, data=b'DELETE {} INSERT {<> a <http://ex.org/Test> .} '
+#                b'WHERE {}',
+#                headers={'Content-Type': 'application/sparql-update'})
+#        rsp2 = self.client.get(path)
+#
+#        assert rsp1.headers['ETag'] != rsp2.headers['ETag']
+#        assert rsp1.headers['Digest'] != rsp2.headers['Digest']
 
 
 @pytest.mark.usefixtures('client_class')
@@ -1004,8 +1009,10 @@ class TestVersion:
         assert v1_uri != dup_uri
 
 
-    # @TODO Reverting from version and resurrecting is not fully functional.
-    def _disabled_test_revert_version(self):
+    @pytest.mark.skip(
+            reason='TODO Reverting from version and resurrecting is not fully '
+            'functional.')
+    def test_revert_version(self):
         """
         Take a version snapshot, update a resource, and then revert to the
         previous vresion.

tests/store/test_lmdb_store.py

@@ -1,438 +0,0 @@
-import pytest
-
-from shutil import rmtree
-
-from rdflib import Namespace, URIRef
-from rdflib.graph import DATASET_DEFAULT_GRAPH_ID as RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI
-from rdflib.namespace import RDF, RDFS
-
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.lmdb_store import LmdbStore, TxnManager
-
-
-@pytest.fixture(scope='class')
-def store():
-    store = LmdbStore('/tmp/test_lmdbstore')
-    yield store
-    store.close()
-    rmtree('/tmp/test_lmdbstore')
-
-
-def _clean(res):
-    return {r[0] for r in res}
-
-
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-class TestStoreInit:
-    '''
-    Tests for intializing and shutting down store and transactions.
-    '''
-    def test_open_close(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test opening and closing a store.
-        '''
-        tmpstore = LmdbStore('/tmp/test_lmdbstore_init')
-        assert tmpstore.is_open
-        tmpstore.close()
-        assert not tmpstore.is_open
-
-
-    def test_txn(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test opening and closing the main transaction.
-        '''
-        store.begin(True)
-        assert store.is_txn_open
-        store.commit()
-        assert not store.is_txn_open
-        store.begin(True)
-        store.rollback()
-        assert not store.is_txn_open
-
-
-    def test_ctx_mgr(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test enclosing a transaction in a context.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-            pass
-        assert not store.is_txn_open
-
-        try:
-            with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-                raise RuntimeError
-        except RuntimeError:
-            assert not store.is_txn_open
-
-
-    def test_rollback(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test rolling back a transaction.
-        '''
-        try:
-            with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-                store.add((
-                    URIRef('urn:nogo:s'), URIRef('urn:nogo:p'),
-                    URIRef('urn:nogo:o')))
-                raise RuntimeError # This should roll back the transaction.
-        except RuntimeError:
-            pass
-
-        with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-            res = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-        assert len(res) == 0
-
-
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-class TestBasicOps:
-    '''
-    High-level tests for basic operations.
-    '''
-    def test_create_triple(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test creation of a single triple.
-        '''
-        trp = (
-            URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.add(trp)
-
-            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            res2 = set(store.triples(trp))
-            assert len(res1) == 1
-            assert len(res2) == 1
-            clean_res1 = _clean(res1)
-            clean_res2 = _clean(res2)
-            assert trp in clean_res1 & clean_res2
-
-
-    def test_triple_match_1bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test triple patterns matching one bound term.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-            res1 = set(store.triples((URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, None)))
-            res2 = set(store.triples((None, URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
-            res3 = set(store.triples((None, None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
-            assert _clean(res1) == {(
-                URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:o'))}
-            assert _clean(res2) == _clean(res1)
-            assert _clean(res3) == _clean(res2)
-
-
-    def test_triple_match_2bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test triple patterns matching two bound terms.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-            res1 = set(store.triples(
-                (URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
-            res2 = set(store.triples(
-                (URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
-            res3 = set(store.triples(
-                (None, URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
-            assert _clean(res1) == {(
-                URIRef('urn:test:s'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:p'), URIRef('urn:test:o'))}
-            assert _clean(res2) == _clean(res1)
-            assert _clean(res3) == _clean(res2)
-
-
-    def test_triple_match_3bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test triple patterns matching 3 bound terms (exact match).
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store) as txn:
-            pattern = (
-                URIRef('urn:test:s'), URIRef('urn:test:p'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:o'))
-            res1 = set(store.triples(pattern))
-            assert _clean(res1) == {pattern}
-
-
-    def test_triple_no_match_1bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test empty matches with 1 bound term.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.add((
-                URIRef('urn:test:s'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:p2'), URIRef('urn:test:o2')))
-            store.add((
-                URIRef('urn:test:s3'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o3')))
-            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            assert len(res1) == 3
-
-            res1 = set(store.triples((URIRef('urn:test:s2'), None, None)))
-            res2 = set(store.triples((None, URIRef('urn:test:p4'), None)))
-            res3 = set(store.triples((None, None, URIRef('urn:test:o4'))))
-
-            assert len(res1) == len(res2) == len(res3) == 0
-
-
-
-    def test_triple_no_match_2bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test empty matches with 2 bound terms.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            res1 = set(store.triples(
-                (URIRef('urn:test:s2'), URIRef('urn:test:p'), None)))
-            res2 = set(store.triples(
-                (URIRef('urn:test:s3'), None, URIRef('urn:test:o'))))
-            res3 = set(store.triples(
-                (None, URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o2'))))
-
-            assert len(res1) == len(res2) == len(res3) == 0
-
-
-    def test_triple_no_match_3bound(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test empty matches with 3 bound terms.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            res1 = set(store.triples((
-                URIRef('urn:test:s2'), URIRef('urn:test:p3'),
-                URIRef('urn:test:o2'))))
-
-            assert len(res1) == 0
-
-
-    def test_remove(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test removing one or more triples.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.remove((URIRef('urn:test:s3'),
-                    URIRef('urn:test:p3'), URIRef('urn:test:o3')))
-
-            res1 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            assert len(res1) == 2
-
-            store.remove((URIRef('urn:test:s'), None, None))
-            res2 = set(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            assert len(res2) == 0
-
-
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-class TestBindings:
-    '''
-    Tests for namespace bindings.
-    '''
-    @pytest.fixture
-    def bindings(self):
-        return (
-            ('ns1', Namespace('http://test.org/ns#')),
-            ('ns2', Namespace('http://my_org.net/ns#')),
-            ('ns3', Namespace('urn:test:')),
-            ('ns4', Namespace('info:myinst/graph#')),
-        )
-
-
-    def test_ns(self, store, bindings):
-        '''
-        Test namespace bindings.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            for b in bindings:
-                store.bind(*b)
-
-            nslist = list(store.namespaces())
-            assert len(nslist) == len(bindings)
-
-            for i in range(len(bindings)):
-                assert nslist[i] == bindings[i]
-
-
-    def test_ns2pfx(self, store, bindings):
-        '''
-        Test namespace to prefix conversion.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            for b in bindings:
-                pfx, ns = b
-                assert store.namespace(pfx) == ns
-
-
-    def test_pfx2ns(self, store, bindings):
-        '''
-        Test namespace to prefix conversion.
-        '''
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            for b in bindings:
-                pfx, ns = b
-                assert store.prefix(ns) == pfx
-
-
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-class TestContext:
-    '''
-    Tests for context handling.
-    '''
-    def test_add_graph(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test creating an empty and a non-empty graph.
-        '''
-        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a')
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.add_graph(gr_uri)
-            assert gr_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
-
-
-    def test_empty_context(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test creating and deleting empty contexts.
-        '''
-        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:empty#a')
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.add_graph(gr_uri)
-            assert gr_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
-            store.remove_graph(gr_uri)
-            assert gr_uri not in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
-
-
-    def test_add_trp_to_ctx(self, store):
-        '''
-        Test adding triples to a graph.
-        '''
-        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a') # From previous test
-        gr2_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#b') # Never created before
-        trp1 = (URIRef('urn:s:1'), URIRef('urn:p:1'), URIRef('urn:o:1'))
-        trp2 = (URIRef('urn:s:2'), URIRef('urn:p:2'), URIRef('urn:o:2'))
-        trp3 = (URIRef('urn:s:3'), URIRef('urn:p:3'), URIRef('urn:o:3'))
-        trp4 = (URIRef('urn:s:4'), URIRef('urn:p:4'), URIRef('urn:o:4'))
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.add(trp1, gr_uri)
-            store.add(trp2, gr_uri)
-            store.add(trp2, gr_uri) # Duplicate; dropped.
-            store.add(trp2, None) # Goes to the default graph.
-            store.add(trp3, gr2_uri)
-            store.add(trp3, gr_uri)
-            store.add(trp4) # Goes to the default graph.
-
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 4
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None),
-                RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))) == 2
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 3
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))) == 1
-
-            assert gr2_uri in {gr.identifier for gr in store.contexts()}
-            assert trp1 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            assert trp1 not in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None),
-                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))
-            assert trp2 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))
-            assert trp2 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None)))
-            assert trp3 in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))
-            assert trp3 not in _clean(store.triples((None, None, None),
-                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI))
-
-
-    def test_delete_from_ctx(self, store):
-        '''
-        Delete triples from a named graph and from the default graph.
-        '''
-        gr_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#a')
-        gr2_uri = URIRef('urn:bogus:graph#b')
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.remove((None, None, None), gr2_uri)
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr2_uri))) == 0
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 3
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.remove((URIRef('urn:s:1'), None, None))
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 2
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 3
-
-        with TxnManager(store, True) as txn:
-            store.remove((URIRef('urn:s:4'), None, None),
-                    RDFLIB_DEFAULT_GRAPH_URI)
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 2
-
-        with TxnManager(store,True) as txn:
-            store.remove((None, None, None))
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None)))) == 0
-            assert len(set(store.triples((None, None, None), gr_uri))) == 0
-            assert len(store) == 0
-
-
-@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-class TestTransactions:
-    '''
-    Tests for transaction handling.
-    '''
-    # @TODO Test concurrent reads and writes.
-    pass
-
-
-#@pytest.mark.usefixtures('store')
-#class TestRdflib:
-#    '''
-#    Test case adapted from
-#    http://rdflib.readthedocs.io/en/stable/univrdfstore.html#interface-test-cases
-#    '''
-#
-#    @pytest.fixture
-#    def sample_gr(self):
-#        return Graph().parse('''
-#        @prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
-#        @prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
-#        @prefix : <http://test/> .
-#        {:a :b :c; a :foo} => {:a :d :c} .
-#        _:foo a rdfs:Class .
-#        :a :d :c .
-#        ''', format='n3')
-#
-#    def _test_basic(self, sample_gr):
-#        with TxnManager as txn:
-#            implies = URIRef("http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/log#implies")
-#            a = URIRef('http://test/a')
-#            b = URIRef('http://test/b')
-#            c = URIRef('http://test/c')
-#            d = URIRef('http://test/d')
-#            for s,p,o in g.triples((None,implies,None)):
-#                formulaA = s
-#                formulaB = o
-#
-#                #contexts test
-#                assert len(list(g.contexts()))==3
-#
-#                #contexts (with triple) test
-#                assert len(list(g.contexts((a,d,c))))==2
-#
-#                #triples test cases
-#                assert type(list(g.triples(
-#                        (None,RDF.type,RDFS.Class)))[0][0]) == BNode
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,implies,None))))==1
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==3
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None),formulaA)))==1
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==2
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaB)))==1
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None))))==5
-#                assert len(list(g.triples(
-#                        (None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None),formulaB)))==1
-#                assert len(list(g.triples(
-#                        (None,URIRef('http://test/d'),None))))==1
-#
-#                #Remove test cases
-#                g.remove((None,implies,None))
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,implies,None))))==0
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==2
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaB)))==1
-#                g.remove((None,b,None),formulaA)
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==1
-#                g.remove((None,RDF.type,None),formulaA)
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,None,None),formulaA)))==0
-#                g.remove((None,RDF.type,RDFS.Class))
-#
-#                #remove_context tests
-#                formulaBContext=Context(g,formulaB)
-#                g.remove_context(formulaB)
-#                assert len(list(g.triples((None,RDF.type,None))))==2
-#                assert len(g)==3 assert len(formulaBContext)==0
-#                g.remove((None,None,None))
-#                assert len(g)==0

tests/store/test_metadata_store.py

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-import pytest
-
-from hashlib import sha256
-
-from lakesuperior.store.ldp_rs.metadata_store import MetadataStore
-
-
-class TestMetadataStore:
-    """
-    Tests for the LMDB Metadata store.
-    """
-    def test_put_checksum(self):
-        """
-        Put a new checksum.
-        """
-        uri = 'info:fcres/test_checksum'
-        cksum = sha256(b'Bogus content')
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        with mds.cur(index='checksums', write=True) as cur:
-            cur.put(uri.encode('utf-8'), cksum.digest())
-
-        with mds.cur(index='checksums') as cur:
-            assert cur.get(uri.encode('utf-8')) == cksum.digest()
-
-
-    def test_separate_txn(self):
-        """
-        Open a transaction and put a new checksum.
-
-        Same as test_put_checksum but wrapping the cursor in a separate
-        transaction. This is really to test the base store which is an abstract
-        class.
-        """
-        uri = 'info:fcres/test_checksum_separate'
-        cksum = sha256(b'More bogus content.')
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-        with mds.txn(True) as txn:
-            with mds.cur(index='checksums', txn=txn) as cur:
-                cur.put(uri.encode('utf-8'), cksum.digest())
-
-        with mds.txn() as txn:
-            with mds.cur(index='checksums', txn=txn) as cur:
-                assert cur.get(uri.encode('utf-8')) == cksum.digest()
-
-
-    def test_exception(self):
-        """
-        Test exceptions within cursor and transaction contexts.
-        """
-        uri = 'info:fcres/test_checksum_exception'
-        cksum = sha256(b'More bogus content.')
-        mds = MetadataStore()
-
-        class CustomError(Exception):
-            pass
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.txn() as txn:
-                raise CustomError()
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.txn() as txn:
-                with mds.cur(index='checksums', txn=txn) as cur:
-                    raise CustomError()
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.cur(index='checksums') as cur:
-                raise CustomError()
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.txn(write=True) as txn:
-                raise CustomError()
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.txn(write=True) as txn:
-                with mds.cur(index='checksums', txn=txn) as cur:
-                    raise CustomError()
-
-        with pytest.raises(CustomError):
-            with mds.cur(index='checksums', write=True) as cur:
-                raise CustomError()

valgrind-python.supp

@@ -0,0 +1,471 @@
+#
+# This is a valgrind suppression file that should be used when using valgrind.
+#
+#  Here's an example of running valgrind:
+#
+#	cd python/dist/src
+#	valgrind --tool=memcheck --suppressions=Misc/valgrind-python.supp \
+#		./python -E ./Lib/test/regrtest.py -u gui,network
+#
+# You must edit Objects/obmalloc.c and uncomment Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER
+# to use the preferred suppressions with Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE.
+#
+# If you do not want to recompile Python, you can uncomment
+# suppressions for PyObject_Free and PyObject_Realloc.
+#
+# See Misc/README.valgrind for more information.
+
+# all tool names: Addrcheck,Memcheck,cachegrind,helgrind,massif
+{
+   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+   Memcheck:Addr4
+   fun:Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
+}
+
+{
+   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
+}
+
+{
+   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 8 (x86_64 aka amd64)
+   Memcheck:Value8
+   fun:Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
+}
+
+{
+   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:Py_ADDRESS_IN_RANGE
+}
+
+#
+# Leaks (including possible leaks)
+#    Hmmm, I wonder if this masks some real leaks.  I think it does.
+#    Will need to fix that.
+#
+
+{
+   Suppress leaking the GIL.  Happens once per process, see comment in ceval.c.
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:PyThread_allocate_lock
+   fun:PyEval_InitThreads
+}
+
+{
+   Suppress leaking the GIL after a fork.
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:PyThread_allocate_lock
+   fun:PyEval_ReInitThreads
+}
+
+{
+   Suppress leaking the autoTLSkey.  This looks like it shouldn't leak though.
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:PyThread_create_key
+   fun:_PyGILState_Init
+   fun:Py_InitializeEx
+   fun:Py_Main
+}
+
+{
+   Hmmm, is this a real leak or like the GIL?
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:PyThread_ReInitTLS
+}
+
+{
+   Handle PyMalloc confusing valgrind (possibly leaked)
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:realloc
+   fun:_PyObject_GC_Resize
+   fun:COMMENT_THIS_LINE_TO_DISABLE_LEAK_WARNING
+}
+
+{
+   Handle PyMalloc confusing valgrind (possibly leaked)
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyObject_GC_New
+   fun:COMMENT_THIS_LINE_TO_DISABLE_LEAK_WARNING
+}
+
+{
+   Handle PyMalloc confusing valgrind (possibly leaked)
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:_PyObject_GC_NewVar
+   fun:COMMENT_THIS_LINE_TO_DISABLE_LEAK_WARNING
+}
+
+#
+# Non-python specific leaks
+#
+
+{
+   Handle pthread issue (possibly leaked)
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:calloc
+   fun:allocate_dtv
+   fun:_dl_allocate_tls_storage
+   fun:_dl_allocate_tls
+}
+
+{
+   Handle pthread issue (possibly leaked)
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:memalign
+   fun:_dl_allocate_tls_storage
+   fun:_dl_allocate_tls
+}
+
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+###   Memcheck:Addr4
+###   fun:PyObject_Free
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+###   Memcheck:Value4
+###   fun:PyObject_Free
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Use of uninitialised value of size 8
+###   Memcheck:Addr8
+###   fun:PyObject_Free
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Use of uninitialised value of size 8
+###   Memcheck:Value8
+###   fun:PyObject_Free
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value
+###   Memcheck:Cond
+###   fun:PyObject_Free
+###}
+
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+###   Memcheck:Addr4
+###   fun:PyObject_Realloc
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Invalid read of size 4
+###   Memcheck:Value4
+###   fun:PyObject_Realloc
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Use of uninitialised value of size 8
+###   Memcheck:Addr8
+###   fun:PyObject_Realloc
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Use of uninitialised value of size 8
+###   Memcheck:Value8
+###   fun:PyObject_Realloc
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   ADDRESS_IN_RANGE/Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value
+###   Memcheck:Cond
+###   fun:PyObject_Realloc
+###}
+
+###
+### All the suppressions below are for errors that occur within libraries
+### that Python uses.  The problems to not appear to be related to Python's
+### use of the libraries.
+###
+
+{
+   Generic ubuntu ld problems
+   Memcheck:Addr8
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.4.so
+}
+
+{
+   Generic gentoo ld problems
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.3.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.3.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.3.4.so
+   obj:/lib/ld-2.3.4.so
+}
+
+{
+   DBM problems, see test_dbm
+   Memcheck:Param
+   write(buf)
+   fun:write
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   fun:dbm_close
+}
+
+{
+   DBM problems, see test_dbm
+   Memcheck:Value8
+   fun:memmove
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   fun:dbm_store
+   fun:dbm_ass_sub
+}
+
+{
+   DBM problems, see test_dbm
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   fun:dbm_store
+   fun:dbm_ass_sub
+}
+
+{
+   DBM problems, see test_dbm
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:memmove
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   obj:/usr/lib/libdb1.so.2
+   fun:dbm_store
+   fun:dbm_ass_sub
+}
+
+{
+   GDBM problems, see test_gdbm
+   Memcheck:Param
+   write(buf)
+   fun:write
+   fun:gdbm_open
+
+}
+
+{
+   ZLIB problems, see test_gzip
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   obj:/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
+   obj:/lib/libz.so.1.2.3
+   fun:deflate
+}
+
+{
+   Avoid problems w/readline doing a putenv and leaking on exit
+   Memcheck:Leak
+   fun:malloc
+   fun:xmalloc
+   fun:sh_set_lines_and_columns
+   fun:_rl_get_screen_size
+   fun:_rl_init_terminal_io
+   obj:/lib/libreadline.so.4.3
+   fun:rl_initialize
+}
+
+###
+### These occur from somewhere within the SSL, when running
+###  test_socket_sll.  They are too general to leave on by default.
+###
+###{
+###   somewhere in SSL stuff
+###   Memcheck:Cond
+###   fun:memset
+###}
+###{
+###   somewhere in SSL stuff
+###   Memcheck:Value4
+###   fun:memset
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   somewhere in SSL stuff
+###   Memcheck:Cond
+###   fun:MD5_Update
+###}
+###
+###{
+###   somewhere in SSL stuff
+###   Memcheck:Value4
+###   fun:MD5_Update
+###}
+
+# Fedora's package "openssl-1.0.1-0.1.beta2.fc17.x86_64" on x86_64
+# See http://bugs.python.org/issue14171
+{
+   openssl 1.0.1 prng 1
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:bcmp
+   fun:fips_get_entropy
+   fun:FIPS_drbg_instantiate
+   fun:RAND_init_fips
+   fun:OPENSSL_init_library
+   fun:SSL_library_init
+   fun:init_hashlib
+}
+
+{
+   openssl 1.0.1 prng 2
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:fips_get_entropy
+   fun:FIPS_drbg_instantiate
+   fun:RAND_init_fips
+   fun:OPENSSL_init_library
+   fun:SSL_library_init
+   fun:init_hashlib
+}
+
+{
+   openssl 1.0.1 prng 3
+   Memcheck:Value8
+   fun:_x86_64_AES_encrypt_compact
+   fun:AES_encrypt
+}
+
+#
+# All of these problems come from using test_socket_ssl
+#
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:BN_bin2bn
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:BN_num_bits_word
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:BN_num_bits_word
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:BN_mod_exp_mont_word
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:BN_mod_exp_mont
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Param
+   write(buf)
+   fun:write
+   obj:/usr/lib/libcrypto.so.0.9.7
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:RSA_verify
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:RSA_verify
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:DES_set_key_unchecked
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:DES_encrypt2
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   obj:/usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   obj:/usr/lib/libssl.so.0.9.7
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:BUF_MEM_grow_clean
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:memcpy
+   fun:ssl3_read_bytes
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Cond
+   fun:SHA1_Update
+}
+
+{
+   from test_socket_ssl
+   Memcheck:Value4
+   fun:SHA1_Update
+}
+
+{
+   test_buffer_non_debug
+   Memcheck:Addr4
+   fun:PyUnicodeUCS2_FSConverter
+}
+
+{
+   test_buffer_non_debug
+   Memcheck:Addr4
+   fun:PyUnicode_FSConverter
+}
+
+# Additional suppressions for the unified decimal tests:
+{
+   test_decimal
+   Memcheck:Addr4
+   fun:PyUnicodeUCS2_FSConverter
+}
+
+{
+   test_decimal2
+   Memcheck:Addr4
+   fun:PyUnicode_FSConverter
+}
+